DMA and DMA Management

District Metered Area (DMA) management is a well proven technique which when
implemented correctly in conjunction with other measurers can effectively assist reduce
or monitor leakage levels within the distribution network (Morrison and Tooms 2007).
According to (Morrison, Tooms, and Rogers 2007), a DMA, i.e. a District Metered Area
is defined as a discrete area of a distribution system usually created by the closure of
valves or complete disconnection of pipe work in which the quantities of water entering
and leaving the area are metered. The main objective of a DMA is to reduce real loss to
an economic level and maintain this level. DMA management in conjunction with
pressure management provides the following advantages for large water distribution
networks:

Smaller and more manageable areas

Easier application of active leakage control
Quicker identification of leaks based on MNF monitoring
Shorter run time of leaks
Lower losses by controlling pressure

Literature Review of Optimization Techniques

In general, optimization algorithms can be divided into two major categories
deterministic and stochastic (Qing 2009).
There are many models that have been developed to solve water distribution network
optimization non-linear problems using different techniques (Ekinci and Konak 2008).
Previous optimization techniques used include:

Deterministic (Dynamic, Linear, Non-linear)

Stochastic and Heuristic optimization techniques (simulated annealing and

genetic algorithms, harmonic search, ant colony optimization algorithm, shuffled
frog leaping algorithm).

Heuristic technique - any approach to problem solving, learning, or discovery that

employs a practical methodology not guaranteed to be optimal or perfect, but sufficient
for the immediate goals.
Author(s) (Year)
(Sterling and Bargiela 1984)
(Germanopoulos and Jowitt 1989)
(Jowitt and Xu 1990)
(Chen and Powell 1990)
(Germanopoulos 1995)

Optimization Technique
Linear Programming
(Sparse Revised Method)
Linear Programming
Linear Programming
Linear Programming
Linear Programming
To minimize leakage in

(Vairavamoorthy and Lumbers 1998)

Non-linear Programming

water distribution systems

through effective setting of
flow reducing valve
To optimize the number
and location of control

(Araujo, Ramos, and Coelho 2006)

Genetic Algorithm

valves for pressure control

decreasing leakage
amount (Rahmani and
Behzadian 2014).

Araujo, L., H. Ramos, and S. Coelho. 2006. "Pressure Control for Leakage Minimisation
in Water Distribution Systems Management." Water Resources Management no.
20 (1):133-149.
Chen, Y. C., and R. S. Powell. 1990. Pressure control through online monitoring. Paper
read at Control and Optimisation Techniques for the Water Industry, IEE
Colloquium on, 9 May 1990.

Germanopoulos, G., and P.W. Jowitt. 1989. "Leakage Reduction by Excess Pressure
Minimization in a Water Supply Network." ICE Proceedings no. 87 (2):195-214.
Germanopoulos, George. 1995. "Valve Control Regulation for Reducing Leakage." In
Improving Efficiency and Reliability in Water Distribution Systems, edited by
Enrique Cabrera and AntonioF Vela, 165-188. Springer Netherlands.
Jowitt, Paul W., and Chengchao Xu. 1990. "Optimal Valve Control in Water-Distribution
Networks." Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management no. 116
(4):455-472.
Morrison, John, Stephen Tooms, and Dewi Rogers. 2007. "District Metered Areas
Guidance Notes." In. London, United Kingdom: IWA Publishing.
http://www.waterlinks.org/library/nrw-and-water-loss/guidance-notes-districtmetered-areas.
Morrison, John, and Steve Tooms. 2007. Sustainable DMA Management to Monitor and
Reduce Leakage Water21.
Qing, Anyong. Differential evolution fundamentals and applications in electrical
engineering. J. Wiley & Sons Asia ; IEEE Press 2009. Available from
http://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=479906.
Rahmani, F., and K. Behzadian. 2014. "Sequential Multi-objective Evolutionary
Algorithm for a Real-world Water Distribution System Design." Procedia
Engineering Procedia Engineering no. 89 (1):95-102.
Sterling, MJH, and A Bargiela. 1984. "Leakage reduction by optimised control of valves
in water networks." Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control no.
6 (6):293-298.
Vairavamoorthy, Kalanithy, and Jeremy Lumbers. 1998. "Leakage Reduction in Water
Distribution Systems: Optimal Valve Control." Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
no. 124 (11):1146-1154.
Ekinci, eOnder, and Haluk Konak. 2009. "An Optimization Strategy for Water
Distribution Networks". Water Resources Management. 23 (1): 169-185.

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