Republic of the Philippines

Mindanao State University - Iligan Institute of Technology

College of Engineering
Tibanga, 9200 Iligan City, P.O. Box No.5644 Tel. Nos. (063) 221-4050 Loc.130
Direct line (063) 2351E-mail:fbalagao@yahoo.com
Homepage:http://www.msuiit.edu.ph/coe

LABORATORY PROJECT IN EE 177.1

DIRECTION AND SPEED ADJUSTMENT OF BIPOLAR

STEPPER MOTOR USING TRANSISTOR-TRANSISTOR
LOGIC (TTL) H-BRIDGE ARCHITECTURE WITH RPM
DISPLAY

APALLA, ARNEL
MIOZA, MICHAEL LANCE
QUIDALAT, BENJAMIN III
SUMILE, JUDY ANN

PROF. JEFFREY PASCO

I.

INTRODUCTION:
A stepper motor is an electromechanical device which converts

electrical pulses intodiscrete mechanical movements. The shaftor spindle of

a stepper motor rotates indiscrete step increments when electricalcommand
pulses are applied to it in theproper sequence. The motors rotation
hasseveral direct relationships to these appliedinput pulses. The sequence of
the appliedpulses is directly related to the direction ofmotor shafts rotation.
The speed of themotor shafts rotation is directly related tothe frequency of
the input pulses and thelength of rotation is directly related to thenumber of
input pulses applied.
Moreover, it is also defined as a type of DC electric motor that has its
full rotation divided into number of equal steps. Due to this, the rotation of
the motors shaft can be positioned on a specific angle if a certain pulse of
voltage is applied at the coils terminal.
There are two types of stepper motor unipolar and bipolar. Unipolar
stepper motors are characterize to be having 5 or more wires depending on
how many coils it have. All coils inside the motor share a common ground,
usually at most 2 wires. For it to be driven, the remaining wires are supplied
with an adequate amount of voltage and current in a loop sequence. This
characteristic made unipolar easier to control than that of a bipolar but in
turn makes it is disadvantage. Due to small steps the motor shaft creates
every time it is operated, it has less torque than a bipolar motor.
Bipolar motor are characterized by having at least four wires in which
are paired terminals of the motors coil. It doesnt have a common ground
unlike unipolar motors. For a bipolar motors shaft to achieve one step, each
pair of terminals is applied with opposite voltage polarity and then the same
polarity is applied to the next pair of wires. After one sequence, the polarity
is reversed and then applied to the terminals in the same manner. The way

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the bipolar works makes it a little harder to control thus it can be achieved

by implementing H-Bridge architecture in each pair of terminals. By using

this, reversing current and voltage is straightforward.

II.

METHODOLOGY:

o H-BRIDGE ARCHITECTURE
The H-Bridge is designed to drive a motor clockwise and anticlockwise.
To reverse a motor, the supply must be reversed. To drive a motor forward
and reverse, the circuit must deliver a voltage in one direction, then in the
opposite

direction.

It must also be able to deliver a "running current" (operating current) (say up

to 1 amp) and a "starting current" (up to 5 amps), and a "loaded current" (up
to 5 amps). The transistors must be capable of passing a "stalled current"
without being destroyed. The power supply must be capable of delivering a
high current so the motor will START-UP under load.
o CD4026 IC
CD4026 is a CMOS counters decade/divider which has a clock
integrated to its circuit and has the ability to drive a 7-segment cathode
display directly. An input signal is connected on it clock which the pin 1 and it

produces an output signal at pin 5 which is can be cascaded to another

CD4026 to produce a large digit counter.
o LM555 TIMER IC
The LM555 is a highly stable device for generating accurate time
delays or oscillation. Additional terminals are provided for triggering or
resetting if desired. In the time delay mode of operation, the time is precisely
controlled by one external resistor and capacitor. For astable operation as an
oscillator, the free running frequency and duty cycle are accurately
controlled with two external resistors and one capacitor. The circuit may be
triggered and reset on falling waveforms, and the output circuit can source or
sink up to 200mA or driver TTL circuits. But in this project, the LM555 timer
IC is in monostable mode.

Fig. 1 Monostable configuration

[1]

Monostable state, in which one of the states is stable, but the other state is
unstable (transient). A trigger pulse causes the circuit to enter the unstable state.

After entering the unstable state, the circuit will return to the stable state after a set
time. Such a circuit is useful for creating a timing period of fixed duration in
response to some external event. This circuit is also known as a one shot

[2]

. The

capacitor in figure 1 labeled with "c" is initially held discharged by a transistor inside
the timer. When a negative trigger pulse with less than 1/3 Vcc is applied, to pin 2
(trigger) , the flip-flop is set which both releases the short circuit across the
capacitor and drives the output high. The voltage across the capacitor then
increases exponentially to for a period of t = 1.1 x Ra x C, at the end of which time
the voltage equals 2/3 Vcc the comparator then resets the flip-flop which in turn
discharges the capacitor and drives the output to its low state. Figure 2 shows the
waveforms generated in this mode of operation. Since the charge and the threshold
level of the comparator are both directly proportional to supply voltage, the timing
interval is independent of supply.[1]

Fig.2 Monostable waveforms

Fig.3 Block Diagram

[1]

[1]

o 74LS95 IC
The 74LS95B/SN54 is a 4 bit shift register with serial and parallel
synchronous operating modes. The serial shift right and parallel synchronous
operating modes. The serial shift and parallel load are activated by separate
clock inputs which are selected by a mode control input. The data transferred
from serial and parallel D inputs to the Q outputs synchronous with the HIGH
to LOW transition of the appropriate clock input.

Fig. 3 74LS95 circuit diagram

o SENSOR
The sensor is consisted of an operational amplifier configured to a
voltage comparator in which the inverting input is supplied using an LDR
(Light Dependent Resistor). This set-up is called a light sensor. The output of
the operational amplifier is then feed to a LM555 timer that is configured to a
monostable. This means that the 555 timer will collect all pulse fed to it until
to the certain time depicted by the equation of t = 1.1*R*C. After the time
calculated, the pulse collected is then fed to the display driver consisted of a
CD4026 which is connected in cascade to other CD4026s. The output pulse
of the 555 timer is fed to the clock (pin 1) which drives the 7-segment. The
CD4026 will create an output every reset which is then fed to the clock of the
next CD4026. The configured 555 timer has collective time delay of 5
seconds. To achieve a reading for RPM the sensor should have to pick up 12
pulses each motors revolution. To solve this, a carton disc which blocks the
connection between the LED and the LDR has twelve holes which are spaced
equally by degrees. Therefore, in one revolution it will pick up 12 pulse which
in turns be multiplied by 5 by the configured 555 monostable timer resulting
to a reading in RPM.

o MOTOR DRIVER
The motor used in this project is a bipolar stepper motor. Unlike
unipolar stepper motor, the bipolar stepper motor needs a certain IC or an Hbridge architecture to run. In this project, a L293NE IC quad H-bridge is used
to drive the motor. Running bipolar stepper motor, which has 2 sets of wires,
needs a sequence of input supply to run simultaneously. To achieve this,
74LS95 IC shift-register is used to achieve the certain sequence to drive the
motor. Since the 74LS95 can achieve both shift to left and shift to right
sequence, it can drive the motor counter-clockwise and clockwise
respectively.

MATERIALS:

MECHANISM:
Our project works in the sequence listed below.
o When the circuit is powered on. The shift register 74LS95 will create a
sequence to its 4 outputs. The sequence is a HI in one of the output
which is then shifted to the right or left which is then supplied to the
input of the L298NE stepper driver.
o The L298NE will analyze the input in which when first set of inputs is
supplied. The motors shaft will move a step. Then the next set of
inputs, which is already shifted, will move the steppers shaft again.
This process of looping will create a series of continuous steps to the
motor.
o The end of the motors shaft is installed with a signal blocker which is
a piece of circular plastic with 12 equally spaced holes (by degrees).

o The moment the hole is aligned with the LED and the LDR, the LDR
which have a large resistance. This resistance of the LDR increases and
by the voltage-divider equation, the voltage across the LDR also
increases
o The output of the sensor is then connected to the output counter along
with the clock pulse 2 to display the RPM in the 7 segment display.