5

Analog carrier modulation with noise

5.1 Noisy receiver model

Assume that the modulated signal x(t) is passed through an additive White Gaussian noise channel.
A noisy receiver model is illustrated in Fig. 16.

x(t)

y(t)

z(t)

BPF

Demodulator

u(t)

1
f0

nW (t)

BT

Figure 16: Noisy receiver model

nW (t) is the realization of a white random process NW (t) with power spectral density N20
Watts/Hz, i.e.
N0
N0
E [NW (t)NW (u)] =
(t u)
SNW (f ) =
2
2
The bandpass filter is designed to pass the modulated signal undistorted (and also amplify it in
practice) but will cut noise power outside the frequency band of the modulated signal.
The input of the bandpass filter is given by
y(t) = x(t) + nW (t)
The output of the bandpass filter is given by
z(t) = x(t) + n(t)
where n(t) is the realization of the bandpass random process N (t).
Exercise: Draw the power spectral density of NW (t) and show that NW (t) has an infinite power.

Exercise: Draw the power spectral density of N (t) and show that N (t) is a band-limited random process (band-limited noise) of power E [N 2 (t)] = RN (0) = BT N0 .
56

Hence it is seen that the bandpass filter reduces the noise power.
We assume that the message signal m(t) is the realization of a stationary random process of
zero mean, whose power spectral density SM (f ) is limited to a maximum frequency W . W is
referred as the message bandwidth. Let M (t) be the corresponding random process.
Example of the spectrum of M (t): (draw an example)

For the modulation studied in this course (AM, DSB-SC, SSB, VSB, FM, PM), the modulated
signal X(t) is a bandpass random process with bandwidth B T , whose spectrum is centered around
f0 with realization denoted x(t). f0 is defined as follows

AM,DSB-SC, FM, PM
f c ,
W
f0 = fc 2 ,
lower side-band SSB

upper side-band SSB

fc + W2 ,
Example of the spectrum of X(t): (draw an example)

Assessing noise performance:

Assume that the output of the demodulator can be written as
u(t) = m(t)

+ w(t)
where m(t)

is a realization of the recovered message signal and w(t) is the noise component at the
output of the demodulator. The effect of w(t) can be assessed by calculating the Output-Signalto-noise ratio.
SNR0 =

P
Average power of the demodulated message signal
= M
Average power of the noise measured at the receiver output
PW

The output SNR is meaningful only if there is an additive relationship between the signal and noise
at the receiver output. So for FM or AM with envelope detection, we will consider low noise power
at the receiver input to obtain an approximate additive relationship.
57

Since the output SNR depends on the modulation and the demodulation techniques used, to
obtain a fair comparison of several demodulation techniques, we should use
SNR0
SNRI
where SNRI is the Input-Signal-to-noise ratio defined as
PR
PX
Average power of the modulated message signal (at demodulator input)
=
=
Average power of the noise measured at the demodulator input
PN
N0 B T

SNRI =

PR : Signal power at the receiver input (in absence of noise) = noiseless signal power at demodulator input
PN : Average power of the filtered noise N (t)
Since PN depends on the modulation through its transmission bandwidth, to obtain a fair comparison of noise performance for several modulation schemes, SNR I is not appropriate, and the
baseband (channel) signal-to-noise ratio SNRb = SNRC should be used, where
SNRb = SNRC = Signal-to-noise ratio without modulation

5.2 Baseband reference system

A reference baseband system is obtained by passing a noisy message signal of power equal to the
power of the modulated signal through a low-pass filter of bandwidth equal to that of the message
signal as illustrated in Fig. 17.
0

m (t)

v(t)

LPF

nW (t)

Figure 17: Baseband reference system

The output of the low-pass filter is given by
0

v(t) = m (t) + n (t)

where m (t) has the same power as the modulated wave. Then
0

SNRb = SNRC =

Average power of the modulated signal

P 0
PR
= M =
Average power of the noise in the message bandwidth
PN 0
N0 W
58

5.3 SNRs for linear modulations with coherent detection

Exercise: Draw a block diagram of a noisy receiver model with coherent detection.

y(t) = x(t) + nW (t) (Received signal)

z(t) = x(t) + n(t) (Output of bandpass filter)
x(t) = xI (t) cos(2fc t) xQ (t) sin(2fc t)
n(t) = nI (t) cos(2f0 t) nQ (t) sin(2f0 t) Rice representation

(16)

Note that lowercase letters denote realizations of the random processes denoted by capital letters.
Exercise: Draw the power spectral densities of NI (t) and NQ (t)

a) Input signal power: PR

Let us assume that XI (t) and XQ (t) are jointly wide-sense stationary with constant means K I and
KQ .
Exercise: Verify that for AM, DSB-SC, SSB and VSB XI (t) and XQ (t) are jointly wide-sense
stationary with constant mean.
Hint: Recall that M (t) is assumed to a WSS random process with zero mean and WSS stationarity is preserved by linear time-invariant filtering. Note that X I (t) is zero mean except for AM
modulation due to the DC component.

59

To find the received power PR , we set nW (t) = 0 in (16) and calculate the power of the signal
left. If nW (t) = 0 then
n(t) = 0 = z(t) = x(t)
Hence

1
PR = PZ = PX = lim
T 2T

T
T



E X 2 (t) dt

In order to simplify PR let us show that X(t) is a wide-sense cyclo stationary random process.
E [X(t)] = E [XI (t)] cos(2fc t) E [XQ (t)] sin(2fc t) = KI cos(2fc t) KQ sin(2fc t)
where KI and KQ are constants. Therefore the mean of X(t) is periodic with period 1/f c .



E [X(t + )X(t)] = E XI (t + ) cos(2fc (t + )) XQ (t + ) sin(2fc (t + ))


XI (t) cos(2fc t) XQ (t) sin(2fc t)
= RXI ( ) cos(2fc (t + )) cos(2fc t) RXI XQ ( ) cos(2fc (t + )) sin(2fc t)
RXQ XI ( ) sin(2fc (t + )) cos(2fc t) + RXQ ( ) sin(2fc (t + )) sin(2fc t)
1
= RXI ( ) [cos(2fc (2t + )) + cos(2fc )]
2
1
RXI XQ ( ) [sin(2fc (2t + )) sin(2fc )]
2
1
RXQ XI ( ) [sin(2fc (2t + )) + sin(2fc )]
2
1
RXQ ( ) [cos(2fc (2t + )) cos(2fc )]
2
Hence it is seen that E [X(t + )X(t)] is periodic with period 1/2f c . Hence the common period
is 1/fc and X(t) is wide-sense cyclo stationary with power defined as
PX =

a
RX
(0)

1
=
2fc

fc
fc



E X 2 (t) dt

1
1
1
1
= RXI (0) cos(2fc 0) + RXI XQ (0) sin(2fc 0) RXQ XI (0) sin(2fc 0) + RXQ (0) cos(2fc 0)
2
2
2
2
1
1
= RXI (0) + RXQ (0)
(17)
2
2
Note that (17) is only valid if XI (t) and XQ (t) are jointly wide-sense stationary with constant
means.
b) Input noise power: PN
PN = N 0 BT

60

c) Input signal-to-noise ratio: SNRI

PR
W
=
SNRC
N0 B T
BT
Recall that random processes with signal components are denoted by capital letters and their realizations are denoted by lowercase letters.
SNRI =

AM:
xI (t) = Ac (1 + mn (t))

xQ (t) = 0

BT = 2W





RXI (0) = E XI2 (t) = A2c + A2c 2 E Mn2 (t) + 2Ac E [Mn (t)] = A2c 1 + 2 PMn


RXQ (0) = E XQ2 (t) = 0
1 2
A
2 c

SNRI =

(1 + ka2 PM )
A2 (1 + 2 PMn )
A2 (1 + ka2 PM )
= c
= c
2N0 W
4N0 W
4N0 W

where PM is the power of M (t), PMn is the power of Mn (t) =

P Mn = E

Mn2 (t)

M (t)
max |m(t)|

1
PM
=
2 =
(max |M (t)|)
(max |m(t)|)2

given by

SM (f )df

Note that we assume that max |m(t)| is the same for all the realizations of M (t). If this condition is
not satisfied, then the expression of SNRI should be expressed in terms of the amplitude sensitivity
ka and PM instead of the modulation index and PMn .
DSB-SC:
xI (t) = Ac m(t)

xQ (t) = 0

BT = 2W





RXI (0) = E XI2 (t) = A2c E M 2 (t) = A2c PM


RXQ (0) = E XQ2 (t) = 0
SNRI =

A2c PM
4N0 W

where PM is the power of M (t) given by



PM = E M (t) =
SSB:
xI (t) =

Ac
m(t)
2

xQ (t) =

61

SM (f )df

Ac
m(t)

BT = W


 A2 
 A2
RXI (0) = E XI2 (t) = c E M 2 (t) = c PM
4
4
 2  A2c h 2 i A2c
A2
A2
(t) =
RXQ (0) = E XQ (t) =
E M
RM (0) = c RM (0) = c PM
4
4
4
4
SNRI =

A2c
P
4 M

N0 W

A2c PM
4N0 W

d) Output signal power

By definition the center frequency of the bandpass filter can be written as
f0 = f c +
where B2T

BT
2

, depending on the modulation format.

The output of the bandpass filter is given by

z(t) = xI (t) cos(2fc t) xQ (t) sin(2fc t) + nI (t) cos 2(fc + )t nQ (t) sin 2(fc + )t


= xI (t) + nI (t) cos(2t) nQ (t) sin(2t) cos(2fc t)


xQ (t) + nI (t) sin(2t) + nQ (t) cos(2t) sin(2fc t)

The output of the multiplier is given by

v(t) = z(t) cos(2fc t)


1
= xI (t) + nI (t) cos(2t) nQ (t) sin(2t)
2

1
+ xI (t) + nI (t) cos(2t) nQ (t) sin(2t) cos(4fc t)
2

1
xQ (t) + nI (t) sin(2t) + nQ (t) cos(2t) sin(4fc t)
2

The output of the low-pass filter is given by

u(t) =


1
xI (t) + nI (t) cos(2t) nQ (t) sin(2t)
2

(explain)

Note that for AM, the actual demodulator includes a DC block after the low-pass filter, so the

62

demodulator output for AM is

0

u (t) =

Ac
1
Ac
1
ka m(t) + nI (t) =
mn (t) + nI (t)
2
2
2
2

since f0 = fc = = 0.
The output signal power is obtained by assuming nW (t) = 0 thus n(t) = nI (t) = nQ (t) = 0.
1
u(t) = xI (t)t)
2
Ac
Ac
0
ka m(t) =
mn (t) AM
u (t) =
2
2
The output signal power is given by
RXI (0)
DSB-SC,SSB, VSB
4
A2c ka2
A2c 2
=
PM =
PMn AM
4
4

P SO =
P SO
e) Output noise power

Let us consider separately AM, DSB-SC and SSB, VSB.

For AM and DSB-SC, f0 = fc so = 0. To find the output noise power we assume m(t) = 0,
therefore
1
u(t) = nI (t) DSB-SC
2
1
0
u (t) = nI (t) AM
2
The output noise power is given by
P N0 =

RNI (0)
N0 W
=
4
2

For SSB and VSB, 6= 0,

u(t) =

 1 0

1
0
nI (t) cos(2t) nQ (t) sin(2t) = nI (t) nQ (t)
2
2

Since NI (t) and NQ (t) are zero mean WSS stationary, let us show that NI (t) and NQ (t) are zero
mean wide-sense cyclo stationary and uncorrelated.
h 0 i
E NI (t) = E [NI (t)] cos(2t) = 0
h 0 i
E NQ (t) = E [NQ (t)] sin(2t) = 0
0

63

i
h 0
0
RN 0 (t + , t) = E NI (t + )NI (t)
I

= RNI ( ) cos(2(t + ) cos 2t periodic with period
h 0
i
0
RN 0 (t + , t) = E NQ (t + )NQ (t)
Q




= RNQ ( ) sin 2(t + ) sin 2t periodic with period
i
h 0
0
RN 0 N 0 (t + , t) = E NI (t + )NQ (t)
I Q




= RNI NQ ( ) cos 2(t + ) sin 2t
= 0 since NI (t) and NQ (t) are uncorrelated and zero mean

1
2
1
2

Their average autocorrelation functions are given by

a
RN
0 ( )
I

= 2

a
RN
0 ( ) =
Q

1
4
1
4

RN 0 (t + , t)dt =
I

RNI ( )
cos(2 )
2

RNQ ( )
RNI ( )
a
cos(2 ) =
cos(2 ) = RN
0 ( )
I
2
2

Since NI (t) and NQ (t) are uncorrelated and wide-sense stationary, u(t) in absence of message
signal is also wide-sense cyclo stationary. Its autocorrelation function at (t, t) is given by
0

i
1 h 02 i 1 h 02 i 1 h 0
0
RU (t, t) = E U (t) = E NI (t) + E NI (t) E NI (t)NQ (t)
4
4
4
1 h 02 i 1 h 02 i
= E NI (t) + E NI (t)
4
4


Hence the output noise power is

1 a
N0 B T
1 a
1 a
RNI (0)
PNO = RUa (0) = RN
RN 0 (0) = RN
=
0 (0) +
0 (0) =
4 I
4 I
2 I
4
4
Exercise: Find the power spectral density of NI and NQ for SSB and verify that the output noise
power for SSB is given by
N0 W
P NO =
4
0

64

f) SNRs
AM:
SNRC
A2 (1 + ka2 PM )
A2 (1 + 2 PMn )
= c
= c
2
4N0 W
4N0 W
2 2
2 2
A k PM
A P Mn
SNRO = c a
= c
2N0 W
2N0 W
2
2 PMn
SNRO =
SNRI = 2SNRI
1 + 2 P Mn
= SNRC
SNRI =

where ( 12 ) is the modulation efficiency given by

=

ka2 PM
2 P Mn
=
1 + ka2 PM
1 + 2 P Mn

DSB-SC:
SNRI =

A2 PM
SNRC
= c
2
4N0 W

SNRO =

A2c
P
4 M
N0 W
2

A2c PM
2N0 W

SNRI = SNRC =

A2c PM
4N0 W

SNRO = 2SNRI
= SNRC
SSB:

SNRO =

A2c PM
16
N0 W
4

A2c PM
4N0 W

SNRO = SNRI
= SNRC

5.4 SNRs for AM with envelope detection

Draw a block diagram of a noisy receiver model with envelope detection.

65

The output of the bandpass filter is given by

z(t) = x(t) + n(t) = Ac (1 + ka m(t)) cos(2fc t) + nI (t) cos(2fc t) nQ (t) sin(2fc t)
The complex envelope of z(t) is given by
z(t) = Ac (1 + ka m(t)) + nI (t) + jnQ (t)
The output of the envelope detector is

1/2
v(t) = |
z (t)| = (Ac (1 + ka m(t)) + nI (t))2 + n2Q (t)

a) high SNR Ac (1 + ka m(t))  |nI (t)|, |nQ (t)|

The output of the envelope detector is given by

"

v(t) = (Ac (1 + ka m(t)) + nI (t)) 1 +

nQ (t)
Ac (1 + ka m(t)) + nI (t)

2 #1/2

Ac (1 + ka m(t)) + nI (t)
The output of the DC block is given by
0

u (t) = Ac ka m(t) + nI (t)

Hence the SNRs are given by
2

Ac
(1 + ka2 PM )
A2 (1 + 2 PMn )
PR
= 2
= c
SNRI =
PN
2N0 W
4N0 W
2 2
2 2
P SO
A P Mn
A k PM
SNRO =
= c
= c a
P NO
2N0 W
2N0 W
= 2SNRI = SNRC

(same result as for coherent detection)

b) low SNR Ac (1 + ka m(t))  |nI (t)|, |nQ (t)|

Show that in that case the output of the envelope detector is badly corrupted by noise.

66

5.5 SNRs for angle modulation with noise

x(t)

y(t)

z(t)

BPF

Angle
Dectector

u(t)

LPF

v(t)

1
fc

nW (t)

BT

Figure 18: Noisy receiver model for angle modulation

z(t) = x(t) + n(t)

= Ac cos 2fc t + (t) + nI (t) cos(2fc t) nQ (t) sin(2fc t)
Z t
(t) = K
m( )h(t )d

Assuming no noise, we have

0

v(t) = K m(t) (output of angle detector is proportional to m(t))

The lowpass filter is used to cut noise outside the frequency band of the recovered message signal.
a) Channel signal-to-noise ratio: SNRC
Input signal power:
Assume first that m(t) is deterministic, then the input signal power
Z T


1
A2c cos2 2fc t + (t) dt
Px = lim
T 2T T

 2
Z T
Z T


Ac 1
A2c 1
= lim
dt +
cos 4fc t + 2(t) dt
T
2 2T T
2 2T T
Z T


A2c A2c
1
=
cos 4fc t + 2(t) dt
+
lim
2
2 T 2T T

Assume that fc  1 and that (t) is slowly varying with respect to fc , then 4fc t + 2(t)
4fc t + 20 and
Z T


A2c A2c
1
cos 4fc t + 20 dt
Px
+
lim
2
2 T 2T T
67





A2c A2c
1 1 
sin 4fc T + 20 + sin 4fc T 20
+
lim
2
2 T 2T 4fc
2
A
c
2

Assume now that m(t) is the realization (sample function) of a stationary zero mean Gaussian
random process M (t) whose autocorrelation function is R M ( ). The angle modulated signal X(t)
is now a random process which is neither wide-sense stationary nor wide-sense cyclo-stationary.
However using generalization of Wiener-Khinchin theorem, its average autocorrelation function is
defined as
Z T
1
a
RX ( ) = lim
RX (t + , t)dt
T 2T T
Z T





1
2
= Ac lim
E cos 2fc (t + ) + (t + ) cos 2fc t + (t) dt
T 2T T

Z T



1
A2c
E cos 2fc (2t + ) + (t + ) + (t) dt
lim
=
2 T 2T T

Z T



1
+
E cos 2fc + (t + ) (t) dt
2T T
Z T



1
A2c
E cos 2fc + (t + ) (t) dt
lim
=
2 T 2T T
Z T



A2c
1
=
< ej2fc E ej[(t+ )(t)] dt
lim
2 T 2T T

Since (t) is the output of a linear time invariant filter with input m(t), (t) is also a stationary
Gaussian random process with autocorrelation function R ( ). It can be shown that for fixed t,
Z(t) = (t + ) (t) is a zero-mean Gaussian random variable with variance
Z2 = 2R (0) 2R ( )

Therefore


E e

jZ(t)

=E e

jZ(t)

=1

=e

2 
21 2 Z

=1

= e[R (0)R ( )]

And the average autocorrelation function of X(t) is given by

a
RX
( )

Z T


1
A2c
lim
< ej2fc e(R (0)R ( )) dt
=
2 T 2T T
A2
= c cos(2fc )a( )
2

68

with



a( ) = E ej((t+ )(t)) = e[R (0)R ( )]

The power of X(t) is given by

A2c
2
identical to the expression found when m(t) is deterministic.
Input noise power:
PN = N 0 BT
a
PX = R X
(0) =

Noise power in the message bandwidth:

PN 0 = N 0 W
Input signal-to-noise ratio:
SNRI =
Channel signal-to-noise ratio:

A2c
2N0 BT

A2c
SNRC =
2N0 W

b) Output signal-to-noise ratio assuming a high Carrier-to-noise ratio: SNR O

High carrier-to-noise ratio is defined as:
q
Ac  rn (t) = n2I (t) + n2Q (t)

The angle detector and the lowpass filter can be modeled as illustrated in Fig. 19.

z(t)

Phase
Detector

z (t)

ho (t)

v(t)

Figure 19: Noisy receiver model for angle modulation

where the filter ho (t) has transfer function given by
(
1
, |f | < W
Ho (f ) = H(f )
0,
else.
The phase detector yields an output z (t) which is proportional to the phase of its input, where
z (t) is the phase of z(t) defined as
z (t) = arg [
z (t)]
69

and z(t) is the complex envelope of z(t). For simplicity, let us assume that the proportionality
constant is equal to 1. The output of the phase detector is given by
z (t) = (t) + (t)
= Km(t) h(t) + (t)
The output of the filter ho (t) is given by
v(t) = Km(t) h(t) ho (t) + (t) ho (t)
Explain the chosen transfer function of ho (t) by considering first a noiseless case. Assume no
noise, i.e. n(t) = 0, hence
z(t) =
z (t) =
v(t) =

What is the desired output v(t) ?

Consider now the noisy case again, then

(18)

v(t) = Km(t) h(t) ho (t) + no (t)

where
no (t) = (t) ho (t)

Hence from (18) we have the equivalent baseband model illustrated in Fig. 20.

m(t)

h(t)

(t)

z (t)

ho (t)

v(t)

H(f )
(t)
Figure 20: Noisy receiver equivalent model with angle modulation.
Expression of (t):
z(t) = x(t) + n
(t) = Ac ej(t) + rn (t)ejn (t)
z(t) = |
z (t)|ejz (t)
z (t) = (t) + (t)

70

Im

n(t) | = rn (t)
|~

(t) = phase error

~
z(t)

(t)

rn (t)

n(t) (t)

Ac

z (t)

(t)

Re

Figure 21: Phasor diagram for angle modulation with noise

Using the phasor diagram from Fig.21, show that

rn (t) sin n (t) (t)


tan (t) =
Ac + rn (t) cos n (t) (t)

Assuming high carrier-to-noise ratio

tan (t)
Therefore

rn (t)
sin n (t) (t)  1
Ac

tan (t) (t)

71



rn (t)
sin n (t) (t)
Ac




rn (t)
rn (t)
sin n (t) cos (t)
cos n (t) sin (t)
=
Ac
Ac
nQ (t)
nI (t)
=
cos (t)
sin (t)
Ac
Ac

E [(t)] = 0
since nI (t) and nQ (t) are zero mean. Assume that m(t) is the realization of a WSS random process
M (t) independent of N (t), hence (t) is a WSS process independent of N (t). The autocorrelation
of (t) is given by
R (t + , t) = E [(t + )(t)]





1 
= 2 E [NQ (t + )NQ (t)] E cos (t + ) cos (t)
Ac





E [NQ (t + )NI (t)] E cos (t + ) sin (t)





E [NI (t + )NQ (t)] E sin (t + ) cos (t)





+ E [NI (t + )NI (t)] E sin (t + ) sin (t)






1 RNI ( )  
E cos (t + ) + (t) + E cos (t + ) (t)
= 2
Ac
2






RNQ ( )  
+
E cos (t + ) (t) E cos (t + ) + (t)
2



1
= 2 RNI ( )E cos (t + ) (t)
Ac
 

1
= 2 RNI ( )< E ej((t+ )(t))
since RNI NQ ( ) = 0 and RNI ( ) = RNQ ( )
Ac
RNI ( )
a( ) = R ( )
=
A2c
where

 

a( ) = < E ej((t+ )(t))

Note that if M (t) is Gaussian, a( ) = e[R (0)R ( )] .

From Fig. 20, the output signal v(t) is given by

v(t) = Km(t) + no (t)

where no (t) = (t) ho (t). Therefore the output signal power is given by
P SO = K 2 P M

72

where PM is the power of the message signal m(t). The output noise power is
P NO = E

n2o (t)

SNo (f )df =

|Ho (f )| S (f )df =

W
W

|Ho (f )|2 S (f )df

since Ho (f ) = 0 for |f | > W . Therefore we only need to find the expression of S  (f ) for |f | W .
Let
A(f ) = F {a( )}
Exercise: Assume that A(f ) 0 for |f | >

Let us assume that W 

and draw a typical graph of A(f ).

and A(f ) 0 for |f | >

BT
2

S (f ) = F {R ( )} =

BT
2

BT
2

, then

1
RNI ( )
SNI (f ) A(f ) since R ( ) =
a( )
2
Ac
A2c

BT
2

N0
= 2
Ac

N0
= 2
Ac

N0
2
Ac

A(f )d

BT
2
BT
+f
2
BT
2
BT
2

B
2T

A(u)du
+f

A(u)du

(u = f )
assuming |f | W and W 

BT
2

Z
N0
BT
2
A(u)du assuming that |f | W and A(f ) 0 for |f | >
Ac
2
N0
N0
= 2 a(0) = 2 |f | W
Ac
Ac
Therefore since Ho (f ) =

1
H(f )

P NO =

for |f | W , the output noise power is given by

Z

N0
|Ho (f )| S (f )df = 2
Ac
2

Output signal-to-noise ratio:

SNRO =

K 2 PM
N0
A2c

W
W

df
|H(f )|2
73

W
W

df
|H(f )|2

A2c
2K 2 PM W
SNR
using
SNR
=
C
C
W
2N0 W
df
2
W |H(f )|
2 2 PM W
=
SNRC
using = K|H(W )| max |m(t)|
Z W
df
2
2
|H(W )| (max |m(t)|)
2
W |H(f )|
= 2 PMn SNRC
BT
= 2( + 1) 2 PMn SNRI
using BT = 2W ( + 1) and SNRC =
SNRI
W
=Z

where is defined as
=

|H(W )|2
2W

W
W

df
|H(f )|2

1

M
and PMn = (maxP|m(t)|)
2 is the average-to-peak power ratio of the message signal or equivalently
the power content of the normalized message signal.
Example:
A2
m(t) = Am cos(2fm t) Am 0
=
PM = m
2
The normalized message signal is

mn (t) =

m(t)
= cos(2fm t)
max |m(t)|

Frequency modulation:
H(f ) =

1
j2f

neglecting2

(f )
2

Thus
)1
2
Z W
1
1
2
(2f ) df
=
2W
2W W

1
Z W
1
2
=3
=
f df
2W 3 W
(

Phase modulation: PM
H(f ) = 1
2

See part f of section 4.4 for the justification of the form of H(f ).

74

=1

P Mn =

1
2

c) Output signal-to-noise ratio SNRO assuming a low Carrier-to-noise ratio:

Low Carrier-to-noise ratio: Ac  rn (t)
Let us write
0
z (t) = n (t) +  (t)
Interchanging the role of x(t) and n
(t), it can be shown that
z (t) n (t) +

Ac
sin (t) n (t)
rn (t)

Exercise: Draw a phasor digram of z(t) at two time instants t 1 and t2 such that the phase of the
noise n (t2 ) n (t1 ) + 2. Then the phase z (t) will also change by 2 since it is dominated by
the phase n (t).

If during an interval [t1 , t2 ], z (t) changes by 2, the output signal may have a rapid degradation during [t1 , t2 ] causing what is called FM clicks for FM modulation. For FM, Ho (f ) = j2f
corresponding to a differentiator.
v(t) = Km(t) +

d(t)
dt

Exercise: draw d(t)

for an FM modulated signal when due to the noise z (t) changes by 2 during
dt
certain intervals corresponding to low-carrier-to-noise situations.

We define a threshold value of SNRC such that the high-carrier-to-noise ratio SNRO formula
applies. The threshold is defined as the minimum SNRC or equivalently carrier-to-noise ratio
SNRI yielding an output signal-to-noise ratio that is not significantly deteriorated from the value
predicted by the usual output signal-to-noise ratio formula.
Threshold SNRC value for FM:
SNRCT = 20( + 1)
75

SNRIT = 10
In [1, p. 338], SNRIT = 20 to correspond to practical observations, but the other threshold value
is more often used in text books.
FM with tone modulation:
For FM with tone modulation, i.e.
m(t) = cos(2fm t)
it can be shown that
SNRO =

3 2
SNRC
2 

12
1
1+
SNRC exp
SNRC

2( + 1)

(19)

If high carrier-to-noise ratio is assumed in (19), then we obtain

3
SNRO 2 SNRC
2
which agrees with the high carrier-to-noise ratio formula found previously ( = 3 and P Mn = 12 ).

76