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Gas Exchange and Respiration - Animals

Write the word and balanced symbol equation for aerobic


respiration
Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy
C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6Co2 + 6H20
Write the word equation for anaerobic respiration in mammals
and yeast
(Yeast) Glucose = Carbon Dioxide + Ethanol
(Muscle) Glucose = Lactic Acid
List 3 differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration
Aerobic
Occurs in presence of oxygen
No lactic acid produced
High amounts of energy released
Reactants Glucose and Oxygen

Anaerobic
Occurs in absence of oxygen
Lactic Acid produced
Low amounts of energy released
Reactants Glucose Only

Label the diagram of the human gas exchange system.

Oesophagus

Explain how the


Larynx
intercostal
rib cage and
diaphragm work
Rib
to ventilate Cartilage
the
(using the idea of
in volume Alveoli
and
pressure).
Position
When you breathe
in:of

External intercostal
contractPleural
and internal
muscles contract,
upwards and outwards.
Pleural Fluid
muscle contracts,
diaphragm. Volume of
part
increases.Muscular
Pressure
in of
the
diaphragm
decreases. Atmospheric
into the lungs.

Trachea

muscles,
Left

together
lung
Bronchioles
changes
Internal
intercostal

muscles

External
intercostal
intercostal

pulling ribs
Diaphragm
Ribs
flattening
thorax
Fibrous
lungs part of
the diaphragm
air is drawn

When you breathe out:


External intercostal muscles relax and internal intercostal muscles contract, pulling
ribs downwards and inwards. Diaphragm muscles relaxes, creating a dome shape.
Volume of thorax decreases. Pressure in the lungs increases. This forces air out of the
lungs.

Explain how the alveoli is adapted for


efficient gas exchange
Short diffusion path of only two cell layers thick

Large surface area, and therefore more area for gas


exchange
Network of capillaries to transfer blood in and away
Well ventilated, maintenance of concentration

gradient
Flow of blood also maintains concentration gradient

Describe the exchange of gases between the alveoli and blood


capillaries
Carbon dioxide and oxygen diffuse because of a concentration gradient. The Co2
wants to diffuse into the lungs because there is a high amount of Co2 in the blood
capillaries. On the other hand, oxygen wants to diffuse into blood capillaries because
there is a high amount of oxygen in the lungs.

Smoking can cause severe damage to the lungs and surrounding


tissue. Using the key words describe the biological
consequences of smoking on the lungs.
Key Words: Carbon Monoxide, Carcinogen, Bronchitis,
Emphysema, Cancer
Carbon Monoxide
Enters bloodstream and interferes with the ability of the blood to carry oxygen.
Oxygen is carried around in the blood in the red blood cells, attached to a chemical
called haemoglobin. Carbon monoxide can combine more tightly with the
haemoglobin than oxygen. The blood then carries less oxygen around the body.
Carcinogen
Chemical known to cause cancer contained in Tar. Accumulates in smoker lungs and
damages them. Also rots the teeth. Cancerous mutations to the lungs.
Bronchitis - Smoking removes cilia which keep the lungs clean. Bronchitis blocks
normal air flow, so the sufferer has difficulty breathing properly.
Emphysema
Damages wall of alveoli, forming engulfed irregular air spaces. Greatly reduces
surface area for gas exchange. Carries less oxygen in blood.

Gas Exchange and Respiration Plants

Describe and explain the exchange of gases within a leaf during


the day
During the day, there is sunlight so the plants are photosynthesising. Therefore they
are taking in carbon dioxide, needed for photosynthesis and producing oxygen out.
Therefore there are low amounts of carbon dioxide and high amounts of oxygen.
However, at night this changes. There is no sunlight, so instead the rate of respiration
is faster so they are respiring more and taking in oxygen leaving low amounts of
oxygen in air.

The graph below shows the relative rate of photosynthesis and


respiration across the course of the day. Identify the line that
represents each process and explain the changes using the graph
and supporting data.

The tube with the leaf in light represents the red line. This is because during the day,
there is sunlight so photosynthesis is being produced. You can see at midday,
photosynthesis is at its peak, as this is time where there is the strongest sunlight. You
cans see at end of experiment, that its purple because lot of co2 was used and
therefore low concentrations of co2 around test tube. The colour is yellow because not
a lot of co2 is being used up and therefore high concentrations of co2 in tube.
The tube with the leaf in the dark represents blue line because there no light, so
therefore photosynthesis cannot take place and you can see that photosynthesis is
constant and not much is being produced.
The tube with the leaf in dim light represents blue because both photosynthesis and
respiration are happening at same rate since dim light, hence normal levels of co2 in
air. No net movement.
The tube with the leaf being controlled also represents blue light, since it being
controlled and limited to amount of photosynthesis being produced.

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