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Abstract
Biography
ANDRE J. SMULDERS
SKF Condition Monitoring
Abstract
Recent advancements in envelope enhancement
techniques as applied to acceleration and acoustics
emissions signals have led to new measurement
solutions for many vibration problems. This paper
discusses the theory of enveloping and how it is
implemented in practice. It presents a paper
machine case study that illustrates how a rolling
element bearing defect develops. Also some case
studies showing the strength of analysis in a
modulating environment will be discussed.
Measurement setups are very important for good
analysis and ease of recognition of symptoms. This
will be illustrated with a case study too.
P A P E R
P A P E R
P A P E R
Enveloping Frequency
Speed Range
Analyzing Range
Felts/Press Rolls
5 100 Hz
0 50 RPM
0 10 Hz
ROLL BEARINGS
50 1,000 Hz
25 500 RPM
0 100 Hz
0 1,000 Hz
GEARS
5,000 40,000 Hz
2,500 RPM
0 10,000 Hz
Fundamental Properties of
Acceleration Enveloping/
Demodulation/Rectification
This feature extraction technique has a number of
principles advantages and properties that make it
ideal for signal extraction of non-sinusoidal signals
and signals that are modulated by some carrier
phenomenon.
1. SELECTIVE FILTERING so excludes specific
sinusoidal signals.
2. DISCRIMINATION OF PHENOMENON by energy
estimation in a specific selected frequency band.
3. PULSE ENHANCEMENT VERSUS SINUSOIDAL SIGNALS.
Energy estimation focuses on peak phenomenon
with correlated phase characteristics versus
wavy type phenomenon.
4. SIGNAL-TO-NOISE IMPROVEMENT. An energy
estimation enhances localized energy,
concentrating FFT distributed peaks into its
basebands.
5. Speed varying compensation as small phase shifts
during rotation (non-constant rotational velocity)
will be averaged-out.
6. INSTANTANEOUS SYNCHRONOUS TIME AVERAGING.
Bringing energy to baseband frequency
components enables the time record to be longer
and so inherently does better synchronous
averaging.
P A P E R
Conclusion
The acceleration enveloping technique is emerging
as a very practical measurement tool for assessing
initial problems associated with bearings, rollers,
and felt rotation. The very low speeds at which
these measurements occur are often at sensitivity
limits of transducers and electronics. In the past,
synchronous time averaging over very long intervals
was required to isolate problems to a particular roll
by establishing external trigger references.
Enveloping has proven its capabilities to extract
impact force signals developed by roll eccentricity,
flat spots, rolling element bearing defects and many
other impulse type or modulating type signals.
Although enveloping is not the panacea for
diagnosing all machine problems, it is proving to be
an adaptable and effective measurement method in
the tool box of analysis techniques.
P A P E R
Case Studies
BEARING TEST RIG
DEMONSTRATION
Figure 1.
Standard Velocity Measurement
with defective bearing.
Although bearing defect
frequencies noticeable no clear
indication as still many other
frequency components are of
the same level.
Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Zoomed Velocity spectrum with
rotational components visible
but no significant bearing defect
pattern.
Figure 2.
P A P E R
Case Studies
BEARING TEST RIG
DEMONSTRATION
Figure 3.
Enveloped Acceleration
showing a clear discriminative
spectrum of an Inner-race
Defect Pattern.
Figure 3.
Figure 4.
Figure 4.
P A P E R
Case Studies
BEARING DEFECT DEVELOPMENT
ON A DRYER FELT ROLL
Figure 5.
Trend Plot of the Standard
Velocity Measurement. No
indication of a bearing defect
visible.
Figure 5.
Figure 6.
Velocity Spectrum showing a
number of harmonic patterns
but no clear indication of an
Inner-race Defect Pattern.
Figure 6.
P A P E R
Case Studies
BEARING DEFECT DEVELOPMENT
ON A DRYER FELT ROLL
Figure 7.
Trend Plot of the Acceleration
Enveloping Measurement.
Good indication of a bearing
defect development.
Figure 7.
Figure 8.
Enveloped Acceleration
Spectrum showing a clear
discriminative spectrum of an
Innerrace Defect Pattern.
Figure 8.
P A P E R
Case Studies
OPTIMAL MEASUREMENT SETUP
ON DRYER CAN
Figure 9.
Spectrum Plot of the
Acceleration Enveloping
Measurement. Although the
bearing defect is visible the
pattern is not extremely clear.
The measurement
TIMELENGTH was too short.
This is defined by the selected
Bandwidth versus the chosen
RESOLUTION (LINES).
Timelength = Lines / Bandwidth
Optimal timelength is 10 15X
the time for one shaft rotation.
Figure 9.
Figure 10.
Time plot belonging to Figure 9.
The measurement Timelength
does not contain sufficient
revolutions of the shaft to built a
clear spectral pattern.
Figure 10.
10
P A P E R
Case Studies
OPTIMAL MEASUREMENT SETUP
ON DRYER CAN
Figure 11.
Spectrum Plot of the
Acceleration Enveloping
Measurement. The bearing
defect is clearly visible with a
clear sideband pattern so
indicative for an innerrace
defect pattern. The selected
measurement Timelength is
optimally chosen.
Figure 11.
Figure 12.
Time plot belonging to Figure
11. The measurement
Timelength does contain
sufficient revolutions of the
shaft (modulation) to built a
clear spectral pattern.
Figure 12.
11
P A P E R
Case Studies
PRESS SECTION FELT ANOMALY
WITH MODULATION DRIVE TRAIN
PATTERN
Figure 13.
Time plot indicating the Felt
repetition pattern (see also
Figure 14) modulated by a
DRIVE TRAIN control loop
problem.
Figure 13.
Figure 14.
Zoomed Time plot indicating
the Felt repetition pattern.
These patterns are indicative of
uneven dewatering
characteristics in the felt.
Figure 14.
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P A P E R
Case Studies
PRESS SECTION FELT ANOMALY
WITH MODULATION DRIVE TRAIN
PATTERN
Figure 15.
Spectrum Plot of the
Acceleration Enveloping
Measurement. The FELT
pattern is clearly visible. The
sideband pattern indicative for a
modulation pattern becomes
clearer after zooming (see
Figure 16).
Figure 15.
Figure 16.
Zoomed Spectrum Plot of the
Acceleration Enveloping
Measurement.
The modulation caused by the
drive train driving the Fourth
press is clearly positioned
around the spectral Felt Pattern.
Figure 16.
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