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3D Analysis For Volumetric Measurement

Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology


Biomedical Engineering Department
FINAL YEAR PROJECT REPORT
Project Title:

3D analysis for volumetric measurement


Presented by:
Name: GOHAR SHABBIR

Roll No#: 2008-BM-106

Name: ASMA ELAHI

Roll No#: 2008-BM-099

Supervised by:
Name:

ENGR.KAMRAN HAMEED

Designation:

Assistance Professor

BMED:

DT-3

SSUET:

Biomedical Engineering Department

Date of Completion:
DECEMBER-2011

Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology

3D Analysis For Volumetric Measurement

Table of Contents
Summary:...................................................................................................................................................3
List of Figures............................................................................................................................................4
List of Tables..............................................................................................................................................4

1. CHAPTER 1:INTROUCTION AND METHADOLOGY


1.1.

Introduction:..............................................................................................................................6
1.1.1.Historical Background:............................................................................................................6
1.1.2.Theoretical Investigation:........................................................................................................6
1.1.3.Health Consequences:.............................................................................................................7
1.1.4.Working Principles:.................................................................................................................7
1.1.5.Calculations/Formulas:............................................................................................................7

1.2.

Usages in Biomedical Engineering:..........................................................................................7

1.3.

Design Methodology:.................................................................................................................8
1.3.1.Project Design In Phase:..........................................................................................................8
1.3.1.1.Project Design In 1st Phase:.........................................................................................8
1.3.1.2.Project Design In 2nd Phase:........................................................................................9
1.3.1.2.1.Modeling And Shading:................................................................................9
1.3.1.2.2.Lightening:.................................................................................................16
1.3.1.2.3.Animation Setting:......................................................................................17
1.3.1.3.Project Design In 3rd Phase:.......................................................................................18
1.3.1.3.1.Rendering...................................................................................................18
1.3.1.4.Project Design In 4th Phase:.......................................................................................20
1.3.1.4.1.Animation:..................................................................................................20
1.3.5.Project Representation:..........................................................................................................20
1.3.5.1.Over All Block Diagram:..........................................................................................21

Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology

3D Analysis For Volumetric Measurement

2. CHAPTER 2: SOFTWARE AND METHODS


1.4. Material & Method:.........................................................................................................................23
2.1.1.Software:...............................................................................................................................23
1.4.1.1.Autodesk Maya 8.0...........................................................................................23
1.4.1.2.Adobe AfterEffects CS5.5..................................................................................23
2.1.2.Methods:................................................................................................................................23
2.1.2.1.1st phase:....................................................................................................................23
2.1.2.2.2nd phase:...................................................................................................................24
2.1.2.3.3rd Phase:...................................................................................................................25
2.1.2.4.4th phase:....................................................................................................................25

3. CHAPTER 3: RESULT
3.1.Result of Project.................................................................................................................................27

4. CHAPTER 4: DISCUSSION
4.1.

Discussion.................................................................................................................................30
4.1.2. 1st phase:...............................................................................................................................30
4.1.3.2nd phase:...............................................................................................................................31
4.1.4.3rd phase:................................................................................................................................32
4.1.5.4th phase:................................................................................................................................32

4.2. Problem encountered:..................................................................................................................33


4.3.Improvement for future:...............................................................................................................33

5. CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION
5.1.

Project:.....................................................................................................................................35

5.2.

Step of project:.........................................................................................................................35

References................................................................................................................................................36
List of Abbreviations...............................................................................................................................37

Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology

3D Analysis For Volumetric Measurement

Summary:

Our project entitled 3D analysis for volumetric measurement which is based on 3D modeling.
3D modeling is the procedure of developing 3Dmodel using specialized software. It is a process of
creating a wireframe model that represents a three dimensional object. A three dimensional model is
created using a set of points in 3D space, which are connected by various geometric data such as lines,
and curved surfaces.[1]
The main idea of the project is making a 3D models which are used for 3D measurement, volume
calculation, surgical and treatment planning, surgical simulation, and 3D rapid prototyping applications.
3D rendering is performed via Autodesk Maya 8.0.Autodesk Maya 3D animation software
delivers an end-to-end creative workflow with comprehensive tools for animation, modeling, simulation,
visual effects, rendering, match moving, and compositing on a highly extensible production platform.[2]
The volumetric measurement was performed by measuring the tumor's length at each axis by using the
measurement tool in Autodesk Maya 8.0.
After rendering and measurement, the Adobe After Effects CS5.5 was used for or compiling rendered
image sequences or animation. This project can be use professionally after advancement by training and
collaboration with C++ like other softwares currently use by the medical industry such as 3D-DOCTOR.
This project is a prototype but it can be use at professional level after further development and training.
Great knowledge is gathered through the project as a used in the field of medical imaging.

Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology

3D Analysis For Volumetric Measurement

List of Figures
FIGURE 1.1 AUTODESK MAYA [2]...................................................................................................8
FIGURE 1.2 BOX MODELING.................................................................................................................9
FIGURE 1.3 SKIN SHADE......................................................................................................................10
FIGURE 1.4 WIRE FRAME WITH SKIN SHADE..................................................................................10
FIGURE 1.5 CROSS SECTIONAL VIEW..............................................................................................11
FIGURE 1.6 POLY MODELING 1...........................................................................................................11
FIGURE 1.7 POLY MODELING 2...........................................................................................................12
FIGURE 1.8 POLY MODELING 3...........................................................................................................12
FIGURE 1.9 EXTRUSION MODELING.................................................................................................13
FIGURE 1.10 COLOURS SHADE...........................................................................................................14
FIGURE 1.11 COLORS AND MAPPING................................................................................................14
FIGURE 1.12 SYMMETRY.....................................................................................................................15
FIGURE 1.13 WIRE FRAME SHOWING TUMOR................................................................................15
FIGURE 1.14 DUPLICATE OR SYMMETRY THE HALF MODELED HEAD.....................................16
FIGURE 1.15 RENDER SETTING..........................................................................................................17
FIGURE 1.16 PREFERENCES.................................................................................................................18
FIGURE 1.17 BATCH RENDERING.......................................................................................................19
FIGURE 1.18 SCRIPT EDITOR...............................................................................................................19
FIGURE 1.19 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PROJECT...................................................................................21
FIGURE 3.1.1 TUMOR IN BRAIN..........................................................................................................27
FIGURE 3.1.2 DIMENSIONS OF TUMOR.............................................................................................27
FIGURE 3.1.3 TUMORS VOLUME.......................................................................................................28
FIGURE 4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PHASE 1......................................................................................30
FIGURE 4.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF 2ND PHASE................................................................................31
FIGURE 4.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM PHASE 3............................................................................................32
FIGURE 4.4 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PHASE 4......................................................................................32

List of Tables
Table 1.1....................................................................................................................................................28

Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology

3D Analysis For Volumetric Measurement

1. Chapter 1:

INTRODUCTION
&
METHODOLOGY

Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology

3D Analysis For Volumetric Measurement

1.1. Introduction:
Our project is based on 3D rendering, which render the image making a 3D model by using
Autodesk Maya 8.0.
3D modeling is the procedure of developing 3Dmodel using specialized software. It is a process
of creating a wireframe model that represents a three dimensional object. A three dimensional
model is created using a set of points in 3D space, which are connected by various geometric
data such as lines, and curved surfaces. [1]
Autodesk Maya 3D animation software delivers an end-to-end creative workflow with
comprehensive tools for animation, modeling, simulation, visual effects, rendering, match
moving, and compositing on a highly extensible production platform. [2]

1.1.1. Historical Background:


Various powerful softwares have been developed to visualize data. Computer generated
imagery can be categorized into several different types: 2D, 3D, and animated graphics.
As technology has improved, 3D modeling have become more common, but 2D
computer graphics are still widely used. Computer graphics has emerged as a sub-field of
computer science which studies methods for digitally synthesizing and manipulating
visual content. Over the past decade, other specialized fields have been developed like
information visualization, and scientific visualization more concerned with "the
visualization of three dimensional phenomena (architectural, meteorological, medical,
biological, etc.), where the emphasis is on realistic renderings of volumes, surfaces,
illumination sources, and so forth, perhaps with a dynamic (time) component". [3]

1.1.2. Theoretical Investigation:


3D rendering is the 3D graphics process of automatically converting wire frame models
into 2D images with 3D photorealistic. 3D-DOCTOR is the production of ABLE

SOFTWARE CORP performs 3D rendering also the measurement of any


pathology. Also in used in Singapore for learning purpose.

Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology

3D Analysis For Volumetric Measurement

1.1.3. Health Consequences:


There are some health consequences where rendering is used.
3D reconstructions: Volume rendering, surface rendering, and 3D MIP
Volumetric analysis: Tumor volume measurements, organ volume measurements
Cardiac examinations: Ejection fraction calculation, flow quantification.
Dental and craniofacial reconstructions.

1.1.4. Working Principles:

The working principle of our project is based on software name Autodesk Maya

8.0.
We also performed animation by Adobe After Effects CS5.5 which is used for
compiling rendered image sequences or animation.

1.1.5. Calculations / Formulas:


Calculate the volume of tumor by using this formula.

3
x y z

4
2 2 2
Formula 1

1.2. Usages in Biomedical Engineering:

It is use for study purpose. Study the image on various angles.


3D visualization of tumors demonstrates anatomic relationships to surrounding structures
which may be important in diagnosis and treatment planning.

1.3. Design Methodology:


Following are the step used to design the project.

Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology

3D Analysis For Volumetric Measurement

Planning.
Modeling and shading.
Animation Setting.
Lightening.
Rendering.
Animation.

1.3.1. Project Design In Phases:


We divide our project in four phases.
Phase 1:
Phase 2:
Phase 3:
Phase 4:

1.3.1.1.

Planning
Modeling and shading, lighting and animation setting.
Rendering.
Animation

Project Design In 1st Phases:


In 1st phase of project is based on our planning that all process is perform in
Autodesk Maya 8.0 software.
Autodesk Maya 3D animation software delivers an end-to-end creative
workflow with comprehensive tools for animation, modeling, simulation, visual
effects, rendering, match moving, and compositing on a highly extensible
production platform. [2]

1.3.1.2.

FIGURE 1.1 AUTODESK MAYA [2]

Project Design

In 2nd Phase:
In 2nd phase we are perform Modeling and shading, lighting and animation setting.

Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology

3D Analysis For Volumetric Measurement

1.3.1.2.1.

Modeling And Shading:

FIGURE 1.2 BOX MODELING


First was used the box modeling technique. It involves working on each
vertex (pixel in 3D).
Box modeling is a form of modeling in which a rough draft or
approximation of the final desired model is created. A smoothing
operation or subdivisions are then used to add the desired refinement. It is
a quick modeling method, especially compared to editing each individual
vertex but it can be difficult to get the desired results because of the
uniformity of the smoothing operations. [4]

Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology

3D Analysis For Volumetric Measurement

FIGURE 1.3 SKIN SHADE

FIGURE 1.4 WIRE FRAME WITH SKIN SHADE


The wireframe model is being shaded with the human skin texture using
the shader. Shading addresses how different types of scattering are
distributed across the surface (i.e., which scattering function applies
where). Descriptions of this kind are typically expressed with a program
called a shader.

Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology

3D Analysis For Volumetric Measurement

FIGURE 1.5 CROSS SECTIONAL VIEW


Partially modeled for symmetry and mapped the image texture.
Symmetrical models are usually taken in half so that it can be symmetric
and then weld. Texture mapping is a process in which a defined texture
or image is wrapped around a 3d object. Texture mapping ensures that all
the right things happen as rendered.

FIGURE 1.6 POLY MODELING 1

Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology

3D Analysis For Volumetric Measurement

FIGURE 1.7 POLY MODELING 2

FIGURE 1.8 POLY MODELING 3


Brain modeling is performed using box modeling. This modeling
technique is called poly modeling.
Poly Modeling is one of the most common modeling techniques. It is
easy to use, but it consumes a lot of time and effort as your required to
copy the existing edges to make new ones and then align the vertex of
new edges to the blueprint.[4]

Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology

3D Analysis For Volumetric Measurement

FIGURE 1.9 EXTRUSION MODELING


Model is further detailed by extruding of faces. This is performed by
pulling and pushing of small wireframe boxes.
Extrusion modeling is that starts from a two dimensional shape
(polygon) that resembles an orthographic view of the desired subject.
Geometry is then extruded from this shape to match a perpendicular
orthographic view. [4]

Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology

3D Analysis For Volumetric Measurement

FIGURE 1.10 COLOURS SHADE

FIGURE 1.11 COLORS AND MAPPING


Color is assigned to the different lobes and regions of the brain by
material editor. Generally, the Material Editor provides functions to
create and edit materials and maps.
A material is data that assign to the surface or faces of an object so that it
appears a certain way when rendered. Materials affect the color of
objects, their glossiness, their opacity, and so on. The images or
procedural effects you assign to materials are called maps. Maps can be
Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology

3D Analysis For Volumetric Measurement

assign to most of the components that make up a material. Materials that


contain one or more images or procedural maps are called mapped
materials. [4]

FIGURE 1.12 SYMMETRY

FIGURE 1.13 WIRE FRAME SHOWING TUMOR

Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology

3D Analysis For Volumetric Measurement

FIGURE 1.14 DUPLICATE OR SYMMETRY THE HALF


MODELED HEAD.
1.3.1.2.2.

Lightening:
When render a scene using the mental ray renderer, an area Omni light
emits light from a spherical or cylindrical volume, rather than from a
point source. With the default scan line renderer, the area Omni light
behaves like any other standard Omni light. [5]
Two Omni lights are used, each at the right and the left.

Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology

3D Analysis For Volumetric Measurement

1.3.1.2.3.

Animation Setting:

FIGURE 1.15 RENDER SETTING


Image format that is being used is Targa (tga). TARGA is a graphics file
format. It is intended for professional computer image synthesis and
video editing with PCs. TARGA is an acronym for True vision Advanced
Raster Graphics Adapter; TGA is an initialize for True vision Graphics
Adapter. The compression method used in Targa images performs poorly
when compressing images with many color variations, such as digital
photos, but works well for textures and simpler images. Therefore, it is
best for video rendering. [6]

Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology

3D Analysis For Volumetric Measurement

FIGURE 1.16 PREFERENCES


Frames are usually set according to shots. Therefore, for normal
circumstances 24 frames per second were used.

1.3.1.3.

Project Design In 3rd Phase:


3rd phase is based on rendering.

1.3.1.3.1.

Rendering
Rendering is to execute something in image or video form for any 3D
application. Rendering is performed on mental ray technology.
Mental ray 3D rendering software enables to produce high-volume, highquality renderings for todays complex visualization productions in less
time. With accelerated performance, enhanced quality, support for
advanced shaders, and extended use of open file formats, mental ray
offers a faster solution for high-volume rendering tasks. [4]

Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology

3D Analysis For Volumetric Measurement

FIGURE 1.17 BATCH RENDERING


Instead of frame rendering batch rendering is performed. Batch rendering
is the process of rendering out maya scene files without using the
interface. It allows starting renders, as well as changing some of the
attributes of the rendering software. It is basically image sequence
rendering.

FIGURE 1.18 SCRIPT EDITOR


Total 440 frames are formed after approximately 4 hours of rendering.
The rendering is viewed from script editor.

Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology

3D Analysis For Volumetric Measurement

Project Design In 4th Phase:

1.3.1.4.

Our last phase is performed animation.

1.3.1.4.1.

ANIMATION:
All the image sequences that are formed after the rendering are compiled
in Adobe After Effects CS5.5 to make animation of 3 minutes
and 36 seconds. The animation is exported in a video format to
view on media player.
Image sequences are compiling in adobe after effects.
Color correction.
Adding texts

1.3.2. Project Representation:

1.3.2.1.

Over All Block Diagram

Over All Block Diagram:

Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology

3D Analysis For Volumetric Measurement

Box Modeling

Shader

Image
Mapping

Material
Editor

Extrusion

Poly
Modeling

Symmetry

Rendering

Volumetric
Measurement

Animation

Texting

FIGURE 1.19 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PROJECT

2. CHAPTER 2

Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology

3D Analysis For Volumetric Measurement

SOFTWARE
&
METHODS
2.1.Material & Method:

Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology

3D Analysis For Volumetric Measurement

Our project is based on software so as such no materials are used in.

2.1.1. Software:
Following softwares are used in our project.

Autodesk Maya 8.0


Adobe After Effects CS5.5

2.1.1.1.

Autodesk Maya 8.0


Autodesk Maya 3D animation software delivers an end-to-end creative
workflow with comprehensive tools for animation, modeling, simulation, visual
effects, rendering, match moving, and compositing on a highly extensible
production platform. [2]
By Autodesk Maya we performed modeling, shading, lightning, and
rendering

2.1.1.2.

Adobe After Effects CS5.5


Adobe After Effects CS5.5 was used for or compiling rendered image
sequences or animation.

2.1.2. Methods:
2.1.2.1.

1st phase:
The planning is performed in 1st phase.
Planning:
Our project is based on our planning that all process is perform in
Autodesk Maya 8.0 software.

2.1.2.2.

2nd phase:

Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology

3D Analysis For Volumetric Measurement

The following work performed in 2nd phase.


Modeling and shading.
Animation Setting.
Lightening.
Modeling and shading:
In modeling we used 3 types of modeling (box modeling, poly modeling, and
extrusion modeling).
Partially modeled are used for symmetry and mapped the image. The
wireframe model is being shaded with the human skin texture using the
shader. Color is assigned to the different lobes and regions of the brain by
material editor.
Animation setting:
Image format that is being used is Targa (tga). TARGA is a graphics file
format. It is intended for professional computer image synthesis and video
editing with PCs. [6]
Frames are usually set according to shots. Therefore, for normal
circumstances 24 frames per second are used.
Lightning:
Two Omni lights are used, each at the right and the left.
Point light casts rays of light evenly in every direction from a point. Point
lights are sometimes used for simulating Omni directional light sources, such
as light bulbs. [5]

2.1.2.3.

3rd Phase:
The 3rd phase is based on rendering.

Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology

3D Analysis For Volumetric Measurement

Rendering:
Rendering is to execute something in image or video form for any 3D
application. Rendering is performed on mental ray technology. Instead of
frame rendering batch rendering is performed. Batch rendering is the process
of rendering out maya scene files without using the interface. It allows
starting renders, as well as changing some of the attributes of the rendering
software. It is basically image sequence rendering. [4]
Total 440 frames are formed after approximately 4 hours of rendering. The
rendering is viewed from script editor.

2.1.2.4.

4th phase:
In last phase we make animation by using 2nd software

Animation:
All the image sequences that are formed after the rendering are compiled in
Adobe After Effects CS5.5 to make animation of 3 minutes and 36
seconds. The animation is exported in a video format to view on media
player.

3. CHAPTER 3

Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology

3D Analysis For Volumetric Measurement

RESULT

3.1.Result of Project
In our project we performed the rendering and then the volumetric measurement of the tumor in
the brain. Following figures show the tumor in the brain.

Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology

3D Analysis For Volumetric Measurement

FIGURE 3.1.20 TUMOR IN BRAIN


The volumetric measurement was performed by measuring the tumor's length at each axis by
using the measurement tool in Autodesk Maya 8.0.following figure also show the detailed
dimension of the tumor.

FIGURE 3.1.21 DIMENSIONS OF TUMOR


At 1 cm scaling the tumors dimensions are at each axis:
Axis
x
y
z

Dimensions
0.998078cm
0.816101cm
0.453776cm

Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology

3D Analysis For Volumetric Measurement

Table 3.1.1
As the tumor is elliptical therefore, by using following formula:

3
x y z

4
2 2 2

Tumor Volume = 0.108

cm 3

FIGURE 3.1.22 TUMORS VOLUME

4. CHAPTER 4:

Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology

3D Analysis For Volumetric Measurement

DISCUSSION

Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology

3D Analysis For Volumetric Measurement

4.1. Discussion
3D analysis is a three dimensional model which is created using a set of points in 3D space,
which are connected by various geometric data such as lines, and curved surfaces. [1] 3D
rendering is performed via Autodesk Maya 8.0. The volumetric measurement was performed
by measuring the tumor's length at each axis by using the measurement tool in Autodesk
Maya 8.0 and the Adobe After Effects CS5.5 was used for or compiling rendered image
sequences or animation.

4.1.1. 1st phase:

Box
Modelling

Shader

Mapping
FIGURE 4.23 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PHASE 1
Discussion:
In 1st phase process is performed using box modelling technique in which we worked on
each vertex (pixel in 3d). Human skin shade is formed on the wire frame. We can make
any shade (shader) or texture on any 3d geometry such as metal, wood, leather, plastic etc
.
We divided the model in half. Actually, symmetrical models are taken in half so that we
duplicate the half model then weld the two models.

Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology

3D Analysis For Volumetric Measurement

4.1.2. 2nd phase:

Poly
Modeling

Extrusion

Material
Editor

Symmetry
FIGURE 4.24 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF 2ND PHASE

Discussion:
In 2nd phase the brain modeling was performed by poly modeling which was detailed
further by extruding faces. Colors were assigned through material editor.

Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology

3D Analysis For Volumetric Measurement

4.1.3. 3rd phase:

Rendering
FIGURE 4.25 BLOCK DIAGRAM PHASE 3

Discussion:
In 3rd phase rendering was performed through mental ray technology at 24 frames per
second.

4.1.4.

4th phase:

Volumetric
Measurement

Texting

Animation
FIGURE 4.26 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PHASE 4

Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology

3D Analysis For Volumetric Measurement

Discussion:
In 4th phase, volumetric measurement was made by the using formula and the Adobe
After Effects CS5.5 was used for or compiling rendered image sequences or animation.

4.2. Problem encountered:


There were lot of problems encountered during the project as initially; we did not have the
awareness of the software used Autodesk Maya but as we progress, we get familiar with the
tools and able to use them.

4.3. Improvement for future:


This project can be use professionally after advancement by training and collaboration with C++
like other softwares currently use by the medical industry such as 3D-DOCTOR.

Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology

3D Analysis For Volumetric Measurement

5. CHAPTER 5:

CONCLUSION

Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology

3D Analysis For Volumetric Measurement

5.1. Project:
This project is a prototype but it can be use at professional level after further development and
training. A great deal of information and knowledge is gathered thorough the project as to use in
the field of medical science, specifically in the field of medical imaging.

5.2. Step of project:


Our project is complete in four phases which is discussed above. The following steps were
followed to complete the project.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Planning.
Modeling.
Animation Setting.
Lightening.
Rendering.
Animation.
All above steps also discussed in above chapter.

Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology

3D Analysis For Volumetric Measurement

References
[1]."3D Scanning Advancements in Medical Science". Konica Minolta. Retrieved 24 October 2011.
[2] Sangeetha Johari. "Hindu Goddesses : Maya - Hindu Goddess". sanatansociety.org. Retrieved 201012-10.
[3] Michael Friendly (2008). "Milestones in the history of thematic cartography, statistical graphics, and
data visualization"
[4] Maya documentation: packaged with Alias Maya, http://www.alias.com/eng/index.shtml
[5] In slico book Jason Sharpe, Charles J. Lumsden, Nicholas Woolridge - 2008 - Computers.
[6] "Truevision TGA FILE FORMAT SPECIFICATION Version 2.0"

Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology

3D Analysis For Volumetric Measurement

List of Abbreviations

MIP
TARGA
Cm

cm
TGA

maximum intensity projection


Truevision Advanced Raster Graphics Adapter;
centimeter
cubic centimeters
Truevision Graphics Adapter

Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology

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