Section 2 - Mechanical and Technological Tests

3.1

Yield strength ReH

Generally, the upper yield point ReH [N/mm2] has to be

determined. This corresponds to the maximum stress
preceding the initial drop in tensile load as the
elongation increases. For determining the yield point at
room temperature, the rate at which the stress is
increased shall be not be less than 6 N/mm2 per second
and may not exceed 30 N/mm2 per second for steel. For
non-ferrous metals the rate at which the stress is
increased shall not be less than 2 N/mm2 per second and
may not exceed 10 N/mm2 per second. The test result
shall be stated accurate to 1 N/mm2.

2-5

The result of the test shall be stated to an accuracy of

0,5 %. If the elongation is not determined using short
proportional test specimens, then the gauge length [mm]
shall be stated in the test certificate, e.g. A 200mm =
elongation for initial gauge length L o = 200 mm.
3.5

Reduction in area Z [%]

The reduction in area at fracture Z [%] shall be

determined only where this is called for in the following
sections of the Rules for Materials.
Z

3.2

D, E

Proof stress Rp

So S u
So

100 %

In the case of materials without a marked yield point,

the proof stress Rp [N/mm2] shall be determined.
Generally, the 0,2 % proof stress Rp0,2 shall be specified.
For austenitic steels as well as austenitc-ferritic
(=duplex) steels, the 1 % proof stress Rp1,0 may be stated
inst ad of, or in addition to, Rp0,2. The rate of loading
and the indication of the results shall be as stated in 3.1.

The test result shall be stated to an accuracy of 1 %.

3.3

1.1
As specified for the product in question, notched
bar impact tests are to be performed either on Charpy Vnotch specimens to ISO 148 (EN 10045 Part1), or on
Charpy U-notch specimens to ISO 83 (EN 10045
Part 1), see Figures 2.5 and 2.6.

Tensile strength Rm

In determining the tensile strength Rm [N/mm2], the rate

of elongation, once the yield point or proof stress has
been passed, shall not with ductile materials exceed a
maximum of 40 % per min.. With brittle materials, e.g.
grey cast iron, the rate of stress increase may not exceed
2,5 N/mm2 per second. The test result shall be stated
accurate to 1 N/mm2.
Elongation A

It not otherwise stated, this relates to short proportional

S o and then is named

as A [%]. For test specimens whose gauge length bears a

different relationship to the crosssection of the test
specimen, the required elongation Ar shall comply either
with the minimum values specified for the products in
question (e.g. for a gauge length Lo = 200 mm), or with
the minimum value calculated by applying the following
formula:

Ar 2 . A .

So
Lo

The longitudinal axis of the notch shall be made

perpendicular to the surface of the product.
2.

Dimensions of test specimens

Test specimens shall be machined to the dimensions

shown in Figure 2.5 or 2.6 and those stated in Table2.2.
The data given in Table 2.2 should be regarded as being
the permitted tolerances for the specimen dimensions.

25

This conversion formula may only be used for ferritic

steels with a strength of 700 N/mm2 which have not
been cold formed, see also ISO 2566.

55

10

45o

Fig. 2.5 Charpy V-notch specimen

10
10

55

The value for the elongation is valid if the distance of

the fracture from the gauge marks is at least 1,25 times
the diameter for round tensile specimens or at least the
sum of the width and the thickness in the case of flat
tensile specimens.

r = 0,25

test specimens with Lo = 5,65

1.2
Unless otherwise agreed, for products with a
thickness of < 10 mm smaller dimension specimens with
a specimen width of 7,5 or 5 mm are to be tested. In the
case of products with thicknesses of < 6 mm, the
notched bar impact test is generally not required.

10

3.4

E.
Notched Bar Impact Tests
D, E
1.
General

Fig. 2.6 Charpy U-notch specimen

2-6

Table 2.2

Section 2 - Mechanical and Technological Tests

Permitted tolerances of specimen dimensions

V notch specimen

U notch specimen

Dimensions
Normal size

Tolerance

Normal size

Tolerance

Length of specimen
Thickness of specimen

55 mm
10 mm

0,60 mm
0,06 mm

55 mm
10 mm

0,60 mm
0,11 mm

Width of specimen

Normal specimen

Sub-size specimen

Sub-size specimen

10 mm
7,5 mm
5 mm

0,11 mm
0,11 mm
0,06 mm

10 mm
-----

0,11 mm
-----

45

---

---

8 mm

0,06 mm

5 mm

0,09 mm

Notch radius

0,25 mm

0,025 mm

1 mm

0,07 mm

Distance of notch centre from ends of

specimen1)

27,5 mm

0,42 mm

27,5 mm

0,42 mm

Angle between plane of symmetry of notch

and longitudinal axis

90

90

Angle between adjacent longitudinal faces

90

90

Notch angle
Thickness at base of notch

1) For pendulum impact testing machines which have automatic specimen positioning, a tolerance of 0,165 is recommended rather than 0,42 .

3.
Test machine
E
Wherever possible, use shall be made of a pendulum
impact testing machine with an impact energy of 450 J
or 300 J (in any case not less than 150 J) and an impact
velocity of 5 to 5,5 m/s. The test arrangement is shown
in Figure 2.7, with the characteristic quantities of the
test machine being given in Table 2.3.

Table 2.3

Characteristic quantities of test machine

Dimension

Clear spacing between supports

Radius of curvature of supports

55

Fig. 2.7 Notched bar impact test

0 , 2
0

0, 5
0

11 1

Angle of peen wedge

30 1

Radius of curvature of peen cutter

2 mm

Maximum thickness of pendulum

face

18 mm

Striking velocity of pendulum

Angle between supports and
bearing

40

40 mm
1 mm

Undercut of supports

30
2 2,5 mm

Requirement

0 , 5
0

5 to 5,5 m/s 1)
90 0,1

1) For pendulum impact test machines built before 1983 a value of

4,5 to 7 m/s may be agreed.

Section 2 - Mechanical and Technological Tests

4.

Performance of test

4.1
Impact tests using U-notch specimens should
generally be performed at room temperature (23
5)C. Impact tests on V-notch specimens shall be
performed at room temperature or at a lower test
temperature, according to specification. With test
temperatures below room temperature, the temperatures
of the specimens are to be carefully checked. At the
moment of fracture they may not vary from the
prescribed test temperature by more than 2C. If the
specimens are cooled by placing them in a bath, they
shall remain there for at least ten minutes.

The dimensions of the pipe section, the distance H

between the flattening plates as well as the position of
the welding joint are to be stated.

KV for a V-notch specimen

5.

Determination of test results

b
H

KU for a U-notch specimen

2-7

flattened to the prescribed distance, is free from cracks

and did not fracture.

4.2
A test is regarded as being performed under
normal conditions when the working capacity of the
pendulum impact test machine is (300 10) J and when
a standard specimen is used. The following
abbreviations are assigned to the notch impact energy
value which is established under these conditions:

E, F

b/2

Fig. 2.8 Pipe flattening test

Examples of applicable standards:
EN 10233 Pipe Flattening Test or ISO 8492

5.1
Using the symbols shown below, the energy
absorbed by the impact shall be normally stated in
joules (J), accurately rounded to 1 J.
Where the test is conducted other than at room
temperature, this shall also be stated.
5.2
If required, the crystalline proportion of the
fracture surface and/or the lateral expansion at the point
of fracture shall also be determined.

2.

Ring expanding test

2.1 To perform this test, sections of pipe measuring

10 to 16 mm in length L are expanded to the prescribed
diameter C or until fracture occurs using a drift with a
taper of about 1:5. Where necessary, more than one test
shall be performed with drifts of increasing diameter.
The superimposition of several specimens of the same
size and steel grade is permitted, see Figure 2.9.

The crystalline proportion of the fracture surface shall

then be estimated and expressed as a percentage of the
total area of the fracture. The lateral expansion shall be
measured to an accuracy of 0,01 mm on the side
opposite the notch (see also DIN 50115 and
ASTM A 370).

F.
E, F
1.

Technological Tests on Pipes

Pipe flattening test

1.1
To perform this test, a section of pipe equal in
length to 1,5 times the pipe diameter, but not less than
10 mm and not more than 100 mm, is flattened between
two plates to the prescribed distance H see Section 5,
A.8.5 or until fracture occurs, see Figure 2.8. In the case
of welded pipes, the specimen shall be placed in the
press in such a manner that the seam is set at 90 to the
direction of the pressure, unless agreed otherwise.
1.2
After the test, the specimens shall be thoroughly
examined for defects with normal visual acuity. The test
shall be satisfactory if the specimen, having been

D max - D min
1: 5
K
Fig. 2.9 Ring expanding test