Digital Modulation

&
Data Transmission through
Telephone network
References:
Communication Systems by Simon Haykin
Digital Telephony by John C. Bellamy
Data Communications & Networking by B. A. Forouzan

Topics to be covered
Line Codes
Digital Modulation: Definition and Applications
Digital Modulation: Classifications
Data Transmission through Telephone network
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) Techniques

Line Codes

(Reference: Communication Systems by Simon Haykin, Chapter 3)

Several line codes have been developed for the electrical representation of a
binary Data stream. In addition to synchronization requirements, other
considerations for choosing a line code are the spectrum of the line code and the
available bandwidth (particularly at low frequencies), noise and interference
levels, synchronization acquisition times, performance monitoring and
implementation costs.
Figure in the next slide (figure 3.15 in Haykin) displays the waveforms of five
most common line codes used for digital transmission.
The five line codes illustrated include:
1. Unipolar nonreturn-to-zero (NRZ ) signaling
2. Polar nonreturn-to-zero (NRZ ) signaling
3. Unipolar return-to-zero (RZ ) signaling
4. Biploar return-to-zero (BRZ ) or Alternate Mark Inversion (AMI) signaling
5. Split-phase (Manchester code).
Example data stream is chosen as 01101001.
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Line Codes

Line codes for the electrical presentation

of binary data:
a) Unipolar nonreturn-to-zero (NRZ ) signaling
b) Polar nonreturn-to-zero (NRZ ) signaling
c) Unipolar return-to-zero (RZ ) signaling
d) Biploar return-to-zero (BRZ ) or
Alternate Mark Inversion (AMI) signaling
e) Split-phase (Manchester code)

Line Codes
Figure below (Figure 3.16 in Haykin) displays the individual power spectra for randomly
generated binary data of these line codes. For plotting these spectra:
1. Symbols 0 and 1 are equiprobable
2. The average power is normalized to unity and
3. The frequency f is normalized with respect to the bit rate 1/Tb.

Line Codes

Line Codes

Line Codes

Digital Modulation: Definition and Applications

(Reference: Digital Telephony by John C. Bellamy, Chapter 6)

Digital Modulation: Definition and Applications

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Digital Modulation: Classifications

Modulation of binary data or digital-to-analog modulation is the process of
changing one of the characteristics of an analog signal based on the information in a
digital signal (0s and 1s).When we vary any one of the characteristics [amplitude or
frequency or phase] of a high frequency analog carrier signal we create a different
version of that wave.
Three principal mechanisms for modulating digital data into an analog signal:
1. Amplitude modulation (AM) or amplitude shift keying (ASK),
2. Frequency Modulation (FM) or frequency shift keying (FSK) and
3. Phase Modulation (PM) or phase shift keying (PSK).
A fourth mechanism namely Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) has
evolved by combining ASK and PSK.

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Amplitude Modulation /ASK

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On-Off Keying (OOK)

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Frequency Modulation/ FSK

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Frequency Modulation/ FSK

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Frequency Modulation/ FSK

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Minimum Shift Keying (MSK)

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Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK)

Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK) is a modification of MSK (i.e. CPFSK with
h = 0.5). A filter used to reduce the bandwidth of a baseband pulse train prior to
modulation is called a pre-modulation filter. The Gaussian pre-modulation filter
smooths the phase trajectory of the MSK signal thus limiting the instantaneous
frequency variations. The result is an FM modulated signal with a much narrower
bandwidth.

Pulse shaping with

Gaussian LPF

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Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

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Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

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Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

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Bit rate and Baud Rate

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Problem:
Check 16-QAM and 32-QAM constellation diagram & time
waveform for a bit stream of 110001000101.
(Discussed in class, please check class lecture)

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Data transmission through Telephone Network

(Reference: Data Communications & Networking by B. A. Forouzan, Chapter 4 and 9)

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Data transmission through Telephone Network

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Data transmission through Telephone Network

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Data transmission through Telephone Network

Dial-up Modem
Traditional telephone lines can carry frequencies between 300 and 3300 Hz, giving them
a bandwidth of 3000 Hz. All this range is used for transmitting voice, where a great deal
of interference and distortion can be accepted without loss of intelligibility. As we have
seen, however, data signals require a higher degree of accuracy to ensure integrity. For
safety's sake, therefore, the edges of this range are not used for data communications.
In general, we can say that the signal bandwidth must be smaller than the cable
bandwidth. The effective bandwidth of a telephone line being used for data transmission
is 2400 Hz, covering the range from 600 to 3000 Hz. Note that today some telephone
lines are capable of handling greater bandwidth than traditional lines. However, modem
design is still based on traditional capability.

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Data transmission through Telephone Network

Dial-up Modem
The term modem is a composite word that refers to the two functional entities that
make up the device: a signal modulator and a signal demodulator. A modulator creates
a bandpass analog signal from binary data. A demodulator recovers the binary data
from the modulated signal.
Figure below shows the relationship of modems to a communications line. The
computer on the left sends a digital signal to the modulator portion of the modem; the
data are sent as an analog signal on the telephone lines. The modem on the right
receives the analog signal, demodulates it through its demodulator, and delivers data
to the computer on the right. The communication can be bidirectional, which means
the computer on the right can simultaneously send data to the computer on the left,
using the same modulation/demodulation processes. Today, many of the most popular
modems available are based on the V-series standards published by the ITU-T. We
discuss just the most recent series.

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Data transmission through Telephone Network

V.90 Modem
Traditional modems have a data rate limitation of 33.6 kbps, as determined by the
Shannon capacity. However, V.90 modems with a bit rate of 56,000 bps are available;
these are called 56K modems. These modems may be used only if one party is using
digital signaling (such as through an Internet provider). They are asymmetric in that the
downloading rate (flow of data from the Internet service provider to the PC) is a
maximum of 56 kbps, while the uploading rate (flow of data from the PC to the
Internet provider) can be a maximum of 33.6 kbps.
In uploading, the analog signal must still be sampled at the switching station. In this
direction, quantization noise is introduced into the signal, which reduces the SNR ratio
and limits the rate to 33.6 kbps.
However, there is no sampling in the downloading. The signal is not affected by
quantization noise and not subject to the Shannon capacity limitation. The maximum
data rate in the uploading direction is still 33.6 kbps, but the data rate in the
downloading direction is now 56 kbps.
One may wonder how we arrive at the 56-kbps figure. The telephone companies
sample 8000 times per second with 8 bits per sample. One of the bits in each sample is
used for control purposes, which means each sample is 7 bits. The rate is therefore
8000 x 7, or 56,000 bps or 56 kbps.

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Data transmission through Telephone Network

Traditional Modem

V.90 Modem

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Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)

After traditional modems reached their peak data rate, telephone companies
developed another technology, DSL, to provide higher-speed access to the Internet.
Digital subscriber line (DSL) technology is one of the most promising for supporting
high-speed digital communication over the existing local loops. DSL technology is a set
of technologies, each differing in the first letter (ADSL, VDSL, HDSL, and SDSL). The set
is often referred to as xDSL, where x can be replaced by A, V, H, or S.

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ADSL

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ADSL
Discrete Multi-tone Technique (DMT)

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ADSL
Discrete Multi-tone Technique (DMT)

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Other DSL Techniques

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