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Oxidation number
Color of solution
V
V3+
VO2+
VO2+
2+
3+
4+
5+
Purple
Green
Blue
Yellow
2+
Reactions of Copper
When exposed to air in presence of CO2 it oxidizes very slowly to
form a green film of basic copper (ii) carbonate. CuCO3.Cu(OH)2
Copper reacts with acids only under oxidizing conditions.
Copper does not react with HCl.
Copper reacts with dilute and concentrated nitric acid to form
blue crystalline solid copper (ii) nitrate.
Copper is oxidized much more rapidly with concentrated nitric
acid.
Ligands
For example:
Monodentate ligand donates one lone pair of electrons (eg:
aqua [hexa], amine [NH3].
[Cr(H2O)6]3+
Cr is the transition metal of the ion.
H2O is the ligand.
6 is the number of dative covalent bonds.
3+ is the charge of the complex.
To name this type of a complex:
Check the number of ligands.
Check the type of ligand.
Check the transition metal.
Check the charge.
If charge is positive then use real name of metal and if
negative, use the ion name of the metal.
The name of that complex would be hexa aqua chromium (iii) ion.
Co2+ - blue
For 2.
Chromium
Ion
2-
Cr2O7
(dichromate(iv))
CrO42-(chromate(iv))
Cr3+
Cr2+
Oxidation number
+6
Colour
Orange
+6
+3
+2
Yellow
Green
Blue
When zinc and HCl are added to CrO42- , color changes from yellow to
green to blue.
This is because zinc is a reducing agent.
REDOX TITRATIONS
KMnO4 and Fe2+
Fe2+ is oxidized to Fe3+
Fe2+ ----- Fe3+ + e MnO4- is reduced to Mn2+
MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e- ----- Mn2+ + 4H2O
Overall equation would be:
MnO4- + 8H+ + 5Fe2+ -------- Mn2+ + 4H2O + 5Fe3+
(purple)
(colourless)
(colourless)
(colorless)
(colorless)
Na2S2O3 and I2
S2O32- gets oxidized to S4O622S2O32- ---- S4O62- + 2e I2 gets reduced to II2 + 2e- ---- 2I Overall equation would be:
2S2O32- + I2 ------- S4O62- + 2I Iodine does not well dissolve in water and hence its dissolved in
potassium iodide.
A measured volume of iodine solution is pipetted into a conical
flask.
Sodium thiosulfate is added into the solution from the burette.
Iodine solution is yellow-brown in color.
It becomes colorless at end point.
But it is hard to identify when it is fully colorless.
So starch solution is added when iodine is very pale yellow in
color.
ClO- and I ClO- reduces to form ClClO- + 2H+ + 2e- ------ Cl- + H2O
I- is oxidized to form I2
2I- ----- I2 + 2e Overall equation would be:
ClO- + 2H+ + 2I- ------ Cl- + H2O + I2
ClO- is reacted with excess I- ions in potassium iodide.
The iodine formed makes the resulting solution have a yellow
brown color.
We can estimate the amount of I2 formed by titrating the
solution against a standardized solution of Na2S2O3.
Then we can determine the amount of ClO- present in a sample.
ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS
Benzene
Benzene is represented by:
Benzene burns with a yellow smoky flame. Its the test for
benzene.
Properties
Benzene has a planar hexagonal structure.
Benzene has a pi bonding electron cloud.
Cyclohexane
3. Reaction with halogens
Benzene undergoes addition reactions with bromine in the
presence of UV light.
Light is needed to break the bonds within a halogen to make free
radicals.
Reagent: Bromine
Condition: UV light
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 hexabromocyclohexane
7. Alkylation
This involves adding an alkyl group in a benzene ring.
Reagent: halogenoalkane
Catalyst: halogen carrier (AlCl3)
Benzene is fluxed with the reagent and the catalyst.
CH3+ is the electrophile.
8. Acylation
This is the reaction of benzene with an acyl chloride.
Reagent: acyl chloride.
Catalyst: AlCl3
Condition: heat.
Reactions of Phenols
1. With bromine water
Phenol in water must be added to bromine water.
Multi- electrophilic substitutions takes place.
No need of heating or halogen carrier.
Bromine is decolourised.
Product: 2,4,6- tribromophenol (white ppt with an antiseptic
smell)
2. With phenylamine