A SCOOT Bibliography:

This note consists of a list of all the known publications on SCOOT up to June 2006, the most recent are given first.
The papers referred to in this document are split into four categories:
1. Results Papers (those containing results from trials)
2. Version Papers (those referring to specific versions of SCOOT etc.)
3. Overview Papers (those giving an overall description of SCOOT)
4. Other Papers Key Topics:
o Bus Priority
o Emissions
o Gating
o Congestion management / incident detection
o ASTRID
o Case Studies
o Miscellaneous

Results Papers:
Benefits gained by responsive and traffic adaptive systems in
Sao Paulo
Proceedings of the 8th International IEE Conference on Road
Traffic Monitoring.

Mazamatti M, Netto D V V F, Vilanova L M, Ming S H

1998

The second assessment of the SCOOT system in Nijmegen

Proceedings of the 8th International IEE Conference on Road
Traffic Monitoring.

Taale H, Fransen W C M, Dibbits J

1998

Some benefits of a SCOOT UTC system: an independent

assessment by micro-simulation

Fox k, Clark S, Bobby R, Montgomery F, Bell M

1998

Before / After Assessment: Intelligent Traffic Lights (SEMin)

Alvarega/Camargo stretches. CTA 5
Sao Paulo, Brazil.

Cet, DO, GSC

1997

SCOOT in Toronto
Traffic Technology International, Spring 1995.

Siemens Automotive USA

1995

SCOOT in Santiago. Automatic Incident Detection and

improved traffic control in urban areas

Coeymans-Avaria J E, Villaseca A, Zucker M, Jofre F

1995

The Metropolitan SCOOT demonstration project

Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto.

Quan B Y, Greenough J C, Kelman W L

1993

The application of SCOOT in developing countries

Third International Conference on Road Traffic Control. IEE.
London, UK.

Peck C, Gorton P T W, Liren D

1990

An evaluation of the effect of SCOOT on road safety

TRRL Contractors Report 236.

Hunt J G, Griffiths J D, Moses T S

1990

SCOOT - model accuracy

TRRL Contractors Report 153.

Carden P, Hounsell N B, Bretherton R D

1989

Bicycle SCOOT in Beijing, China

16th PTRC Summer Annual Meeting, Bath, UK, September 1988.

Wood K, Bretherton R D, Liren D

1988

Traffic Engineering and Control September 1998

Seminar J, 22nd European Transport Forum, Warwick University,

September 1994

Urban traffic control system incorporating SCOOT : design

and Implementation

Selby D L, Powell R

1987

Ageing of fixed-time traffic signal plans

Conference on road traffic control, London, April 1986.

Bell M C, Bretherton R D

1986

Evaluation of Urban Traffic Control in Worcester

One page summary available from TCC division D Tp, Tollgate
House, Bristol.

Dept. of Transport, Hereford and Worcester C.C. and

Transportation Planning Assoc.

1986

SCOOT from scratch - experience in Worcester

PTRC Annual Summer Meeting July 1985.

Coyler J

1985

SCOOT in Southampton
PTRC Annual Summer Meeting July 1985.

Powell R J

1985

Traffic control studies in London: SCOOT and bus detection

PTRC Annual Summer Meeting July 1985.

Chandler M J H, Cook D J

1985

A method of estimating the benefits of co-ordinating signals

by TRANSYT and SCOOT
Traffic Engineering and Control, November 1982.

Robertson D I, Hunt P B

1982

SCOOT - a traffic responsive method of co-ordinating signals

TRRL Laboratory Report 1014.

Hunt P B, Robertson D I, Bretherton R D, Winton R I

1981

Proceedings of the ICE, Part 1, October 1987.

Version Papers:
SCOOT Managing Congestion, Communication and Control
SMART Moving Conference, Birmingham, April 2005.

Bretherton R D, Bodger M, Cowling J

2005

Effective urban traffic management and control SCOOT V4.4

Bretherton D, Bowen G, Wood K

2002

SCOOT Version 4
IEE Conference on Road Transport Information and Control,
London, 1998.

Bretherton R D, Bowen G T

1998

Latest developments in SCOOT - Version 3.1

Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Road Traffic
Monitoring and Control, IEE, April 1996.

Bowen G T, Bretherton R D

1996

Current developments in SCOOT: Version 3

Transportation Research Record No. 1554, Transportation
Research Board, Washington D.C.

Bretherton R D

1996

Recent enhancements to SCOOT - SCOOT version 2.4

Proceedings of the 3rd Internation Conference on Road Traffic
Control, IEE, London. May 1990.

Bretherton R D, Bowen G T

1990

Bretherton D. Bodger M, Baber N

2004

Nottinghamshire County Council

1997

European Transport Conference, Cambridge, September 2002

Overview Papers:
SCOOT the future
Road Traffic Information and Control Conference 2004, IEE,
London April 2004
SCOOT
http://utc.nottscc.gov.uk/ttisscoo.htm

Transport planning and traffic engineering 4th edition :

Chapter 27: signal control in networks
Arnold, 338 Euston Road, London, NW1 3BH.

O'Flaherty C A, Bell M G H

1997

The SCOOT Urban Traffic Control system

Traffic Advisory Leaflet 4/95.

Driver Information and Traffic Management division, DoT

1995

SCOOT: The world's foremost adaptive traffic control system

Traffic Technology International 1995.

Bing B H, Carter A

1995

Urban Traffic control systems review

TRL Project Report 41.

Wood K

1993

Optimizing networks of traffic signals in real time - the SCOOT

method
IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Vol 40 No. 1,
February 1991.

Robertson D I, Bretherton R D

1991

The SCOOT on-line traffic signal optimisation technique

Traffic Engineering and Control, April 1982.

Hunt P B, Robertson D I, Bretherton R D, Royle M C

1982

SCOOT - a traffic responsive method of co-ordinating signals

TRRL Laboratory Report 1014.

Hunt P B, Robertson D I, Bretherton R D, Winton R I

1981

Other Papers:
Bus Priority:
Improved traffic management and bus priority with SCOOT

Wood K, Bretherton D, Maxwell A, Smith K and Bowen G

2002

Bus priority in SCOOT

Traffic Advisory Leaflet 8/00, DETR.

Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions

2000

Intelligent bus priority in London: towards large scale

implementation
7th World Congress on Intelligent Transport Systems, November
2000.

Hounsell N B, Landles J, Bretherton R D, Gardner K

2000

Intelligent bus priority in London: evaluation and exploitation

in INCOME
6th World Congress on Intelligent Transport Systems, November
1999.

Hounsell N B, Landles J, Bretherton R D, Gardner K

1999

Enhanced bus priority using signals: the INCOME project

Proceedings of the AET Conference, Loughborough, September
1998.

Hounsell N B, Riley K, Alexander M

1998

Bus priority in SCOOT

TRL Report 255.

Bowen G T

1997

Intelligent systems for priority at traffic signals in London: the

INCOME project
4th World Congress on ITS, ICC Berlin, October 1997.

Hounsell N B, Landles J, Bretherton R D, Gardner K

1997

Bus Priority
http://utc.nottscc.gov.uk/ttisbusp.htm

Nottinghamshire County Council

1997

9th World Congress on Intelligent Transport Systems, Chicago,

November 2002

Public transport priority in SCOOT

Proceedings of the 3rd World Congress on Intelligent Transport
Systems, USA.

Bretherton R D, Hounsell N B, Radia B

1996

PROMPT: Field trial and simulation results of bus priority in

SCOOT
Proceedings of the 8th International conference on Road traffic
monitoring and control, IEE, April 1996.

Hounsell N B, McLeod F, Bretherton R D, Bowen G T

1996

Bus priority in SCOOT: results of the PROMPT trial in London

Proceedings of the 23rd PTRC European Transport Forum,
Warwick, September 1995.

Hounsell N B, Landles J

1995

Public transport priority at traffic signals in London: Progress,

performance and opportunities
Proceedings of the 2nd PTRC World Conference on Intelligent
Transport systems, Japan, 1995.

Hounsell N B, Landles J

1995

Integrated ATT strategies for urban arterials: DRIVE II project

PRIMAVERA. 2. Bus priority in SCOOT and SPOT using TIRIS
Traffic Engineering and Control, June 1995.

Fox K, Montgomery F, Shepherd S, Smith C

1995

Public transport initiatives in Surrey

Traffic Engineering and Control, Vol 35, No. 2.

Teer A, Cuthbertson T, Carson G

1994

Active bus priority in SCOOT

Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Road Traffic
Monitoring and Control, April 1994.

Bowen G T, Bretherton R D

1994

Buses to get green light through city traffic

New Scientist, Vol 142, No 1924.

Hamer M.

1994

Signal priority for public transport vehicles using advance

traffic control systems: a comparative evaluation of ATSAC,
SCATS and SCOOT
Transportation engineering program, Texam A&M University USA.

Daniel J

1992

Remote Monitoring: SCOOT experience and bus priority in

London
IEE Meeting, May 1984.

Chandler M

1984

SCOOT estimates of emissions from vehicles

Traffic Advisory Leaflet 9/00, DETR

Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions

2000

Vehicle emissions management with urban traffic

management and control systems
IEE Conference on Road Transport Information and Control,
London, 2000.

Wood K, Ash A, Smith K

2000

Breathing space
Surveyor, August 2000.

Wood K, Cloke J

2000

Quantifying changes in carbon monoxide levels following the

installation of SCOOT
Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Road
Transport Information and Control, London, April 1998.

Reynolds S, Bell M

1998

Breathing spaces
Surveyor, December 1997.

Crawford D

1997

Emissions:

The production of emissions estimates using SCOOT

Proceedings of the 25th European Transport Forum, September
1997.

Shearn S, Wood K

1997

Integration of traffic and environmental monitoring and

management systems
Proceedings of the 8th International conference on road traffic
monitoring and control, London, April 1996.

Bell M C, Reynolds S A, William W J, Berry R

1996

Roadside research
Surveyor, January 1996.

Jabez A

1996

Urban congestion reduction for energy conservation: control

strategies for urban street systems - a state of the art. Final
report
Minnesota University, Minneapolis, department of civil and mineral
engineering.

Hajjiri S A, Stephanedes Y J

1988

SCOOT Gating
Traffic Advisory Leaflet 7/00, DETR.

Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions

2000

Queue relocation and bus priority using SCOOT gating

Proceedings of the 24th European Transport Forum, Brunel
University, September 1996.

Oakes J A J, Kelly I T

1996

Traffic restraint by SCOOT gating

in Sucharov, L.V. - Urban Transport and the Environment for the
21st Century.

Wood K

1995

Gating traffic into congested areas

IEE colloquium on Electronics in managing the demand for road

Wood K

1993

Gating:

capacity, November 1993.

Congestion management / incident detection:

Congestion and incident management using the SCOOT UTC
System
IEE conference on Road Transport Information and Control,
London, 2000.

Bretherton R D, Wood K, Baker K

2000

Congestion and incident management in signalised networks

controlled by the SCOOT UTC system
5th World Congress on Intelligent Transport Systems, Toronto,
1999.

Bretherton R D, Wood K, Radia B

1999

COSMOS - congestion management strategies and methods

in urban sites
Proceedings of the AET European Transport Conference,
September 1998.

Wood K, Bielfeldt C, Biora F, Kruse G

1998

Congestion and incident management in SCOOT

Proceedings of the 4th World Congress on ITS, Berlin, October
1997.

Bretherton R D, Wood K, Raha N

1997

UTC strategies for congested networks

TRL Report 240.

Wood K, Palmer J P, Bretherton R D, Shearn S

1997

TR 1015 - COSMOS (Project Summary)

An applied research programme of the E.C. DGXII C/E
http://158.169.50.95:10080/telematics/transp/cosmos-txt.html

Telematics Application Programme

1997

Traffic congestion incident detection

TRL Laboratory Report 217.

Bowers D J, Bretherton R D, Bowen G T, Wall G T

1996

Automatic incident detection and improved traffic control in

urban areas
Proceedings of the 23rd PTRC European Transport Forum,
Warwick, September, 1995.

Bowers D J, Palmer J P, Wall G T

1995

Congestion analysis and diagnosis in UTC networks

Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Road Traffic
Monitoring and Control, April 1994.

Wood K, Palmer J, Bretherton R D

1994

Traffic monitoring and incident detection in urban areas

IFAC Symposium on Transport Systems, China.

Bretherton R D, Bowen G T, Bowers D J

1994

Incident detection and traffic monitoring in urban areas

Proceedings of the DRIVE Conference - Advanced Telematics in
Road Transport, Brussels.

Bretherton R D, Bowen G T

1991

The effect of an incident in a SCOOT system - in simulation

and on-street
Traffic Engineering and Control, February, 1985.

Hunt P B, Holland T R

1985

The ASTRID/INGRID incident detection system for urban areas

The Second World Congress on Intelligent Transport Systems,
Japan.

Bowers D J, Bretherton R D

1995

ASTRID - Automatic SCOOT traffic database

TRL Report CR 235.

Hounsell N B, McLeod F

1990

ASTRID:

Case Studies:
Dalian wonder: solving China's traffic puzzle
Traffic Technology International, February/March 2000.

Shun J T, Hai Y D

2000

Seamless in Southampton: integrated city-region control

Traffic Engineering and Control, December 1999.

Crawford D

1999

Monitoring and evaluation of a public transport priority

scheme in Eastleigh
TRL Report 411, TRL, Crowthorne.

TRL Ltd.TRG (Southampton University) and Portsmouth

University

1999

Monitoring and evaluation of a public transport priority

scheme in Southampton
TRL Report 413, TRL, Crowthorne.

TRL Ltd.TRG (Southampton University) and Portsmouth

University

1999

AUSCI-SCOOT: A transatlantic partnership for SCOOT

Traffic Technology International December 1997/January 1998.

Ragsdale P

1998

Desperately seeking solutions: Chile's traffic challenge

Traffic Technology International No. 9, April May 1997.

Nuttall I

1997

Corridor traffic management for a parallel arterial and

expressway: An interface between the Metropolitan Toronto
SCOOT Urban Traffic Control System and GARDINER - Lake
Shore Corridor Management System
4th World Congress on ITS, ICC Berlin, October 1997.

Bodger M, Allen R

1997

Tayside's traffic technology

Highways. Vol 65, No 3.

Goddard L

1997

A comparison of SCOOT and MOVA on the A12 arterial road

Traffic Engineering and Control, December 1997.

Kemp S, Silcock P, Robertson D

1997

Flowing to a samba beat

Traffic Technoolgy International, No6.

Karlsson M

1996

An Introduction to the Instrumented City Facility

Traffic Engineering and Control Vol 37. No. 12.

Bell M, Evans R, Reynolds S, Boddy R, Hill I

1996

M40 Longbridge Interchange junction improvements

Highways and Transportation, Vol 43, No 7/8.

Knight P

1996

Keeping Leicestershire Moving

Surveyor. Issue 3, October 1996.

Sherrington M

1996

The Durban SCOOT system

http://www.durban.gov.za/central/trf_tran/trf_man/scoot.htm

The Durban Metropolitan Borough Council

1996

Vehicle detection in Norwich

Highways and Transportation Institution of Highways and
Transportation.

Cranshaw V, Shaw J M

1995

Integrated urban transport management in Southampton

Proceedings on the second world congress on Intelligent Transport
System, Japan, 1995.

McDonald M, Richards A Shinakis E G

1995

Birmingham's blueprint for city traffic

Surveyor, Vol 181, No 5275.

Baker B

1995

SCOOT - the South East Asia experience

Highways and Transportation, Hong Kong special issue, Vol 42,
No 9.

Bing B H

1995

ROMANSE (ROad MANagement System for Europe) Project

Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Road Traffic
Monitoring and Control. April 1994.

Tarrant D

1994

The ROMANSE project for integrated urban transport

management
Proceedings of the OECD seminar TT3 on advanced road
transport technologies, Japan, June 1994.

McDonald M

1994

An integrated future for Birmingham's travellers

Highways and Transportation, Vol 41, No.2.

Pearce R

1994

Analysis of the performance of a SCOOT UTC system

22nd PTRC European Transport Forum, Warwick, September
1994.

Robertson D I, Jackson P C

1994

UTC/SCOOT traffic adaptive control system: a demonstration

project in Metropolitan Toronto
Recommendation letter, the Municipality of Toronto.

Floyd D P

1993

Traffic in Belfast: integrated network management.

Permanent International Association of Road Congresses, No 277.

Maxwell R B

1992

Urban traffic control developments in Leicestershire

Highways and Transportation, Vol 37, No 10.

Gillam W J, Withill R A

1990

SCOOT: the Red Deer experience

in Ismart et al. Computers and Traffic: A winning combination. A
compendium of technical papers: ITE 58th annual meeting
Vancouver, September, 1988.

Foster D I

1988

Urban traffic control - SCOOT in Middlesbrough

Municipal Engineer. 4, August.

Cawthorne P

1987

Area traffic control systems and electronic road pricing in

Hong Kong
Proceedings of the 2nd International conference on road traffic
control, London, April 1986.

Chang C C, Catling I

1986

Urban traffic control in Hong Kong with SCOOT

Sino-British Highways and Urban Conference, Beijing, November
1986.

Maynard N, Renaud D J

1986

Implementation of SCOOT in Beijing

Sino-British Highways and Urban Conference, Beijing, November
1986.

Liren D, Bell H

1986

London goes for a SCOOT in urban traffic control system

Municipal Journal. May 1982.

Chandler M J H

1982

The development of Urban Traffic Control in London: fixedtime and SCOOT.

Traffic Engineering and Control, October 1981.

Chandler M J H

1981

Miscellaneous:
The use of alternative methods of detection with SCOOT
adaptive traffic control systems

Glover P, Bodger M, Clarke R

2002

Prediction of road traffic noise from the SCOOT demandresponsive traffic-control system
Traffic Engineering and Control, June 1998.

Goodman P

1998

Improving pedestrian priority in UTC systems

Proceedings of the 24th European Transport Forum, Brunel
University, September 1996.

Austin K P, Martin B

1996

The use of SCOOT type single loop detectors to measure

speed, journey time and queue status on non-scoot controlled
links
Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Road Traffic
Monitoring and Control, April 1996.

Cherrett T J, Bell H A, McDonald M

1996

Real-time control of signalised networks - different

approaches for different needs
Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Road Traffic
Monitoring and Control, April 1996.

Dion F, Yagar S

1996

The identification of recurrent urban traffic congestion

Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Road Traffic
Monitoring and Control, April 1996.

Evans R G, Bell M C

1996

Urban Traffic management and control (UTMC) systems:

strategies for the future
Proceedings of the 24th European Transport Forum, Brunel
University, September 1996.

Wood K

1996

9th World Congress on Intelligent Transport Systems, Chicago,

October 2002

ATMS projects in the UK

Proceedings of the Advance Traffic Management Conference,
Florida, 1993.

Gillan W J

1993

Motoring towards the Millenium

Surveyor, Vol. 184, No. 5419.

Bond R

1997

Control Experiment
Surveyor. Vol 184, No 5436.

Purdie H

1997

Siemens Traffic Controls Limited in the United Kingdom

http://www.siemens.co.uk/traffic/scoot.htm

Siemens Traffic Controls Ltd.

1997

SCOOT over old technology

http://www.fta.dot.gov/library/technology/APTS/tws/scoot.htm

City of San Diego

1997

Battling the elements for traffic control

Traffic Technology International Feb/Mar 1997.

Curnow A

1997

Signs of the times

Highways and Transportation, Vol 43, No 7/8.

Bywaters I, Maynard G

1996

Signals 2000: New themes in design, materials and operation

Traffic Technology International, No 5.

Dempsey P

1996

Enviro-city goes higher-tech

Traffic Technology International, No. 6.

Curnow A

1996

Traffic control systems handbook

Department of Transportation, Federal Highway administration

Integrated ATT strategies for urban arterials: DRIVE II project

PRIMAVERA. 1. Overview
Traffic Engineering and Control, May 1995.

Fox K, Montgomery F, May T

1995

Integrated ATT strategies for urban arterials: DRIVE II project

PRIMAVERA. 2. Bus priority in SCOOT and SPOT using TIRIS
Traffic Engineering and Control, June 1995.

Fox K, Montgomery F, Shepherd S, Smith C

1995

Integrated ATT strategies for urban arterials: DRIVE II project

PRIMAVERA. 3. The Dewsbury Road experiment
Traffic Engineering and Control, July/August 1995.

Fox K, Balmforth P, Franklin P, Montgomery F

1995

SCOOT: Current developments

Traffex 1995 Conference.

Bretherton R D

1995

Tuning the traffic model

Highways, Vol 13, No 7.

Carden P, Glover P

1995

Coming of age
Highways, Vol 63, No 7.

Pattinson J W

1995

SCOOT - an update
ITE journal, Vol 65, No 1.

Martin P T, Hockaday S L M

1995

Transport telematics implementation issues

Proceedings of OECD seminar TT3 on Advanced Road Transport
Technologies. Japan, June 1994.

Gillan W

1994

Urban traffic control (UTC) in SCOPE cities

Proceedings of the first World Congress on applications of
transport telematics and intelligent vehicle-highway systems,
November 1994.

McDonald M, Phillips P

1994

Integrating traffic control systems - helping people do their

jobs
Urban Transport Telematics Forum technical papers, Strathclyde,
October 1994.

Kelman L

1994

SCOOT in the USA

Institute of Transportation Engineers: Compendium of technical
papers, 64th ITE Annual meeting, Texas.

Genovese J A

1994

The role of technology in maximising the use of urban road

space
TRL paper to the Freight Transport Association National
Conference, September 1993.

Wootton J, Shearn S

1993

Using SCOOT weightings to benefit strategic routes

Traffic Engineering and Control. Vol 33, No 4.

Wood K, Baker R T

1992

Traffic signal control (1990-1992)

Library Services, TRL, Crowthorne.

TRL Library Services

1992

Road traffic research in the United Kingdom: leading the world McDonald M
Permanent International Association of Road Congresses, No 277.

1992

Signalling roundabouts. 2:Controlling the revolution

Traffic Engineering and Control Vol 33, No 11.

Jones S E

1992

The impact of UTC on road safety, with particular reference to

pedestrians
VTI Rapport 380a PT 3.

Hunt O

1992

No jams tomorrow
Engineer, Vol 273, No 7069.

Goodwin W

1991

Basic concepts and results using the SCOOT system

Seminar on mobility and quality of life in cities, 1990.

Bretherton R D

1990

The effects of traffic management and control on vehicle

capacity in London
Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Road Traffic
Control, IEE, London, May 1990.

Belcher P

1990

Pedestrian delay at Pelican crossing in areas operating under

SCOOT
TRRL contractor report 249.

Hunt J G, Griffiths J D, Hughes K M

1990

Urban Traffic Control

Developing World Transport.

Peck C, Gorton P T W, Maynard G H

1990

Control room with a view

Surveyor, 25th May 1989.

1989

Dynamic traffic control system SCOOT - further developments

Engineering Foundation Conference on Traffic Control Methods,
California, February 1989.

Bretherton R D

1989

SCOOT urban traffic control system - philosophy and

evaluation
CCCT '89 Conference, Paris, September 1989.

Bretherton R D

1989

SCOOT data and route guidance

Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Road Traffic
Montoring, IEE, London, 1989.

Hounsell N B, McDonald M

1989

The use of traffic management procedures in SCOOT

PTRC Meeting, 1987.

Burton P, Gorton P

1987

The use of SCOOT for traffic management

IEE Second International Conference on Road Traffic Control,
London, April 1986.

Bretherton R D, Bowen G T, Burton P G, Wood K

1986

The application of SCOOT control to an isolated intersection

Traffic Engineering and Control, June 1985.

Carden P, McDonald M

1985

Street-wise SCOOT moves traffic that other systems can't

reach
Surveyor, December 1985.

Bowen G T, Vincent R A

1985

SCOOT traffic control

Seminar on microelectronics for road and traffic management,
Tokyo, October 1984.

Bourner M S

1984

Estimating the benefits of signal co-ordination using

TRANSYT or SCOOT optimisation
53rd ITE conference, London, August 1983.

Robertson D I, Hunt P B

1983

Real-time area wide traffic control - the user's viewpoint

Traffic Engineering and Control, April 1982.

Clowes D J

1982

On-line optimisation of signal co-ordination - the SCOOT

method

Robertson D I, Hunt P B, Bretherton R D, Bowen G T

1982

Bretherton R D, Rai G I

1982

Annual transport convention of NITRR, Pretoria, August 1982.

The use of SCOOT in low flow conditions
Traffic Engineering and Control, December 1982.