RETAINING

WALL

BASIC FUNCTION OF
RETAINING WALL

Retain soil at a slope which is greater than it would naturally

assume, usually at a vertical or near vertical position.

In building work, retaining wall are required to support

difference in level of soil, fuel, chemical and waste materialsolid or liquid.

The major function of any retaining wall is to act as on earth

retaining structure for the whole or part of its height on one
face, the other being exposed to the elements.

DESIGN PRINCIPLES

The design of any retaining wall is basically concerned with

the lateral pressures of the retained soil and any subsoil
water.
It must be design to ensure that:
(i) Overturning does not occur
(ii) Sliding does not occur
(iii) The soil on which the wall rest is not overloaded (It may
fail due to the loss of bearing capacity of the soil
supporting the base)
(iv) The materials used in construction are not overstressed

DESIGN PRINCIPLES

FAILURES OF
RETAINING WALL
Retaining wall must be designed to resist the following
factors:

Overturning
Overstressing of the material in the wall
Forward sliding
Settlement due to overstressing of soil under the wall
Circular slip/slip plane

FAILURES OF
RETAINING WALL

TYPES OF RETAINING WALL

There are several type of retaining wall:

(i)

Gravity Wall / Mass Retaining Wall

- constructed of brickwork, masonry, mass concrete or
enclosed soil

(ii) Cantilever Walls

- constructed of reinforced concrete
(iii) Counterfort Retaining Wall
- constructed of reinforced or pre-stressed
(iv) Pre-cast Concrete Retaining Walls
(v) Pre-cast Concrete Crib retaining Walls

(vi) Reinforced Masonry Retaining wall

TYPES OF RETAINING WALL

GRAVITY WALLS

Sometimes called mass retaining wall.

There are generally only economic up to a height of
1.800m.
Mass walls can be constructed of semi-engineering
quality bricks, stone, or plain concrete.

TYPES OF RETAINING WALL

CANTILEVER WALLS

Usually of reinforced concrete and work on the

principles of leverage
Two basic forms can be considered, a base with a large
heel so that the mass of earth above can be added to
the mass of the wall for design purpose.
Reinforced cantilever walls have an economically
constructed using pre-stressing techniques.

TYPES OF RETAINING WALL

COUNTERFORT

These wall can be constructed of reinforced or

prestressed concrete and are considered suitable if the
height is over 4.5m.
The counterforts are triangular beams placed at
suitable centres behind the stem and above the base.
A counterfort wall utilizes triangular-shaped cross walls
to stiffen the vertical slab and add weight to the base.
The counterforts are spaced at regular intervals equal
to one-half the wall height.

COUNTERFORT RETAINING WALL

TYPES OF RETAINING WALL

TYPES OF RETAINING WALL

PRE-CAST CONCRETE RETAINING WALLS

These are manufactured from high grade pre-cast

concrete on the cantilever principle usually to a 600mm
wide module.
Can be erected on a foundation as a permanent
retaining wall or be free standing to act as a dividing
wall between heaped materials such as aggregates for
concrete.
The units are reinforced on both faces to meet all forms
of stem loading.

TYPES OF RETAINING WALL

TYPES OF RETAINING WALL

REINFORCED CONCRETE
RETAINING WALL

TYPES OF RETAINING WALL

PRE-CAST CONCRETE CRIB-RETAINING WALL

Crib wall are designed on the principle of a mass

retaining wall.
They consist of a framework or crib of pre-cast concrete
or timber units within which the soil is retained.
They are constructed with a face batter of between 1:6
and 1:8 unless the height is less than the width of the
crib ties when the face can be constructed vertical.
Subsoil drainage are not required.

TYPES OF RETAINING WALL

CRIB WALL

TYPES OF RETAINING WALL

CRIB WALL

TYPES OF RETAINING WALL

CRIB WALL

TYPES OF RETAINING WALL

REINFORCED MASONRY RETAINING WALL

Steel reinforcement may be used in brick retaining
walls to resist tensile force and to prevent the effect of
shear
A brick bonding arrangement known as Quetta bond is
used to create a uniform distribution of vertical voids
Vertical steel reinforcement is tied to the foundation
reinforcement and spaced to coincide with the
purpose-made voids
When the brickwork is completed, the voids are filled
with concrete

TYPES OF RETAINING WALL

REINFORCED MASONRY
RETAINING WALL

TYPES OF RETAINING WALL

SOIL REINFORCEMENT
STRUCTURE

TYPES OF RETAINING WALL

GABION WALL

SOIL STABILISATION
SOIL NAILING

Soil nailing is a construction technique that can be used

as a remedial measure to treat unstable natural soil slopes
or as a construction technique that allows the safe oversteepening of new or existing soil slopes.

SOIL STABILISATION
SOIL NAILING

METHOD OF
INSTALLATION

SOIL STABILISATION
SOIL NAILING

METHOD OF
INSTALLATION

SOIL STABILISATION
HYBRID
GEOTEXTILE &
HYDROSEEDING

SOIL STABILISATION

RENO MATRESS

SOIL STABILISATION

ROCK FENCE NETTING

SOIL STABILISATION

BERM CONSTRUCTION

COSTING
Bil

Jenis

Gabion
i.
Kerja menggali, memotong tanah unsuitable,
merata dan memadat tapak
RM 23/m2
ii.
Membekal dan memasang gabion dengan sangkar RM 185/m3
PVC coated

Membekal dan memasang geotextiles

RM 7.20/m2

Membekal dan memasang geoweb+geotextile+batu

aggregat + tanam rumput rapat

RM 250/m2

Hiroseeding

RM 1.30 RM 1.50/m2

Fibromat
i.
Membekal fibromat
ii.
Memasang ditto
iii.
Hiroseeding+fibromat+pemasangan

RM 1.30 RM 1.50/m2
RM 0.30/m2
RM 3.00 RM 3.50/m2

Turfing
i.
Close
ii.
Spot

RM 2.80/m2
RM 2.00/m2

Kos