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SISTEM MANAJEMEN BIAYA

ESTIMATING HIDDEN QUALITY COST WITH


QUALITY LOSS FUNCTION
SUMMARY

NAMA :
AULYA AGUSTIN DWI ANDHINI

(1306498241)

CLASS : AKM/2013-2S

MAGISTER AKUNTANSI FAKULTAS EKONOMI


UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA

Universitas Indonesia
Fakultas Ekonomi
Program Studi Magister Akuntansi Pendidikan Profesi Akuntansi

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Nama Mahasiswa

: AULYA AGUSTIN DWI ANDHINI (1306498241)

Kelas

: AKM/2013-2S

Mata Ajar

: SISTEM MANAJEMEN BIAYA

Judul Makalah/Tugas

: ESTIMATING HIDDEN QUALITY COST WITH


QUALITY LOSS FUNCTION (SUMMARY)

Hari, Tanggal

: SENIN, 4 MEI 2015

Nama Pengajar

: Thomas H. Secokusumo, MBA. CMA

Tandatangan

AULYA AGUSTIN DWI ANDHINI

ESTIMATING HIDDEN QUALITY COSTS WITH QUALITY LOSS FUNCTIONS


Summary
This article discusses the importance of measuring hidden quality costs that are associated
with a product. Quality costs are defined as costs incurred for ensuring conformance to
quality standards or compensating for nonconformance to quality standards. Conventional
accounting systems are not able to measure intangible quality costs, so these costs become
hidden quality costs. Some examples of hidden quality costs are customer dissatisfaction with
a product or defects in a product that causes a loss in sales. These hidden quality costs can be
the major factor in the total cost of quality for a product.
Taguchis Quality Loss Function
To estimate these hidden quality costs, a Taguchi quality loss function (QLF) has been
proposed. Taguchis approach is different than the traditional approach of quality costs. In the
traditional approach, if you have two products and one is within the specified limits and the
other is just outside of the specified limits, the difference is small. Although the difference is
small the product within the limits is considered a good product while the outside one is
considered a bad product. Taguchi disagrees with this approach. Taguchi believes that when a
product moves from its target value, that move causes a loss no matter if the move falls inside
or outside the specified limits. For this reason, Taguchi developed the QLF to measure the
loss associated with hidden quality costs. This loss happens when a variation causes the
product to move away from its target value.
The QLF is a U shaped parabola. The horizontal axis is tangent with the parabola at the
target value. This is a quadratic loss function because it assumes that when a product is at its
target value (T) the loss is zero.
Figure:

The unit loss is determined by the formula:


L(y) =k(y-T)2
Where:
k = a proportionality constant dependent upon the organizations failure cost structure,
y = actual value of quality characteristic,
T = target value of quality characteristic.
The value of k must first be determined before the loss can be estimated.
To determine the value of k:
k= c/d2
Where:
c = loss associated with the specification limit, and
d = deviation of the specification from the target value.
The value of k determines the slope of the QLF, the larger the value of k the steeper the
parabola. This is a symmetric QLF because it is assumed that there is a constant k for the
whole loss function. The value of c is a major component in the loss function. This value
represents the intangible quality costs of a product.
Asymmetric Quality Loss Function
The term asymmetric implies that variations can have different sensitivities to loss. If a
variation happens on one side of the loss function, that loss may be more or less sensitive
than if the same amount of variation happened on the other side of the target value. This
involves having to add to the previous formula, there will now be two ks. k will now
represent the different sensitivities that happen when a variation moves on either side of the
target value. This loss function now becomes an asymmetric QLF because there can be
different values for k.
The unit loss function becomes:
L(y) = k1[(y-T)+]2 + k2[(T-y)+]2
Where: k1 > or < k2
x+ = Max (x,0)
Again k must be determined before the loss can be estimated.
k1 = c1 / (U-T)2
k2 = c2 / (U-T)2
Where: U = upper specification limit of characteristic,
L = lower specification limit of characteristic,
c1= loss associated with U, and
c2 = loss associated with L.

Example Using the Asymmetric Quality Loss Function


Given these values:
c1 = $80, c2 = $48, U = 10.4mm, L = 9.6mm, and T = 10mm
First the value of k must be determined.
k1= 80 / (10.4-10)2 = $500
k2= 48 / (10-9.6)2 = $300
Now the estimation of loss can be determined. Assume that a variation of .2mm happened on
both sides of the target value. The product with an actual value of 10.2mm, moved to the
right of the target value
L(y =10.2) = $500(10.2 -10)2 + $300(0)2 = $20
Or actual value of 9.8mm, moved to the left of the target value
L(y =9.8) = $500(0)2 + $300(10-9.8)2 = $12
Since c1 > c2, then k1 > k2. This implies that the right side of the loss function is more sensitive
than the left side. In the example above the product moved .2mm in both directions and the
move to the right causes the greater loss.
Insensitive Region of Quality Loss Function
This deals with different levels of loss sensitivity on either side of the target value. Insensitive
means that there could be different sections in the loss function that are more or less sensitive
than other sections. These sensitivity differences cause larger losses in some sections in
relation to other sections of the loss function. For these situations, a separate L(y) formula is
needed for each different section in the loss function.
Examples
Case

Product, service or
characteristic

Symmetric with
insensitive regions.

Soft drinks, juice and


medicine.

Asymmetric with
insensitive regions.

Product delivery time


and customer service.

Effect or explanation
A small deviation from the target value does not
create a significant loss, but is not negligible. But too
much or too little of an ingredient can cause a large
loss.
Early delivery causes small loss, but late delivery
causes larger loss.

Asymmetric with
insensitive regions.

Air pressure in auto


tires.

Too little air may cause some loss in performance,


but too much air can cause a large loss from a
blowout.

Asymmetric with zero


loss in insensitive

Blood pressure and


blood cell count.

Within a range of variation from the target there is


no loss. Any further deviation from the target value

Case
regions.

Product, service or
characteristic

Effect or explanation
may cause significant loss.

Summary
Many of the quality costs associated with a product are not recorded. Therefore, estimates
need to be made of these hidden quality costs. Estimates of hidden quality costs are needed so
that managers can understand and control those hidden costs. Quality loss functions provide
a vehicle for reasonable estimates and meaningful understandings of hidden quality costs,
which are necessary for effective control of product quality costs.

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