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SOLID
LIQUID
GAS
Low
Average
High
Hard to compress
Does not flow
Vibrate (jiggle) but
generally do not move
from place to place.
Compressible
Flows easily
Vibrate, move about,
and slide past each
other.
Easily to compress
Flows easily
Microscopic
view
Particle
Arrangement
Shape
Volume
Kinetic Energy
Content
Compressibility
Flow Ability
Movement
DENSITY
FORMULA
Where:
(rho) is the density,
m is the mass in kg,
V is the volume in m3.
m
V
SI UNIT
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DEFINITION
Relative Density
SYMBOL
The symbol of relative density is RD.
FORMULA:
RD
SI UNIT:
No Unit
Example 1:
Calculate the density and relative of wooden block which has dimensions
mass of
.
and a
Solution:
m
v
40 10
2 10 5 10
3
110
4000
kg
m3
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Example 2:
A solid metal cylinder has radius
cm and length
density of the metal and its relative density.
. Its mass is
. Find the
Solution:
m
v
65 10 3
3.93 10 6
kg
16539.4 3
m
Volume r l
2
0.5 10 2
3.93 10 6 m 3
density of material
density of water
16539.4
1000
16.539
Relative Density,RD
DEFINITION:
The pressure, P, is defined as the ratio of force to area
SYMBOL:
The symbol of Pressure is P.
FORMULA:
Where:
PRESSURE
P is the Pressure,
F is the Force in newton,
A is the Area im m2.
SI UNIT:
N
m2
or
F
A
Pascal Pa
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Example 3:
A hammer supplies a force of
pressure?
. What is the
Solution:
F
A
700
7.0 10 4
9.86 105
N
m2
9.86 10 5 Pa
or
and Density
of the liquid:
Density of
liquid
Area A
Volume of liquid in the container
V Ah
:
:
m V Ah
Pressure on point X
F
A
Ahg
A
hg
P gh
Therefore
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Example 4:
What will be the:
(a) the gauge pressure and
(b) the absolute pressure of water at depth
, and
Solution:
a)
Pgauge water gh
1000 9.81 12
N
117720 2
m
kN
117.72 2
m
b)
F
A
So;
Pat 1 Pat 2
F1 F2
A1 A2
F2
F1 A2
A1
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This says that the Force at the outlet (at 2) is augmented by the size of the area of the outlet.
So if we make the area 1000 times larger, we can lift 1000 times the force we apply at F1.
By applying Pascals principle on a simple hydraulic system,
F F
A A
1
Ax A x
1
Where:
F1 = force at 1
F2 = force at 2
A1 = cross sectional Area at 1
A2 = cross sectional Area at 2
x1 = distance moved at 1
x2= distance moved at 2
Applications of Pascals principle include the hydraulic jack, hydraulic lift and hydraulic brakes.
Example of Applications of Pascals Principle (Hydraulic Lift).
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Example 5:
A hydraulic car lift has a pump piston with radius
. The resultant piston has a radius
of
. The total weight of the car and plunger is
. If the bottom ends of the
piston and plunger are at the same height, what input force is required to stabilize the car and
output plunger?
Solution:
We need to use the area for circular objects,
Pascal's Principle:
A
FA FB A
AB
rA 2
FB
2
r
B
0.0120 2
20500
2
0
.
150
131.20 N
5.5 Archimedes' Principle
Archimedes principle states that an object which is partially or wholly immersed in a
fluid (liquid or gas) is acted upon by an upward buoyant force equal to the weight of the
fluid it displaces.
An object weighs less in water than it does in the air.
This loss of weight is due to the upthrust of the water acting upon it and is equal to the weight of
the liquid displaced.
Archimedes Principle:
The buoyant force is equal to the
weight of the displaced water.
If the weight of the water displaced is less than the weight of the object, the object will sink.
Otherwise the object will float, with the weight of the water displaced equal to the weight of the
object.
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Floatation:
The principle of floatation states that a floating body displaces its own weight of the liquid in which it
floats.
According to Archimedes Principle:
Buoyant force = Weight of liquid displaced
Therefore;
Situation 1
Buoyant force
Rising
Wo Wl
Weight
mo g ml g
>
oVo g lVl g
oVo lVl
For totally submerged object;
Vo Vl
Situation 2
However;
Buoyant force
Wo Wl
Rising
mo g ml g
Weight
<
oVo g lVl g
oVo lVl
For totally submerged object;
Vo Vl
UNIT SAINS JMSK PUO/DIS 2012
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Situation 3
Floating
However;
Weight
Wo Wl
mo g ml g
oVo g lVl g
oVo lVl
Vo Vl
Weight of object Buoyant force
Wo F
Floating
Buoyant force
However;
Situation 4
Wo Wl
mo g ml g
oVo g lVl g
oVo lVl
Vo Vl
NOTE : o object, l liquid dis placed
Sink
Float
Applications of Archimedes principle can be found in ships, submarines, hot-air ballons and the
hydrometer.
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Example 6:
Object
Liquid
Buoyant Force
The buoyant force acting on the object will decrease when the:
Example 7:
A concrete slab weight is
, when it is fully submerged under the sea, its apparent weight is
. Calculate the density of the sea water if the volume of the sea water displaced by the
concrete slab is
.
Solution:
48 4800 10 6 9.81
48
4800 10 6 9.81
kg
1019 3
m
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Example 8:
Figure below shows a boat loaded with some goods floating on the sea. The density of the sea is
.
Calculate the additional weight of goods that has to be added to the boat to reach this
situation.
Solution:
(a)
(b)
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force:
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Answer 5a:
1) 1500 kg/m3
5) 2 kg/m3
9) 8.3 x 106 Pa
2) 0.0003 m3 3) 97.5 kg
4) 800 kg/m3
3
6) 840kg/m
7) 20 N
8) 159.6 Pa
10a) 15696 Pa
10b) 188352 N 11) 303129 Pa
Answer 5b:
1a) 200kPa b) 200kPa c)100 kg
2a) 66.67 kPa b) 13.33N
3a) 500 Pa b) 600N c) 0.1 m d) 140N
Answer 5c:
1a) 2000 N 1b) 0.2 m3
2a) 7.848 N
2b) 6.28 N
3a) 2 x 10-5 m3
3b) 5000 kg/m3
4a) 0.2 kg 4b) 0.2 N 4c) 0.2 kg 4d) 2 x 10-4 m3
2c) 0.12 N
****************************************************************************************************
Compliance to PLO
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