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Quantitative Aptitude is a critical section in aptitude tests and one which all
students need to master necessarily. It is critical for them in order to be clear
employability tests.
We intend to make you aware about important sections in which you can score
very high if you understand its concepts & practice well. We are also sharing
quick conceptual tricks on different topics along with speedy calculation methods
which help you increasing your speed of attempting a question correctly.
All the best!
Formulas to remember
12
Profit
Ber& loss
This is very commonly used section by
most of the companies. Here are important
formulas & definitions for you.
Cost price: The price at which article is
purchased is known as C.P.
Selling price: The price at which article is
sold is known as S.P.
Profit or gain: In mathematical terms we
say if S.P is greater than C.P, then seller is
said to have incurred profit or gain.
Loss: If Selling Price S.P is less than Cost
price C.P, the seller is said to have incurred
Loss.
Gain= (S.P)-(C.P).
Loss= (C.P)-(S.P).
Loss
or
gain
is
always
reckoned on C.P
Gain %= {gain*100}/C.P.
Loss% ={loss*100}/C.P.
If the article is sold at a gain of
say 35%, Then sp =135% of cp
If a article is sold at a loss of
say 35%. Then Sp=65% of cp.
If the trader professes to sell
his goods at Cp but uses false
weights,
then
Gain=[error/
(true value)-(error)*100]%
Tricky formulas
S.P={(100+gain%) /100}*C.P.
S.P= {(100-loss% )/100}*C.P.
C.P= {100/(100+gain%)} *S.P
C.P=100/(100-loss%)}*S.P
When a person sells two items, one at a gain of x% and other at a loss of x%.
Then the Seller always incurs a loss given: (x/ 10)
If price is first increase by X% and then decreased by Y% , the final change % in
the price is
X- Y - XY/100
If price of a commodity is decreased by a% then by what % consumption
should be increased to keep the same price
(100*a) / (100-60)
Practice Examples
Example 1: The price of T.V set is increased by 40 % of the cost price and then
decreased by 25% of the new price. On selling, the profit for the dealer was
Rs.1,000 . At what price was the T.V sold. From the above mentioned formula you
get:
Solution: Final difference % = 40-25-(40*25/100)= 5 %.
So if 5 % = 1,000
then 100 % = 20,000.
C.P = 20,000
S.P = 20,000+ 1000= 21,000.
Example 2: The price of T.V set is increased by 25 % of cost price and then
decreased by 40% of the new price . On selling, the loss for the dealer was
Rs.5,000 . At what price was the T.V sold. From the above mentioned formula you
get :
Solution: Final difference % = 25-40-(25*45/100)= -25 %.
So if 25 % = 5,000
then 100 % = 20,000.
C.P = 20,000
S.P = 20,000 - 5,000= 15,000.
Example 3: Price of a commodity is increased by 60 %. By how much % should
the consumption be reduced so that the expense remains the same?
Solution: (100* 60 ) / (100+60) = 37.5 %
Example 4: Price of a commodity is decreased by 60 %. By how much %
can the consumption be increased so that the expense remains the same?
Solution: (100* 60 ) / (100-60) = 150 %
Progressions
A lot of practice especially in this particular section will expose you to number of
patterns. You need to train yourself so that you can guess the correct patterns in
exam quickly.
In
the
following
Harmonic
Progression:
:
etc.
A GP is of the form
and r is the common ratio.
is:
Formulas to remember
Fourth Proportional:
If a : b = c : d, then d is
called the fourth
proportional to a, b, c.
Third Proportional:
a : b = c : d, then c is called
the third proportion
to a and b.
Third proportion to x & y is:
y/x
Mean Proportional: Mean
proportional
b/w a and b is Square root
(ab).
Comparison of Ratios:
We say that
(a : b) >
(c : d)
b >d
c ,
a+
b
c+
d .
[compone
Practice Examples
Example 1: A pig pursues a cat and takes 10 leaps for every 12 leaps of the cat,
but 8 leaps of the pig are equal to 18 leaps of the cat. Compare the speed of pig
& cat.
Solution: 8 leaps of the pig = 18 leaps of the cat = x say
1 leap of pig = x/8
1 leap of cat = x/18
In same time pig takes 10 leaps and cat 12 leaps
Distance covered by pig in the same time = 10 x/8
Distance covered by cat in same time= 12 x/18
Ratio of speed= 10/8 : 12/18 =15/18
Example 2: Sanjay & Sunil enters into a partnership. Sanjay invests Rs. 2000
and Sunil Rs. 3000. After 6 months, Sunil withdrew from the business. At the end
of the year, the profit was Rs. 4200. How much would Sunil get out of this profit.
Solution: In partnership problems, the ratio in which profit is shared is
One persons (Investment X Time) : Another persons (Investment X Time)
Therefore the ratio in which Sanjay & Sunil would share their profit is2000 (12) : 3000 (6) = 4:3
Hence Sunil receives (3/7)*4200 = Rs. 1800
Formulas to remember
Simple Interest
Simple Interest =
PxRxT
100
Formulas for Compound Interest: Sometimes it so happens that the borrower and the
lender agree to fix up a certain unit of time, say yearly or half-yearly or quarterly to
settle the previous account. In such cases, the amount after first unit of time
becomes the principal for the second unit, the amount after second unit becomes the
principal for the third unit and so on. After a specified period, the difference between
the amount and the money borrowed is called the Compound Interest (abbreviated
as C.I.) for that period.
Let Principal = P, Rate = R% per annum, Time = n years.
When interest is compound Annually: Amount = P(1+R/100)n
When interest is compounded Half-yearly: Amount = P[1+(R/2)/100]2n
When interest is compounded Quarterly: Amount = P[ 1+(R/4)/100]4n
When interest is compounded AnnuaI1y but time is in fraction, say 3(2/5)
years.
Amount = P(1+R/100)3 x (1+(2R/5)/100)
When Rates are different for different years, say Rl%, R2%, R3% for 1st, 2nd
and 3rd year
respectively. Then, Amount = P(1+R1/100)(1+R2/100)(1+R3/100)
Present worth of Rs. x due n years hence is given by : Present Worth = x/(1+
Formulas to remember
(Length(l)
(length(l)
Breath(b))
Area of a square (A) = Length (l) * Length (l)
Perimeter of a square (P) = 4 * Length (l)
Area of a parallelogram(A) = Length(l) * Height(h)
Perimeter
of
parallelogram
(P)
Breadth(b))
Area of a triangle (A) = (Base(b) * Height(b)) / 2
. Where , l= length ,
, where , l= length
. Where , r = radius of
. Where
Number Systems
Its all about 0 & 1 & both has its importance. Again number system is one of the
topics which needs more practice therefore you can get exposed to a lot of new
patterns. To get more 1 than 0s you need to understand the concepts minutely.
This section requires time to prepare. We are sharing few tricks along with a link
to refer to.
If you have to find the square of numbers ending with 5.
Example1. 25 * 25. Find the square of the units digit (which is 5) = 25. Write this
down. Then take the tenths digit (2 in this case) and increment it by 1 (therefore,
2 becomes 3). Now multiply 2 with 3 = 6. Write 6 before 25 and you get the
answer = 625.
Example 2. 45 * 45.
The square of the units digit = 25
Increment 4 by 1. It will give you 5. Now multiply 4 * 5 = 20. Write 20 before 25.
The answer is 2025.
Example 3. 125*125.
The square of the units digit = 25.
Increment 12 by 1. It will give you 13. Now multiply 12*13 = 156. Write 156
before 25. The answer is 15625.
I.
II.
Finding the H.C.F. of more than two numbers: Suppose we have to find the H.C.F.
of three numbers, then, H.C.F. of [(H.C.F. of any two) and (the third number)]
gives the H.C.F. of three given number.
Similarly, the H.C.F. of more than three numbers may be obtained.
Least Common Multiple (L.C.M.):
The least number which is exactly divisible by each one of the given numbers is
called their L.C.M.
There are two methods of finding the L.C.M. of a given set of numbers:
III.
IV.
Probability
Probability is a topic which is one of the topics which has quite difficult concepts.
Therefore a lot of diligence is required get proficient in it. But once concepts are
understood well, all that is required is a little practice.
Details:
1. When we throw a coin, then either a Head (H) or a Tail (T) appears.
2. A dice is a solid cube, having 6 faces, marked 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 respectively.
When we throw a die, the outcome is the number that appears on its
upper face.
3. A pack of cards has 52 cards.
a. It has 13 cards of each suit, name Spades, Clubs, Hearts and
Diamonds.
b. Cards of spades and clubs are black cards.
c. Cards of hearts and diamonds are red cards.
d. There are 4 honours of each unit.
e. There are Kings, Queens and Jacks. These are all called face
cards
Sample Space: When we perform an experiment, then the set S of all possible
outcomes is called the sample space.
Examples:
1. In tossing a coin, S = {H, T}
2. If two coins are tossed, the S = {HH, HT, TH, TT}.
3. In rolling a dice, we have, S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}.
Event: Any subset of a sample space is called an event.
Probability of Occurrence of an Event: Let S be the sample and let E be an event.
Then, E
S.
n(E)
P(E) =
n(S)
P (E)
2. P( ) = 0
3. For any events A and B we have : P(A
B)
All these three are animals but of different groups, there is no relation between
them. Hence they will be represented by three different circles.
Example 2: If the first word is related to second word and second word is related
to third word. Then they will be shown by diagram as given below.
Unit, Tens, Hundreds
Ten units together make one Tens or in one tens, whole unit is available and ten
tens together make one hundreds.
Example 3: If two different items are completely related to third item, they will be
shown as below.
Pen, Pencil, Stationery
Example 4: If there is some relation between two items and these two items are
completely related to a third item they will be shown as given below.
Women, Sisters, Mothers
Some sisters may be mothers and vice-versa. Similarly some mothers may not
be sisters and vice-versa. But all the sisters and all the mothers belong to women
group.
Example 5: Two items are related to a third item to some extent but not
completely and first two items totally different.
Students, Boys, Girls
The boys and girls are different items while some boys may be students.
Similarly among girls some may be students.
Example 6: All the three items are related to one another but to some extent not
completely.
Boys, Students, Athletes
Some boys may be students and vice-versa. Similarly some boys may be athletes
and vice-versa. Some students may be athletes and vice-versa.
Example 7: Two items are related to each other completely and third item is
entirely different from first two.
Lions, Carnivorous, Cows
All the dogs are belonging to animals but some dogs are flesh eater but not all.
Example 9: First item is partially related to second but third is entirely different
from the first two.
Dogs, Flesh-eaters, Cows
Some dogs are flesh-eaters but not all while any dog or any flesh-eater cannot be
cow.
questions. So learn basic formulas, few tricks & important calculation tricks to
score high.
Formulas with easy tricks
Speed, Time and Distance:
Speed =
Distance
Time
,Time =
Distance
Speed
xx
5
18
m/sec.
xx
18
5
km/hr.
If the ratio of the speeds of A and B is a : b, then the ratio of the times
taken by then to cover the same distance is (1/a):(1/b) or b:a
Suppose a man covers a certain distance at x km/hr and an equal distance
at y km/hr. Then, the average speed during the whole journey is (2xy/x+y)
km/hr.
work together ?
(21*12 )/(24-12) = (21*12)/9= 7*4= 28 days.
Trigonometry
In a right-angled triangle,
Sin= Opposite Side/Hypotenuse
Cos= Adjacent Side/Hypotenuse
Tan= Sin/Cos = Opposite Side/Adjacent Side
Cosec = 1/Sin= Hypotenuse/Opposite Side
Sec = 1/Cos = Hypotenuse/Adjacent Side
Cot = 1/tan = Cos/Sin = Adjacent Side/Opposite Side
SinCosec = CosSec = TanCot = 1
Sin(90-) = Cos, Cos(90-) = Sin
Sin + Cos = 1
Tan + 1 = Sec
Cot + 1 = Cosec
Step 4: Answer is xy
Example 1: 44
50-44=6
Sq of 6 =36
25-6 = 19
So answer 1936
Example 2: 47
50-47=3
Sq 0f 3 = 09
25-3= 22
So answer = 2209
To find square of a 3 digit number :
Let the number be xyz
Step 1: Last digit = last digit of SQ(Z)
Step 2: Second Last Digit = 2*Y*Z + any carryover from STEP 1.
Step 3: Third Last Digit 2*X*Z+ Sq(Y) + any carryover from STEP 2.
Step 4: Fourth last digit is 2*X*Y + any carryover from STEP 3.
Step 5: In the beginning of result will be Sq(X) + any carryover from Step 4.
Example: SQ (431)
STEP 1. Last digit = last digit of SQ(1) =1
STEP 2. Second Last Digit = 2*3*1 + any carryover from STEP 1.= 6
STEP 3.Third Last Digit 2*4*1+ Sq(3) + any carryover from STEP 2.= 2*4*1 +9=
17. so 7 and 1 carryover
STEP 4. Fourth last digit is 2*4*3 + any carryover (which is 1). =24+1=25. So 5
and carry over 2.
STEP 5. In the beginning of result will be Sq(4) + any carryover from Step 4. So
16+2 =18. So the result will be 185761. If the option provided to you are such
that the last two digits are different, then you need to carry out first two steps
only , thus saving time. You may save up to 30 seconds on each calculations and
if there are 4 such questions you save 2 minutes which may really affect UR
Percentile score.
with
which leads to
to both sides
or
Remark. The plus-minus sign states that you have two numbers
and
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