Experiment 6: Heat Effects

Renoir Del Mundo, Maja Rael Del Villar, Jerald Joseph Domingo, Kristella Draheim
3-BIO 3
College of Science, University of Santo Tomas
Espaa, Manila Philippines
Abstract
The heat effects of an object to its
nature can be identified and calculated
by different aspects that will give us our
desired values. In this experiment, we use
different application methods such as
identifying the specific heat of a metal,
observing the heat of fusion of water, and
determining the coefficient of linear
thermal expansion of solid. The accepted
value of specific heat in metal in the first
activity is measured 452 and the group
gathered around 433.26 to be exact. In
the second activity, the calculated latent
of heat fusion is 1.3x103j/kg. And for the
third activity the accepted value of
coefficient of thermal expansion is
2.3x10-5. This experiment, getting the
temperature is the core and it cant be
done with the use of thermometer. We
also calculated the percent error of each
activity to further know how close are we
to the true value.
1. Introduction
The specific heat (also called specific
heat capacity) is the amount of heat
required to change a unit mass (or unit

quantity, such as mole) of a substance by

one degree in temperature. Therefore,
unlike the extensive variable heat
capacity, which depends on the quantity
of material, specific heat is an

intensive variable and has units of energy

per mass per degree, or energy per
number of moles per degree (OHanian,
H.C., 1985).
In this first activity, using the
calorimeter and thermometer does
identifying the specific heat of metal
submerged in hot water. The calorimeter
is an object used for calorimetry.
Calorimetry is defined as the science
associated with determining the changes
in energy of a system by measuring
the heat exchanged with the surroundings.
The value accepted for this activity is
452.
In the second activity, we determine
the latent heat of fusion and latent heat of
vaporization of water. Heat of fusion is
identified, as the energy required

changing a gram of a substance from the

solid to the liquid state without changing
its temperature. This energy breaks down
the solid bonds, but leaves a significant
amount of energy associated with the
intermolecular forces of the liquid state.
The group again used the calorimeter
as the vessel for ice and water used in this
activity. The group measured the heat of
fusion of ice when the ice finally melted
and is fused with the initial water in the
calorimeter and is now so called thermal
equilibrium. And the calculated latent
heat of fusion in this activity is 1.3x103
j/kg.

In the last activity for this experiment,

the group determines the coefficient of
linear thermal expansion of solid.
Expansion of solid when heated can be
explained as all materials (solids, liquids
and gases) expand as they become
warmer. In the case of solids, the atoms
vibrate more as the temperature goes up.
So, even though they stay joined together,
they move slightly further apart, and the
solid expands a little in all directions. It is
very difficult to prevent the thermal
expansion of solids and liquids, as the
material will create very large forces if it
is not allowed to expand.
The accepted value of coefficient of
thermal expansion for this experiment
should be 2.3x10-5.
2. Theory

It is said that the length of an object

changes when the temperature changes.
L = LoT
The equation shows the change in
length (L) that is the result of the
coefficient of thermal expansion ()
multiplied with the initial length (Lo) and
the change in temperature (T). The
common unit for the coefficient of linear
expansion:
1
=()1

In the volume thermal expansion,

the volume of an object changes when the
temperature changes.
V = V T
The equation shows the change in
volume ( V is the result of the
coefficient of volume expansion (
multiplied with the initial volume (V o)
and change in temperature ( T . The
common unit for the coefficient of
volume expansion:
1
()

-1

The heat must be supplied or remove

to change the temperature of an object.
That is

Q=mc T

3. Methodology
The experiment was conducted at
room 303, Main building, UST. The
following materials and tools were used:
calorimeter, hot plate, thermometer, ice,
metal object, thread, metal jacket, beaker,
linear expansion apparatus, boiler,
meterstick
Activity 1: Specific Heat of Metal
The following were pre-weighed:
inner vessel of the calorimeter and inner
vessel with 2/3 water. Temperature of
inner vessel was measured using a
thermometer.
A long thread was attached to the
metal object. The object was place in a
beaker. The beaker then was heated until
the temperature reached 80C. The object
is quickly transferred to the calorimeter
and covered and final temperature was
taken note.
Specific heat of the metal object
was computed, as well as the % error.

Inner vessel of calorimeter

inner vessel filled with water were
weighed.
Initial
temperature
determined after placing vessel
insulating jacket.

and
prewas
into

Pieces of ice were added into the

inside of the calorimeter. Stirred with a
thermometer until all ice were melted.
Final temperature was recorded.
Inner vessel with ice was
measured followed by the computation of
Heat of fusion of ice by conservation of
heat energy and % error.
Activity 3: Thermal Expansion of Solids
The initial length of rod was
measured with means of a meter stick and
the micrometer attached to the rod. One
end of the rod was left free to expand
while the other locked. One end of the
rubber tubing was connected to the jacket
and the other end to the boiler.
The initial temperature of the rod
was measured by inserting a thermometer
into the central hole, touching the rod.
The rod was heated by means of steam
coming from the boiler.
Final temperature of the rod was
recorded after 20mins of heating using
the micrometer. With the use of the
collected measurement, coefficient of
linear thermal expansion was computed
followed by % error.

Fig1. Calorimeter

Activity 2: Heat of Fusion of Water

Fig 2. Set up for Activity 3

4. Results and Discussion

The group conducts experiment about the
effects of heat in solid and liquid phase.
With the use of metals and water, the
group determined the amount of heat
transfer in a system.
Table 1: Specific Heat of Metal
Mass of sample
0.017kg
Mass of inner vessel
0.04 kg
of calorimeter
Mass of inner vessel
0.19 kg
of calorimeter with
water
Mass of water inside
0.14 kg
inner vessel of
calorimeter
Initial temperature of
27o C
water and inner
vessel of calorimeter
Temperature of
80oC
sample
Equilibrium
temperature of
28oC
sample, water and
inner vessel of
calorimeter
Calculated specific
433.26
heat of sample
Accepted value of
452
specific heat
4%
% error
Table 1 shows the results of specific heat
of metal. The metal has an 80oC which is
the amount of temperature that transfer
from boiling water. 1oC is the amount of
temperature that transfers by metal to

calorimeter. 452 are the amount of heat

requires raising the temperature in one
degree Celsius. The possible source of
error is there might have been significant
heat loss to the surrounding while
transferring the hot sample from the
beaker into the calorimeter and this heat
loss might affect the values and results.
Table 2: Heat of fusion of water
Mass of inner vessel
0.0574 kg
of calorimeter
Mass of inner vessel
0.196 kg
of calorimeter with
water
Mass of water inside
0.1386 kg
inner vessel of
calorimeter
Mass of melted ice
0.1636 kg
Initial temperature of
30oC
water and inner
vessel of calorimeter
Equilibrium
temperature of inner
vessel of
16oC
calorimeter, water
and melted ice
Calculated latent
1.3 x 105 j/kg
heat of fusion
Accepted value of
33.5 x 104 j/kg
latent heat of fusion
% error
61%
Table 2 shows the results of heat of fusion
of water. 30oC is the temperature of water
inside the calorimeter and 0oC is the
temperature of ice. 1.3 x 105 j/kg is the
latent heat of fusion requires melting the
ice and fusing in water. The possible
source of error is the unbalance amount of
water and ice because it takes a lot of

energy to melt the ice if the amount of ice

is higher than water. And if the water is
too high the energy that exerts to melt the
ice will be increase.
Table 3: Thermal Expansion of solids
Initial length of rod
550 mm
Initial reading of
0.4 mm
micrometer disc
Final reading of
1.2 mm
micrometer disc
Elongation of rod
0.8 mm
Initial temperature of
24oC
rod
Final temperature of
94oC
rod
Experimental value
of coefficient of
2.1 x 10-4
thermal expansion
Accepted value of
coefficient of
2.3 x 10-5
thermal expansion
% error
8%
Table 3 shows the result of thermal
expansion of solids. 24oC is the
temperature of rod in 0.4 mm reading of
micrometer.
After
heating,
the
temperature of rod rose to 940C so the rod
elongates from 0.4mm to 0.8mm. 2.1 x
10-4 is the coefficient of thermal
expansion.
5. Conclusion:
In activity 1, it has been shown that the
specific heat of a solid by method of
mixtures can be determined. The specific
heat of the metal was computed using
energy conservation. By knowing the
specific heat of water and calorimeter,
their masses, and corresponding changes

in temperature, the specific heat of the

metal is known because of this principle:
Qlost, metal = Qgained, water + Qgained,
calorimeter. In the table, the calculated
specific heat of the metal is 433.26 J/kgC
which has a 4% error as compared to the
accepted value of 452.
In activity 2, the group determined the
latent heat of fusion and latent heat of
vaporization of water. The latent heat of
vaporization of water is greater than its
heat of fusion. When the ice was heated
into liquid, the kinetic energy of its
molecules increased making the forces of
attraction reduced. While in vaporization,
heating a liquid into a gaseous state, the
kinetic energy increased to a point where
there are no forces of attraction between
the molecules. However, it is only the
heat of fusion of ice that was computed
by conservation of heat energy. In the
table, the calculated latent heat of fusion
is 1.3 x 105 J/kg which has a big
percentage of error comprising 61% as
compared to the accepted value of 33.5 x
10 4 J/kg.
In activity 3, thermal expansion of solids
has been demonstrated by the group. The
coefficient of linear thermal expansion of
the rod was computed by knowing the
change in length per unit length and per
unit change in temperature, having the
value of 2.1 x 10-4 which has an 8% error
as compared to the accepted value of 2.3
x 10-5.
6. Application:
1. It is possible to add heat to
a body without changing its
temperature. This happens during
a phase change that requires

energy. When a state changes

from one to another, the change is
called the latent heat. This allows
the object to absorb heat energy
without
increasing
the
temperature.
2. Steam burns are more
painful than boiling water burns
because the latter has high latent
heat of vaporation. Thus, steam
holds much more energy. If you
put your hand in a steam, it
condenses back to water and
cools. Consequently, your hand
absorbs not only the heat from the
water but also from the latent heat.

bottle if you find it difficult to

remove the stopper. The bottle
would expand and the stopper
comes out easily. However, it can
cause as a nuisance to man. An
example is when there are surface
defects and patholes on the road
due to
continuous excessive
expansion in the morning and
contraction at night. There would
be an expensive cost in the
engineer
design
for
reconstruction. Roadway must be
poured into sections or gaps to
accommodate these expansions.
7. Reference

3. Early in the morning when

the sand in the beach is already
hot, the water is still cold. But at
night, the sand is cold while the
water is still warm. This is
because
a body absorbs and
releases heat depending on the
surface area. Since, the ocean has
a bigger surface area than the
sand, it requires more time to
absorb or release the heat.
4. Alcohol rub is effective in
reducing fever because its cooling
effect on skin employs an
immediate home ready. As the
alcohol evaporates, it carries the
heat away from the body with it.
Although, too much of isopropyl
alcohol may lead to hazardous
cases or may have side effects.
5. Thermal expansion has
advantages and disadvantages to
humanity. Practical examples
would be heating the neck of the

[1] Gyftopoulos, E. P., & Beretta, G. P.

(1991). Thermodynamics: foundations
and applications. Dover Publications.
[2] Hatsopoulos, G. N., & Keenan, J. H.
(1981).
Principles
of
general
thermodynamics. RE Krieger Publishing
Company.