Highrise Building Design Report

Contents
1.
Introduction
2.
Preliminary selection of structural elements
3.
Wind Analysis
4.
Earthquake Analysis
5.
Element Design
6.
Reference
PG/DIP Structural Engineering
Page-1
Design of a Forty Story Building for ABC bank head quarts

1.0 Introduction
It is decided to design a forty storied building for the use of ABC bank at Colombo 7. Whole
building is to be used as Bank head quarts and rent some space to be used as office.
Designed will be done as a part of the course work of Pg Dip /MEng (Structural Design )
program.
Key features of the building
1- 40 storied building
2- 8 floors to be used as car park
3- Lift system is designed as Hard Zoning
4- Building length 48m
5- Building width 36m
6- Super structure will be reinforced concrete and sub structure will be pile foundation.
Following designs will be considered in this Report.
Decide grid arrangement and building services
Selecting the arrangement of strong elements
Selection of suitable loads
Selection of dynamic parameters
Determination of wind loads and induced acceleration
Determination of earth quake loads
Develop computer model and determination of member forces
Design of slab beam wall column and pile foundation
Page-2
1.1
Calculation of basic parameters of the building
Let Column spacing in longest direction
8m
Therefore no of columns
Let column spacing in shortest direction
6m
Therefore no of columns
48/8+1
36/6+1
Let beam height
(hb) 6000/14+25
450mm
Slab Thickness (Ts)
6000/44+25
160 mm
Let space for services
300 mm
Let head clearance
2.5 m
2.5+.3+.45
3.25m
130m
Total Floor height
h+c+Ts+hb
H
Height of the Building
3.25x40
Height/Width Ratio
130/36
3.6
One Floor Area
36x48
1728 m2
Lift Core Area
24x16
384 m2
Usable Area
1344 m2
Page-3
B
8.00 m
C
8.00 m
8.00 m
8.00 m
F
8.00 m
G
8.00 m
7
6.00 m
6
6.00 m
5
6.00 m
36.00 m
6.00 m
3
6.00 m
2
6.00 m
1
48.00 m
Fig 1 Building Layout
1.2 Calculation of Number of Lifts

= 10 m2
Let population density

Number of people per floor
1344/10
= 134.4 per floor

Let
Page-4
= 135 persons per floor
Hard zoning arrangement will be used as follows.
40th Floor
30th Floor
Express Run
Express Run
20th Floor
10th Floor
8th Floor (Car park)
Fig 2 Lift Arrangement

1.2.1 Ground floor level to 19th floor level
Population calculation Ground floor to 19th floor
= 135 x 12
= 1620 persons
Let consider serving for 5 minute peak capacity.

Peak capacity is assumed as 14% of the total population .
Hence, population handled in 5 minute period
= 1620x14/100
= 226.8persons
Let 227 persons
Let select 24 capacity lift, Average interval

= 28 sec (Table 25 7.1)

Page-5
Let select 4m/s speed lift system, hence round trip time
= 165 s
Hence, number of lifts required
Round Trip Time

Average Interval
= 165 / 28
= 5.89
Hence, 6 lift required between ground floor level and 19th floor level.
1.2.2 20th floor level to 29th floor level
Population calculation 20th floor to 29th floor
= 135 x 10
= 1350 persons

Peak capacity is assumed as 14% of the total population
= 1350 x 14/100
= 189 persons
Let select 24 capacity lift ,Average interval
= 32 sec (Table 25 7.1)
Let select 4m/s speed lift system, for 18 floors hence round trip time
= 160 s
Lift will travel express 6 ms-1 from 8th floor level to 19th floor level and serve 20th floor to 29th
floor.
Hence, total distance traveled
= 12 x 3.25 x 2
= 78 m
Hence, time taken
= 78 / 6
= 13 s
Total round trip time
= 160 + 13 s
= 173 s

= Round Trip Time

Page-6
Average Interval
= 173 / 32
= 5.4
Say, 5 lifts
Hence, 5 lift cars to serve between 20th floor level and 29th floor level.
1.2.3 30th floor level to 39th floor level
Population calculation 30th floor to 39th floor
= 135 x 10
= 1350 persons

Peak capacity is assumed as 14% of the total population
= 1350 x 14/100
= 189 persons
Let select 24 capacity lift ,Average interval
= 32 sec (Table 25 7.1)
Let select 4m/s speed lift system, hence round trip time
= 160 s
Lift will travel express 6 ms-1 from 8th floor level to 29th floor level and serve 30th floor to 39th
floor.
Hence, total distance traveled
= 22 x 3.25 x 2
= 143 m
Hence, time taken
= 143 / 6
= 23.8 s
Total round trip time
= 160 + 24 s
= 184 s
= Round Trip Time
Page-7
Average Interval
= 184 / 32
= 5.7
Say 6 lifts
Hence, 6 lift cars can be used to serve between 30 th floor level and 39th floor level.
Summary of the lift arrangement as follows.
Location
No of lifts
Ground floor level to 19th floor level
20th floor level to 29th floor level
30th floor level to 39th floor level
Total
17
Table 1 Required lift at each zone
1.2.4 Lift cabin arrangement

From Table 25.3
Cabin size of the 24 passenger lift
= 2100 x 1650
Shaft size
= 2550 x 2400
1.2.5 Stair case arrangement

Width
2m
Length
3.35m
Landing length
4m
Landing width
1.5m
Required opening area
= (3.35+1.5)x 4 m2
19.4m2
Page-8
1.2.6 Wash rooms arrangement

There will be two washrooms for men and women, 7.5m x7.5m each
1.2.7 Service Core Arrangement

Length
24m
Width
16m
B
8.00 m
C
8.00 m
8.00 m
E
8.00 m
F
8.00 m
G
8.00 m
7
6.00 m
6
6.00 m
5
6.00 m
men
wash room
6.00 m
3
6.00 m
ladies
wash room
2
6.00 m
1
48.00 m
Fig 3 Service Core Arrangements
Page-9
36.00 m
1.2.8 Shear wall arrangement

Lateral loads are to be resisted by a shear wall arrangement.
Assumed Shear wall thicknesses are as follows.
Zone
Selected
Shear
wall
thickness / (mm)
Ground to 9th floor level
300
10th floor to 19th floor level
300
300
300
Table 2 Shear wall Thickness
B
8.00 m
C
8.00 m
8.00 m
E
8.00 m
F
8.00 m
G
8.00 m
7
6.00 m
6
6.00 m
5
6.00 m
men
wash room
36.00 m
6.00 m
3
6.00 m
ladies
wash room
2
6.00 m
1
48.00 m
Page-10
Fig 4
Shear wall
arrangement
2.0 Preliminary selection of structural elements.
Slab Thickness
Selected slab thickness
= 175 mm
Cover
= 25 mm
Diameter of the reinforcement
= 10 mm
Hence, effective depth
= 175 - 25 10/2
= 145 mm
Span / Effective depth
= 6000 / 145
= 41.4
Basic span / Effective depth
= 26
( T 3.9 BS8110)
Let Assume a modification factor of 1.6

Modified span / Effective depth
= 26 x 1.6
= 41.6
Hence, 175 mm slab thickness is capable of meeting the deflection criteria satisfactorily.
2.1 Selection of Beam Dimensions
Selected beam depth
= 600 mm
Hence, effective depth
= 550 mm
Span / Effective depth
= 8000 / 550
= 14.55<26
Hence, depth is a reasonable value.

Selected width of the beam
= 400 mm
Page-11
2.2 Determination of Column Dimensions

Initial column size can be selected with trial approximate loads
Assume column carries load from 8 x 6 panel area of the building. Trial size of column will be
selected according to axial load capacity
2.2.1 Dead loads calculation
Slab self-weight
= 8 x 6 x 0.175 x 24
= 201.6 kN
Assuming Finishes of 0.75 kN / m2
= 0.75 x 8 x 6
= 36kN
Assuming partition of 1.0 kN / m2
= 1.0 x 8 x 6 (BS 6399 5.1.4)
= 48 kN
Assuming services of 1.0 kN / m2
= 1.0 x 8 x 6
= 48 kN
Beams Weight
= (8 + 6) x 0.4 x 0.6 x 24
= 80.64 kN
Live load on slab of2.5 kN / m2
= 2.5 x 8 x 6 (BS 6399)
= 120 kN
Calculation of design load
Page-12
Consider 50% maximum reduction in impose load (BS 6399)

Assume 40% reduction in impose load in our design
1.4 x (201.6 + 36 + 48 + 48 +80.64) + 1.6 x 120 x 0.60 = 695.14 kN
2.3 Selection of Column Sizes

Select Trial column size from 30th floor level to 39th floor= 700mm x 700mm
Axial load at 30th floor level [695 x 10 + (0.7 x 0.7 x 3.25 x 24) x 10 x 1.4]
= 7485.1kN
Axial load of Short columns resisting moment and axial forces given by,
N = 0.4fcuAc + 0.8Ascfy (BS 8110 -1997 equation 38) --------------------- > Eq(A)
Let assume fcu= 40 N/mm2 and Asc =3%Ac
N = 0.4Ac x 40 + 0.8 x 0.03 x Ac x 460
N = 27.04 Ac
N= 7485 at 30th floor
7485x103 = 27.04 Ac
Ac = 276,812mm2
Therefore required column size = 526 x 526
Hence, selected size is too large and 600 x 600 will be selected
Axial load at 20th floor level [695 x 10 + (0.7 x 0.7 x 3.25 x 24) x 10 x 1.4]+7343
=14828
From Eq(A) , Let assume fcu= 40 N/mm2 and Asc =3%Ac
Same as previous calculation
14828x103=27.04Ac
Page-13
Ac = 548,372 mm2
Hence, minimum column dimension required is 740 mm x 740 mm.
Therefore 750mm x 750mm columns are used
Axial load at 10th floor level [695 x 10 + (0.8 x 0.8 x 3.25 x 24) x 10 x 1.4]+ 14828
=22477
N = 0.4Ac x 40 + 0.8 x 0.04 x Ac x 460
22477 x 1000= 30.72Ac
Ac = 731673 mm2
Select Trial column size from ground floor level to 9th floor= 1000mm x 1000mm
Additional impose load of 2.5kN/m2 will be considered up to 8 th floor to equate car park
load
Axial load at Ground floor level [695 x 10 + (1 x 1 x 3.25 x 24) x 10 x 1.4]+ 22477+2.5x8x6x8
=32055
N = 0.4Ac x 50 + 0.8 x 0.05x Ac x 460
32055 x 1000= 38.4Ac
Ac = 834,765 mm2
Page-14

Selected element sizes are given in following table.
Element
Zone
Shear Wall
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
th
Ground floor to 9 floor

10th floor to 19th floor
Column
1.0x1.0
0.9x0.9
0.7x0.7
0.6x0.6
beam (6m)
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
Beam
(8m)
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
Slab
0.175
0.175
0.175
0.175
Table 3 Summary of element sizes.
3.0 Wind Analysis

3.1 Determination of Wind Induced Forces of the Structure
Hourly mean wind speed is calculated using following equation.
Vz = V. M (z.cat). Ms. Mt. Mi
Vz = Design hourly mean wind speed at height z in ms
-1
V= Basic wind speed

-1
Basic wind is taken as 38 ms . (Zone-2)
Ms= 1.0 (It is assumed the building spacing > 12-Table-4.2.7)

Mt = 1.0
Ms= 1.0 (It is assumed the building as normal structure-Table-4.2.9)
Hence, Vz = 38M (z.cat)
Fz= Cp,e.qz.Az
Hence dynamic wind pressure
qz= 0.6vz2 x 10-3
Let Cp,e = Pressure coefficients for both windward and leeward surfaces of rectangular
buildings.
Az= Area of a structure at height z
X- Direction,
Page-15
d/b
= 48 / 36
= 1.33
Y- Direction,
d/b
= 36 / 48
= 0.75
X- Direction,
(Cp,e)x = 0.8 + 0.3 = 1.1
Y- Direction,
(Cp,e) y= 0.8 + 0.5 = 1.30
Fx = (Cp,e)x.qz. (Az)x
Hence, Fx = 1.1qz
Fy = (Cp,e)y qz. (Az)y
Hence, Fy = 1.30 qz
Total wind force acting on each level is assumed to act on two frames which are
connected to shear walls . Nodel forces are calculated based on total affecting
force divided by 2.
Level
G
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
FloorFloor
height
(m)
3.25
3.25
3.25
3.25
3.25
3.25
3.25
3.25
3.25
3.25
3.25
3.25
3.25
3.25
3.25
3.25
3.25
Z (m)
M(z,cat)
Vz
(ms1
)
0
3.25
6.5
9.75
13
16.25
19.5
22.75
26
29.25
32.5
35.75
39
42.25
45.5
48.75
52
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.358
0.368
0.378
0.385
0.39
0.398
0.4
0.41
0.417
0.42
13.3
13.3
13.3
13.3
13.3
13.3
13.6
13.98
14.36
14.63
14.82
15.12
15.2
15.58
15.85
15.96
qz
(kPa)
Fx
(kNm1
)
Fy
(kNm1
)
0.106
0.106
0.106
0.106
0.106
0.106
0.111
0.117
0.124
0.128
0.132
0.137
0.139
0.146
0.151
0.153
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.13
0.13
0.14
0.15
0.15
0.16
0.16
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.15
0.16
0.17
0.17
0.18
0.18
0.19
0.19
0.2
0.2
Page-16
X
Y
nodal Nodal
force Force
2.34
2.34
2.34
2.34
2.34
2.34
2.535
2.535
2.73
2.925
2.925
3.12
3.12
3.315
3.315
3.315
3.64
3.64
3.64
3.64
3.64
3.64
3.9
4.16
4.42
4.42
4.68
4.68
4.94
4.94
5.2
5.2
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
3.25
3.25
3.25
3.25
3.25
3.25
3.25
3.25
3.25
3.25
3.25
3.25
3.25
3.25
3.25
3.25
3.25
3.25
3.25
3.25
3.25
3.25
3.25
3.25
55.25
58.5
61.75
65
68.25
71.5
74.75
78
81.25
84.5
87.75
91
94.25
97.5
100.75
104
107.25
110.5
113.75
117
120.25
123.5
126.75
130
0.438
0.45
0.462
0.474
0.485
0.497
0.508
0.514
0.52
0.525
0.53
0.535
0.54
0.546
0.551
0.555
0.56
0.564
0.569
0.574
0.578
0.583
0.587
0.592
16.64
17.1
17.56
18.01
18.43
18.89
19.3
19.53
19.76
19.95
20.14
20.33
20.52
20.75
20.94
21.09
21.28
21.43
21.62
21.81
21.96
22.15
22.31
22.5
0.166
0.175
0.185
0.195
0.204
0.214
0.224
0.229
0.234
0.239
0.243
0.248
0.253
0.258
0.263
0.267
0.272
0.276
0.281
0.285
0.289
0.294
0.299
0.327
0.19
0.2
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.25
0.26
0.26
0.27
0.27
0.28
0.28
0.29
0.29
0.3
0.3
0.31
0.31
0.32
0.32
0.33
0.33
0.36
0.22
0.23
0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.3
0.3
0.31
0.32
0.32
0.33
0.33
0.34
0.35
0.35
0.36
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.38
0.39
0.39
0.43
3.705
3.9
4.095
4.29
4.485
4.68
4.875
5.07
5.07
5.265
5.265
5.46
5.46
5.655
5.655
5.85
5.85
6.045
6.045
6.24
6.24
6.435
6.435
3.51
5.72
5.98
6.5
6.76
7.02
7.28
7.8
7.8
8.06
8.32
8.32
8.58
8.58
8.84
9.1
9.1
9.36
9.36
9.62
9.88
9.88
10.14
10.14
5.59
Table 4 Wind load on each floor
3.2 Assignment of Wind Force to the Modal

Wind forces calculated above were assigned to two frames of the structure to ensure
symmetrical distribution of wind forces. Grid 2,6 and C,E were selected for applying wind
force
3.3 Lateral Deflection of the Structure due to Wind (Along X direction)

Maximum drift index for normal building 1/500 .However tall buildings the drift index value
is limited to 1/1000.
Height of the building = 130 m

The maximum top deflection obtained from SAP 2000 under load combination-2 is 59 mm.
Drift index
= 59 / (130 x 1000)
= 1 / 2203 < 1 / 1000
Hence structure satisfy Drift index
Page-17
3.4 Calculation of Gust factor

The gust factor G can be calculated using the equation,
G
= 1 + r [ gv2.B. (1 + w)2 + (gf2.S.E / ) ]
Let assume Damping ratio = 0.01

gv = 3.7
Turbulence length
Lh
= 1000 x (h / 10)0.25
= 1000 x (130/ 10)0.25
= 1898 m
Background factor
B
= 1/ {1 + [ (36h2 + 64b2) 1/2/ Lh ] }

= 1/ {1 + [ (36x1302 + 64x482) 1/2/ 1898] }
= 0.685
r- Roughness factor
r
= 2(v/ v) / Mt
v/ v
=0.219 (From Table 4.2.5.3)
= 2 x 0.219 / 1.0
= 0.438
w-Factor to account for the second order effects of turbulence intensity

w
= gv.r.(B)1/2 / 4
= 3.7 x 0.438 x (0.685)1/2 / 4
= 0.335
gf- Peak factor

gf = (2 log(3600na))1/2
Natural period of vibration along Y direction obtained after analyzing the modal in SAP 2000
and it is assumed T = 4 sec
Hence, natural frequency of the first mode vibration is,
Page-18
na
=1/4
= 0.25
gf
= (2 log(3600 x 0.25))1/2
= 2.43
S-Size factor
S
= 1/ {[1 + (3.5 nah /Vz)] x [1 + (4 nab /Vz)]}
Vz
= V.x Mzcat
= 38 x 0.652
= 24.78 m/s
= 1/ {[1 + (3.5 x 0.25 x 130/ 24.78)] x [1 + (4 x 0.25 x 48 / 24.78)]}

= 0.061
N-Effective reduced frequency
= na x Lh / Vz
= 0.25 x 1898 / 24.78
= 19.14
E- Spectrum of turbulence in the approaching wind stream

E
= 0.47N / (2+ N2)5/6

= 0.47 x 16.64 / (2+ 16.64x16.64)5/6
= 0.065
= 1 + r [ gv2.B. (1 + w)2 + (gf2.S.E / ) ]1/2

= 1 + 0.438 [ 3.72 x 0.685 x (1 + 0.335)2 + (2.432 x 0.061 x 0.065 / 0.01) ]
= 2.91
Page-19
3.5 Calculation of Wind Induced Acceleration (Along X direction)

Generally accelerations above 0.05ms2 are perceived by the people. A peak acceleration of
2
0.15ms
to 0.20ms
is often considered as the limiting value at the suitable design wind
speeds.
Along wind acceleration,
a
= ( 2na)2gf.r(SE / )1/2 (/G)

=(2 x 22/7 x 0.25)2 x 2.91 x 0.438 (0.061 x 0.065/0.01)1/2 (/2.91)
= 0.681
=0.681x59/1000
=0.04 ms2 Marginaly Satisfied
Across wind acceleration,

c = [1.5 gf . qh .b(0.76 + 0.24k)(Cfs/ )1/2] / m0
k = 1.0 (Building with a central core and moment resisting facade)
qh = 0.6 Vz2
gf = (2 log(3600nc))1/2
Natural period of vibration along Y direction obtained after analyzing the modal in SAP 2000
and it is assumed T = 4 sec
Hence, natural frequency of the first mode vibration is,
nc
=1/4
= 0.25
gf
= (2 log(3600 x 0.25))1/2
= 2.43
h:b:d =130:48:36
=3.6 : 1.33 :1
Vh/ncb =24.78/(0.25 x48)
= 2.065
Page-20
Cfs = 0.0022 (Cross wind force spectrum coefficient)

m0 = 262 kg / m
= [1.5 gf . qh .b(0.76 + 0.24k)(Cfs/ )1/2] / m0
= [1.5 x 2.43 x 0.303 x 48 (0.76 + 0.24 x 1.0 )(22/7 x 0.0022/ 0.01)1/2] /262
= 0.168 ms-2
4.0 Earthquake Analysis

4.1 Determination of the Weight of the Stricture
Number of Columns
Shear Wall Length
=34 Nos.
per floor
=136 m
Beam Length per floor
600mm
=336m
Beam Length per floor
450mm
=336m
Building weight
Columns
Beams
600mm
Beams
450mm
Salb
Shear
walls
Impose
load
Super
impose
Dead
load
Total
Load
Zone
Amount
1x1
Level 0-9
(kN)
2652
Amount
0.9x0.9
Level
10-19
(kN)
21481
336m
10282
336m
252m
1599m2
4989.6
67158
1326
136m
Amount
0.7x0.7
Level
20-29
(kN)
12994
Amount
0.6x0.6
Level 3040 (kN)

9547
10282
336m
10281.
6
336m
10281.6
252m
1599m2
4989.6
67158
252m
1599m2
4989.6
67158
252m
1599m2
4989.6
67158
136m
1326
136m
1326
136m
1326
4.5kNm2
71955
2.5kNm
(60%)
43973
2.75kNm
2.75kNm
202335
23985
2.5kNm
(60%)
43973
2.75kNm
173194
Table 5 Load Summary

Total
building
load
Building
volume
701495
kN
224640
m3
Page-21
23985
2.5kNm
(60%)
43972.5
2.75kNm
164707
23985
43972.5
161260
Density of the building
= 3.12 KN/ m3
4.2 Determination of the Base Shear

V = ZIKCSW
V-Base shear
Z-Seismic probability zone factor
Z = 3 / 16 (Minor earthquake)
I-Occupancy importance factor

I = 1.00 (Office building)
K-Building type factor
K = 1.33
T- Fundamental natural period of vibration
T =4 sec
C
= 1/15(T)1/2
= 1/15(T)1/2
= 0.13 < 0.2
S-Soil interaction factor

S = 1.2 (It is assumed cohesionless or stiff clay soil conditions overlying rock at a depth
greater than 200ft in Colombo 03)
W Total dead load and appropriate portions of the live load
W = 701,495 kN
= ZIKCSW
= (3 / 16) x 1.00 x 1.33 x 0.03 x 1.2 x 701,495
= 6,297 kN
Page-22
4.3 Determination of Earthquake Forces

X Direction:
The base shear is to act with a minimum eccentricity of 5% of the maximum building
dimension.
Eccentricity, e = 0.05Dmax
= 0.05 x 48
= 2.4m
Base shear will be assigned to frames 2 & 6 as follows.
V2
= 6297 x (12-2.4)/24
V2
= 2518 KN
V6
= 6297-2518 KN
= 3779 KN
Ft
= 0.07 TV
=0.07 x 4 V
=0.28V >0.25V then Ft=0.25V is selected
Ft
= 1574 kN
Ft2
=629 kN
Ft6
=944 kN
Let assume weight at the floor levels is constant.

FX
= (V- Ft) hx / hx
(V- Ft)
=6297-1574
=4723 kN
hx
=3.25(40/2x(1+40)m
=2665m
Fx(2)
= 0.75x2518/2665 hx
Page-23
Fx(2)
=0.709 hx
Fx(6)
= 0.75x3779/2665 hx
Fx(6)
= 1.06 hx
Y Direction:
The base shear is to act with a minimum eccentricity of 5% of the maximum building
dimension.
Eccentricity, e = 0.05Dmax
= 0.05 x 48
= 2.4 m
Base shear can be assigned to frames along gridlines C & F as follows.
VC
= 6297 x (8+2.4)/16
VC
= 4093 KN
VE
= 6297-4093 KN
= 2204 KN
Ft
= 0.07 TV
=0.07 x 4 V
=0.28V >0.25V then Ft=0.25V is selected
Ft
=1574
Ftc
=1023
FtE
=550
FX
= (V- Ft)hx / hx
FC
= (0.75 x 4093/2665) hx
=1.15 hx
FE
= (0.75 x 2204/2665) hx
=0.62 hx
Page-24
Calculation of Earthquake Load at each level

Earthquake Load
Level
hx (m)
X Direction (kN)
F2
G
1
2
Y Direction (kN)
F6
FC
FE
3.25
6.5
2.30425
4.6085
3.445
6.89
3.7375
7.475
2.015
4.03
9.75
6.91275
10.335
11.2125
6.045
13
9.217
13.78
14.95
8.06
16.25
11.52125
17.225
18.6875
10.075
19.5
13.8255
20.67
22.425
12.09
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
22.75
26
29.25
32.5
35.75
39
42.25
45.5
48.75
52
55.25
58.5
61.75
65
68.25
71.5
74.75
78
81.25
84.5
87.75
91
94.25
97.5
100.75
104
107.25
110.5
113.75
117
120.25
16.12975
18.434
20.73825
23.0425
25.34675
27.651
29.95525
32.2595
34.56375
36.868
39.17225
41.4765
43.78075
46.085
48.38925
50.6935
52.99775
55.302
57.60625
59.9105
62.21475
64.519
66.82325
69.1275
71.43175
73.736
76.04025
78.3445
80.64875
82.953
85.25725
24.115
27.56
31.005
34.45
37.895
41.34
44.785
48.23
51.675
55.12
58.565
62.01
65.455
68.9
72.345
75.79
79.235
82.68
86.125
89.57
93.015
96.46
99.905
103.35
106.795
110.24
113.685
117.13
120.575
124.02
127.465
26.1625
29.9
33.6375
37.375
41.1125
44.85
48.5875
52.325
56.0625
59.8
63.5375
67.275
71.0125
74.75
78.4875
82.225
85.9625
89.7
93.4375
97.175
100.9125
104.65
108.3875
112.125
115.8625
119.6
123.3375
127.075
130.8125
134.55
138.2875
14.105
16.12
18.135
20.15
22.165
24.18
26.195
28.21
30.225
32.24
34.255
36.27
38.285
40.3
42.315
44.33
46.345
48.36
50.375
52.39
54.405
56.42
58.435
60.45
62.465
64.48
66.495
68.51
70.525
72.54
74.555
Page-25
38
39
40
123.5
126.75
130
87.5615
89.86575
92.17
130.91
134.355
137.8
142.025
145.7625
149.5
76.57
78.585
80.6
Table 6 Earth quake loads
4.4 Application of the Earthquake Load to the SAP 2000 Modal

A new load case is defined as Earthquake.
A new load combination is defined.
Then the earthquake forces calculated above are assigned to the frames along grid 2 & 6 on
x direction and along C & F on y direction.
5.0 Element Design

Following elements are designed in this model analysis.
1- Pile & Pile Cap
2- Beam
3- Column
4- Slab
5.1Design of Pile
5.1.1 Estimation of Carrying Capacity of a Single Pile
Consider foundation at F-2 column location
Design load on foundation = 21, 550 kN
Assuming bed rock level is 20 m below existing ground level and skin friction values are
assumed as follows. Assumed allowable bearing capacity of rock is 4 N/mm2.
Page-26
Pu Column Load
W Self Weignt
P si -Skin
Friction
Ppu -End Bearing
Pu = Ppu + Psi W
Tu = Psi + W
Where,
Pu = Ultimate compressive load on pile
Tu = Ultimate tensile load on pile
Psi = Skin Friction Resistance
W =Weight of pile
Ppu = End bearing resistance
Assuming 1500mm diameter bored cast in-situ R/C pile.
Page-27
Average depth of a pile is 20 m.

Hence, End bearing resistance = x 1.52 x 4000/4
Ppu = 7068kN
Assuming ultimate skin friction values as follows
Depth
Aerage
Skin Friction (kN/m2)
From
To
SPT value
(Ultimate)
0,00
10
20
20
10
20
25
25
20
25
30
30
25
30
>50
100
Table 6:1 Skin friction at each depth
Psi
= x 1.5x [20x10+25x10+30x5 +1.5x150]

= 3887kN
Factor of safety 3
Therefore total allowable skin friction
= 3887kN
Total Pile Resistance
= (7068+ 3887)
= 10955 kN
Ultimate compressive load on pile,

Pu
= 10955 x 1.5 2 x 24 x 25/4

= 9895kN
Hence, allowable load on the pile 9895 kN

Design load of the internal column from SAP analysis = 18805 kN
Therefore number of piles required for an internal column location
= 18805/9895 = 1.9
Therefore allow two piles for one internal column location.
Therefore load acting on one pile = 18805/2
= 9402 kN
Page-28
Design load on pile < Allowable load on pile

Hence pile carrying capacity for axial load is satisfied.
Let consider Grade 30 concrete
Working stress of the concrete at pile toe
= (9402 + 1050) / ( x 1.5 2 /4)

= 5.9 N/mm2
< 0.25fcu = 7.5 N/mm2
Required area of reinforcement 1% of Concreter Area = 17671mm2

Required number of 25mm bars
= 17671/490
Number of bars
= 36 Nos
Reinforcement provided = 36Y25 +Y12 @200

Piles should be socketed 1500mm in to parent rock and capacity should be verified by a full
scale load test.
Piled raft can be used for connection of piles to the column. Individual pile caps are not
suitable for this building because the pile caps will be arranged in very congested pattern.
5.2 Determination of Pile Cap Dimensions

Centre to centre distance of the pile (2.5 )
= 2.5 x 1500
Distance from the edge of the pile cap
= 3750 mm
= 400 mm
length of the pile cap
= 3750 + 1500 + 400 + 400

= 6050 mm
Effective depth of the pile cap (2.5 /2)
= 1875 mm
Hence, pile cap dimension is 6050 mm x 2300 mm x 1875 mm
5.2.2 Design of a Pile Cap

pile spacing
Edge distance =
Length of pile cap
3750
mm
400
mm
6050
mm
Page-29
Width of pile cap
2100
mm
Ultimate load on pile cap (N)
30500 kN
Assume depth of pile cap
1800
mm
75
mm
1665
mm
Pile cap main reinforcement calculation
cover
Effective depth (d)
Total tensile force in each direction without considering column size
As required
Layer 1 Diameter
Nos
N l / 2d
20608 kN
T /0.87 fy
51495 mm2
40
14
Spacing
Layer 2 Diameter
Nos
131 mm
=
40
14
Spacing
Layer 3 Diameter
Nos
mm
131 mm
=
40
14
Spacing
As Provided
mm
mm
131 mm
=
52769 mm2
Check for punching shear

Punching shear around column perimeter
3.82
N/mm2
0.8fcu =
4.38
N/mm2
Check Satisfied
Since spacing of piles = 3 no further check is required
Page-30
Check for line shear

Column side dimension =
1000
mm
mm
av
1300
V at critical section
15250 kN
5.09
2d/av =
2.56
100As/bd
1.76
vc
2.08
N/mm2
N/mm2
Shear r/f need not to be provided

Determination of Distribution steel
Min Steel
100 As/ Ac
0.13
As
4212
mm2
32
mm
Diameter
Spacing =
175
As
4593
mm2
Determination of Horizontal binders
Use 25% of main steel

As
13192 mm2
32
Nos
15
As Provided
12061 mm2
Diameter
mm
Page-31
5.3 Design of a Beam
Fig 7
Design
moments of the beam at first floor level

Max Support moment = 278 kNm
Max Bending moment at span = 189 kNm
5.3.1 Design of Beams

Depth of the Beam
600
mm
Width of the Beam
300
mm
Concrete Strength
30
N/mm2
Assume moderate exposure conditions, for outdoor exposure. Assume a fire resistance of 2 hours.
Cover of the Beam
Assume a link diameter of 10
25
mm
mm and reinforcement size of 25mm
Effective Depth of the Beam = 600-25-10-12.5

= 553mm
Design for Flexure
Page-32
Sample calculation is done for hoggin moment at the exterior column

Max. hogging Bending Moment = 278
kNm
moment, exterior support moment will be re-distributed by 10%

Then design support moment
=278x0.9
=250.2 kNm
Reduction in moment =27.8 kNm
At the exterior support ,
K
M/bd2fcu
250.2 x 1000 x 1000/300x5532x30
0.091 < 0.156
Section is singly reinforced
Z = d
0.5
= d
0.5
= d
=
Z
As
0.25 -
K
0.9
0.25 -
0.091
0.9
x 0.886
0.89
d < 0.90d
0.89 d
489 mm
M/(0.87fyZ)
250 x 1000 x 1000

0.87x460x489
=
Minimum reinforcement =
Therefore As
=
=
=
1278 mm2
0.13/100bh
0.13/(300x600x100)
234 mm2
1278 mm2
Provide 3T25 ( 1470 mm2)

Page-33
Design for Shear

From Sap2000 Results
Vmax
268kN
Vmax
V/ bd
vmax
268 x 1000 /300 x 553
1.62
0.887
100As/bd
N/mm2
Use R8 @ 100mm spacing
5.4 Design of a Column
Column Axial Force
Column Major Moment
Column Miner moment
Ultimate
Axial
Load
26785 kN
Majour B/M
64 kNm
Miner B/M
18 kNm
Page-34
Column Size
Concrete Grade
1000mm x 1000mm
50 N/mm2
Top Condition
Bottom Condition
=
=
Condition 2
Condition 1
5.4.1 Effective Height Calculation

For X-X / Y-Y Direction
q
L=3.25 m
So ,
pq
o x
=
=
=
1.3
3.25 - 0.6
2.65 m
ex
=
=
1.3
x
x
3.45
=
=
3.45
3.4
ex , ey
o
2.65
5.4.2 Check for slenderness

ex /h
= ey/h
1
< 10
The column is a short column.

60 b
=
=
>
60 x
72 m
1200
/ 1000
Slenderness limit is not exceeded.
Considering 40% live load reduction ,Critical load combination 1.4 Gk + 1.6 (0.6) Qk
Page-35
5.4.3 Design of Longitudinal R/F

N
26785
kN
Mx
68 kNm
My
=
18 kNm
N emin
N
x (0.05 h or 20mm or lesser)
26785 x (0.05 x 1000 or 20)
536
kNm
MMin
Critical section for the design lies at the top.
Minimum moment (MMin)
=
=
=
=
Mxx and Myy
<
Uniaxial bending about Minor Axis

Design bending moment about y-y,
My
536
=
=
=
N
bh
d/h
fcu
1000
1000
0.54
536
x 10 6
x
1000
x
26785 x 10 3
1000 x
1000
26.79
=
=
=
929 / 1000
0.94
50 N/mm2
1.3
1.3 x 1000 x
1000
mm
1000 - 45 - 10 - (32/2)
929
mm
b h2
kNm
1000
Chart No 39
100 Asc / bh
Asc
100
2
13000 mm
24 x x (32/2)2
19301 mm2 > Required Asc
Steel Provided 24 No. Y 32 bars.

Asc provided
Page-36
5.4.4 Design for seismic effects

Asc provided
=
=
24 x x (32/2)2
1000 x 1000
1.93%
x 100
48 x x (32/2)2
1000 x 1000
3.86
%
6%
x 100
1% < Asc provided < 4%

Longitudinal R/F O.K.
Asc at lap
=
=
<
Lap R/F is O.K.

Check for shear:
From Sap2000
M/N
35
21765
0.75h
V
=
=
0.75
15
0.8
=
=
15
x
1000
1000 x
929
0.02 N/mm2
5.0 N/mm2 > v
m >M/N
kN
Hence shear r/f is not required.

5.4.5 Check for Deflection:
For unbraced columns:
le / h = 5.58 / 1
=
Hence no check is required for deflection.
Page-37
5.58
<
30
= 0.002 m
5.5 Design of a Slab

Assume Following parameters
Slab thickness
=
Slab self-weight =
Finishes
=
175 mm
4.20 kN/m2
1.00 kN/m2
Partitions
1.00 kN/m2
Services
1.00 kN/m2
Total DL
7.20 kN/m2
Slab Live load

Design Load
2.50 kN/m2
N =1.4 Gk +1.6 Qk =14.08 kN/m2

6
Lx = 6m
Ly = 8m
Ly / Lx =
1.3 < 2
Two way spanning slab
Select Corner panel Two adjacent edges discontinues

Moment Coefficients.
Short span, continues edge
0.069
Short span, at mid-span
0.051
Long span ,at continues edge
0.045
Long span, at mid-span
0.034
Maximum design moment per unit width
Msx
B sx n lx2
Msy
=
=
=
=
=
Bsy n lx2
34.97
25.85
22.81
17.23
Short span, continues edge

Short span, at mid-span
Long span ,at continues edge
Long span, at mid-span
kNm/m
kNm/m
kNm/m
kNm/m
5.5.1 Design of reinforcement

Let use 10 mm RF with 25 mm cover , fcu =30 N/mm2, d=145mm
Short way, mid span RF
K= M/bd2 fcu
= 0.041
Z = d {0.5 + SQRT (0.25- K/0.9)} =
0.96 d
Z=
137.75 mm
As(req) = M /0.87 fy Z
= 469 mm2
Page-38
> 0.95d
Use T 10 @ 150
As provided = 520> As Req
Maximum spacing between bars < 3d
3d =
435
> 150 mm
Minimum R/F
100 As/ Ac =
0.13
As min=227 < As Provided

5.5.2 Deflection check
Maximum moment at mid span
Mmax
25.9 kNm/m
1.23
Service stress at steel Fs
343 N/mm2
M/bd
Modification factor for tension reinforcement

Ft
=
Basic (span / d )
Allowable (span / d)
Actual (span / d)
T 3.11
1.81
=
=
=
26
47
41
<
5.5.3 Short way, support (top R/F)

K= M/bd2 fcu
=
0.055
Z = d {0.5 + SQRT (0.25- K/0.9)} =0.953 d > 0.95d
Z=
138 mm
As = M /0.87 fy Z
634
mm2
Use T 12 @ 175
(As) provided =645 > 634 ,(As, required)
5.5.54 Long way, mid span (bottom R/F)

Effective depth
135
mm
K= M/bd2 fcu
=
0.027
Z = d {0.5 + SQRT (0.25- K/0.9)} =
Z=
128
0.966 d > 0.95d

mm
As = M /0.87 fy Z
mm2
336
Page-39
47
Use T 10 @ 200
(As) provided =
393
> 336, As, req
5.5.6 Long way, support (top R/F)

K= M/bd2 fcu
=
0.042
Z = d {0.5 + SQRT (0.25- K/0.9)} =
Z=
127
As = M /0.87 fy Z
0.94 d
mm
= 448 mm2
Use T 10 @ 150
(As) provided =523 > 442, As, req
100 As /Ac
0.13
Minimum As
For T 10 @ 250
228 mm2/m
(As) provided
314 mm2/m
5.5.7 Check for shear

Shear force induced at support V =
Short way support V =
Bv n lx
0.4 x 13.03
x6
v = V/bd
=
=
31.27 kN/m
0.216
100 As/bd =0.271

Vc =0.52 N/mm2
Vc >V T 3.17
No shear r/ f required
Page-40
( T 3.9 )
5.5 Design Shear wall

Wall is classified as braced column
Top condition
Bottom condition
Value of for braced wall
=
=
=
2
1
0.75
o
e
=
3.25
= 0.95 x 3.25
= 3.1 m
Wall thickness at graound floor is 300mm.
e/h
= 3.1 / 0.3
= 10.3
< 15
Therefore the wall is short.
For all load combinations wall is subjected to compression only.
Calculation of Compression Capacity
Maximum axial load on wall
fcu
=
=
=
3384kN/m
54144
40
x 16
kN
fy
= 460 N/mm2
Assume 1% of reinforcement in the wall.
Total design axial load on wall,
nw
0.35 fcu Ac + 0.67 Asc fy
(0.35x40x300x16000) +
(0.67x0.01x300x16000x460)
81993kN
Hence compression capacity of wall with 1% of reinforcement is
satisfactory.
Design of vertical reinforcement
Required reinforement
=
=
=
=
1% of Ac
1x300x16000 / 100
48000mm2
2000 mm2/m/per layer
Provide T16 bars at 100 mm spacing. (Aspro = 2010 mm2/m)

Design of horizontal reinforcement
Required reinforcement
=
=
=
=
0.25% of Ac
0.25x300x1000 / 100
750 mm2/m
375 mm2/m/per layer
Provide T12 bars at 200 mm spacing. (As pro = 786 mm2/m)
Page-41
6.0. References
1. B.S.8110 Part1:1985, The Structural Use of Concrete (Code of Practice for Design and
Construction)
2. B.S.6399 Part1:1996, Loadings on buildings( Code of Practice for dead and Imposed
loads)
3. AS1170.2-1989, Minimum Design Loads on Structures part 2: Wind Loads,
Standards Australia, New South Wales.
4. AS 1170.4-1993, Structural design actions Part 4: Earthquake actions , Standards
Australia, New South Wales.
5. Jayasinghe, M.T.R, Wind loads for tall buildings in Sri lanka, Seminar on structural
design for wind loading, Society of Structural Engineers, Sri lanka,2008.
6. Wijeratne, M.D., Jayasinghe, M.T.R., Wind loads for high-rise buildings constructed
in Sri Lanka, Transactions Part 2- Institution of Engineers, Sri Lanka, 1998,
Page-42

Highrise Building Design Report

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Highrise Building Design Report

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Contents

Preliminary selection of structural elements

PG/DIP Structural Engineering

Design of a Forty Story Building for ABC bank head quarts

Decide grid arrangement and building services

Selecting the arrangement of strong elements

Selection of suitable loads

Selection of dynamic parameters

Determination of wind loads and induced acceleration

Determination of earth quake loads

Develop computer model and determination of member forces

Design of slab beam wall column and pile foundation

PG/DIP Structural Engineering

Calculation of basic parameters of the building

Let Column spacing in longest direction

Let column spacing in shortest direction

Let beam height

Slab Thickness (Ts)

Let space for services

Let head clearance

Total Floor height

Height of the Building

One Floor Area

Lift Core Area

PG/DIP Structural Engineering

Fig 1 Building Layout

1.2 Calculation of Number of Lifts

Let population density

= 134.4 per floor

PG/DIP Structural Engineering

= 135 persons per floor

Hard zoning arrangement will be used as follows.

Fig 2 Lift Arrangement

Let consider serving for 5 minute peak capacity.

Let select 24 capacity lift, Average interval

= 28 sec (Table 25 7.1)

Hence, number of lifts required

Round Trip Time

Let consider serving for 5 minute peak capacity.

Let select 24 capacity lift ,Average interval

= 32 sec (Table 25 7.1)

Hence, time taken

Total round trip time

Hence, number of lifts required

= Round Trip Time

Let consider serving for 5 minute peak capacity.

Let select 24 capacity lift ,Average interval

= 32 sec (Table 25 7.1)

Hence, time taken

Total round trip time

Hence, number of lifts required

PG/DIP Structural Engineering

= Round Trip Time

Ground floor level to 19th floor level

20th floor level to 29th floor level

30th floor level to 39th floor level

1.2.4 Lift cabin arrangement

1.2.5 Stair case arrangement

Required opening area

PG/DIP Structural Engineering

1.2.6 Wash rooms arrangement

1.2.7 Service Core Arrangement

Fig 3 Service Core Arrangements