Air-conditioning

1.Dry Bulb Temperature(tdb)-mixture of dry air and water vapor superheated 2. Wet Bulb Temperature(twb) mixture of dry air and water vapor saturated 3.Dew Point Temperature(ts) condense if air cooling under
constant pressure. 4. Humidity Ratio =m(water)/m(air)=0.622P(water)/P(air) 5. Relative Humidity =
P(water)/P(air)
Air-conditioning Processes: Cooling and Dehumidification, Re-heating, Adiabatic Mixing, Fan, Part Load Control
Sensible Heat Change (no change in water vapor content) Qs=m(hx-h1)= mCp(tdbx-tdb1) ; Latent Heat Change
Qt=m(hx-h1)=mh(x-1) ;
Determination of Sensible and Latent Cooling Loads (all unit in W NOT kW)
1.Mean Solar Heat Gain = ---- directly through the window
Mean Solar heat gain(W) Mean Solar Intensity(W/m) S Solar gain factor of glazing Sunlit area of
glazing (m)
2.Mean Casual Heat Gain = all source x using time / 24 --- 3. = +

4. Mean Internal Environmental Temperature (

) -- = ( + )(

) -- = 0.33

exposed to outdoor air(cal wall+window),

mean outdoor air temperature (daily mean monthly)

= ( ) --- alternating factor, peak intensity

5. Swing in solar heat gain
= ----
=0 for lightweight
6. Swing in casual heat gain
= ( + )
7.Swing in heat gain air to air
---- cal window only,
swing air temperature
=
+
+
, Peak temperature:
= ( + )
8.
cal all surface including partition

--- exposed to outdoor air(cal wall+window)

9. = ( + )( ) +
10. Latent load due to infiltration
h = ,--- specific enthalpy of outdoor air according to dry-bulb temperature and relative
humidity , specific enthalpy of air at the desired dry-bulb temperature and relative humidity
h = ,--- h change in specific enthalpy of dry air of room, specific enthalpy of dry air
component of ambient air from its dry-bulb temperature, specific enthalpy of dry air at the desired
dry-bulb temperature, = (h h ) and = /3600 ,--- small v is specific volume of air
Latent load due to occupancy = , = +
Mass flow rate and air supply (All unit in kW NOT W)
= ,--- mass flow rate supplied into room, permissible dry-bulb temperature rise

case 1: > , = , = /3600

/
case 2: < , =
= , moisture to be picked up, latent heat of evaporation

= , moisture supplied into room via air-conditioning, desired moisture kg/kg

Refrigeration System
= (1 2 ), S1 = S2
Evaporator (4-1): Q41 = (1 4 ) ; Compressor (1-2): 12
Condenser (2-3): Q23 = (3 2 ) ; Throttle Valve (3-4) 3 = 4 ,
Q

COP = 41 =
12

(1 4 )
1 2

; Refrigeration effect RE = 41 = 1 4

Isentropic Turbine efficiency n = =

2 1
2 1

; S2 = S1 ,actual S2 > S1

Rankine Cylcle
= (1 2 ) = (1 2 ) , = 0.001/
Feed water pump (1-2): 12
= (3 2 ) , heat input to steam boiler
Boiler and super-heater (2-3): 23
= (4 3 ) , S1 = S2 , high pressure expands to low pressure
Steam Turbine (3-4): 34
= (1 4 ) , heat rejected , constant low pressure
Condenser (4-1): 41
Performance: n =

+12

34

23

4 3 +1 2
3 2

3600

, SSC =

3600

34 +12

= (5 4 ) ->
if (3-4) high pressure steam turbine, -> re-heater (4-5): 45
= (5 6 ) , S5 = S6 ->
Low pressure steam turbine (5-6): 56
= (1 6 )
Condenser (6-1): 61
Performance: n =

+56
+12

34
+45
23

Isentropic Turbine efficiency n =

, SSC =

3600

3600

+12

34 +56

= 3 4
3

Air Standard Diesel Cycle

1

Compression Process (1-2): compreesion ratio, r = 1 , u = C , Q12 = 0, T2 = T1 1

2

P2 = P1 1 , work input W12 = (2 1 ) = (2 1 )

2

Heat Supply Process (2-3): P2 = P3 , T3 = T2 3 , cut off ratio , r = 3 , W23 = 2 (3 2 )

2

Heat supply Q23 = (3 2 ) = (3 2 )

Expansion Process (3-4):
1

T4 = T3 3
4

4
3

= 1 2 = r , Q34 = 0 , work output W34 = (4 3 ) = (4 3 )

2 3

, P4 = P3 3 ,
4

Heat Rejection Process (4-1): W41 = 0 , V1 = V4 , T1 = T4 1 , Q41 = (1 4 ) = (1 4 )

4

Thermal efficiency n =

, mean eff. pressure =

0.9167v=0.9167RT/P
Air Standard Otto Cycle-gasoline
Compression Process (1-2): same to Diesel ;

Heat Supply Process (2-3): V2 = V3 , no work done,

Heat supply Q23 = (3 2 ) = (3 2 ), T3 = T2 3

Expansion Process (3-4): r = 1 = 4 , Q34 = 0 , work output W34 = (4 3 ) = (4 3 )

2

T4 = T3 3
4

, P4 = P3 3
4

Heat Rejection Process (4-1): V1 = V4 , T1 = T4 1 , no work done

4

Q41 = (1 4 ) = (1 4 ) ; Thermal efficiency n =

Mean eff Pressure: same to diesel, =

23 +41
1 2

, V=

= 1 + 41

, R=0.287kJ/kgK

23

Heat Transfer
conduction

for plane slab: = (1 2 ) ; for sphere: =

In series, all plus ; for parallel,

4
1
1

1 2

2
(1 2 ) ; for cylinder: = 2 (1 2 )

1
1 1
+

1
Newtons Law of cooling for convection: = ( ) ; R =

for same system: Q=T/R =T/R == all T/R

Radiation
Real object: + + = 1; grey body + = 1 , no ; black body = 1 , no other
Stefan Boltzmann Law:
Black: Q = AF(14 24 ) ; grey : Q = AF(1 14 2 24 )
emitted by 1 and absorbed by 2: Q = 1 2 AF1 14
Reflected: Q = 1 AF1 14 2 ; Infinite: Q =

1
1 1
+ 1
1 2

A(14 24 )

Convection
1. Find formula by using the description, cal the h valve
Combustion
Write down the formula, balance the equation to fulfill 79/21=N2/O2, write down molar mass x molar number,
say the fuel 1kg, cal other component, find Cp valve, (room temp+low temp)/2 + 273K ; (room temp+high
temp)/2 + 273K; find table, =T ave/ 1000, cal each Cp, use equation.