KT QU HC TP 1:

CC PHN T IU KHIN
A. Muc ch:
Sau khi hoc xong bai nay cac ban hieu c mot
so van e sau:
- Nam c cau tao nguyen ly lam viec mot so loai
kh cu ien thong dung
- Nam c ng dung cua tng loai kh cu ien
- Phan loai cac kh cu ien ieu khien va cac loai kh
cu ien bao ve
B. Noi dung:
Cc phn t iu khin T l cc phn t tham gia vo mch T vi chc
nng iu khin hoc bo v. iu khin c th bng tay hay t ng; mt phn t iu
khin c th ch gi mt chc nng hoc iu khin, hoc bo v hoc gi c hai chc
nng.
1.Cc phn t bo v:
1.1 Cu ch (cu chy) :
L phn t dng bo v cho thit b in trnh khi s c ngn mch (on
mch, chp mch).
B phn c bn ca cu chy l dy chy, n thng lm bng cc cht c
nhit nng chy thp.
Vi mch c cng dng in ln, dy chy c th lm bng cht c nhit
nng chy cao, nhng tit din nh thch hp.
Dy chy thng l dy ch tit din trn hoc bng cc l ch, km, hp kim
ch thic, nhm hay ng c dp, ct theo cc hnh dng khc nhau.
Dy chy c kp cht vo cu chy bng vt.
Cu chy thng c np cch in trnh h quang bn tung te ra xung
quanh khi dy chy t.
cu chy bo v c i tng cn bo v vi mt dng in no trong
mch, dy chy phi chy t trc khi i tng b ph hy.
Tr s dng in m dy chy b chy t c gi l dng in gii hn.
Nh vy cn c dng in gii hn ln hn dng nh mc: (I gh > Im)
dy chy khng b t khi lm vic vi dng nh mc.
Thng thng, i vi dy chy ch th:

Dy chy hp kim ch thit:

Dy chy ng:

I
I

gh

I
I

gh

I
I

gh

1,25 1,45

dm

1,15

dm

1,6 2

dm

Cu ch trong k thut c nhiu dng, kiu khc nhau, nhng nguyn l lm vic
hon ton ging nhau:
- Cu ch loi xoy, thng lp t in.
1

Cu ch loi kp, thng lp cc mng mch iu khin.

C day chay chu dong ien toi a:

Cng o dong ien tac
ng
ong lam chay day
knh
day
Day ch
Day
Day
chay
thiec
ch
nhom
(mm)
(A)
(A)
(A)
0,3
5
0,4
8
1,8
2
0,5
12
2,5
3
0,7
20
4
5
1,0
35
7
8,5
1,2
42
12,5
14
1,5
60
2,0
85

1. Cac dang cau ch:

- Cau ch hop
- Cau ch ong
- Cau ch uoi xoan oc
moi han
lo
- Cau ch ngoai tri
ch
xo
- Cau ch no cham
2. Cau tao nguyen ly lam viec cau ch no cham:
Cau tao gom day ong noi vi lo xo c keo cang
va mot au day ong c noi han ch au ong kia nh
hnh ve. Cong dung cua cau ch loai nay dung bao ve cho
ong c. Khi khi ong dong khi ong cua ong c ln
hn dong ien nh mc cua ong c t 5 en 7 lan dong
ien nh mc. Neu dung cau ch thng th cau ch se no
ngat mach ien ngay luc ong c khi ong. Nhng dung
cau ch no cham, do thi gian khi ong cua ong c ngan
nen khong u nhiet lng lam nong chay moi han ch.
Ch khi nao ong c b lam viec qua tai th cau ch mi
no.
1.2. Mot so loai rle:
Rle thc chat la mot cong tac ien t, khi cuon day
cua rle co ien no se hut tiep iem ong kn mach. Cac
loai rle c s dung e ieu khien cac thiet b nh: may
giat, thang may, thiet b bao goi, en xi nhan cho oto, may
ien thoai,
* u iem:
- Thch hp vi viec ieu khien t xa.
- No co the nh c cac lenh chuyen mach.
- Mach ieu khien va mach lam viec cach ly nhau ve
ien.
2

- Vi mot dong ieu khien nho no co the ieu khien

mot dong tai ln.
Co nhng loai rle sau khi an nut khi ong th cong tac
cua rle se t gi v tr ong mach mat dau nut nhan
a tr ve v tr ban au (h.1.2.3). Cong tac K 1 trong hnh 1.2.3
c goi la cong tac t gi. Trong trng hp nay no c
noi song song vi nut an khi ong.
Rle lam cham viec ong h mach:
Cac cuon day cua rle c noi song song vi cac tu
ien, loai nay c s dung trong cac mach en xi nhan
(h.1.2.4)
Thiet b bao ong (h.1.2.5): Phan ln cac thiet b bao
ong c cau tao t cac rle, mach bao ong khong noi
trc tiep vi ien ap nguon e am bao an toan cho
ngi s dung, ma c noi vi mot nguon pin nh hnh
ve.
Hoat ong cua mach: Khi khi ong S1, coi H1 se keu.
Khi ong S2, cuon day K2 co ien va cong tac t gi
se noi k1 vi nguon ein ap; en H2 sang
la lng
1. Rle nhit:
kim
L kh c dng bo v cc thit b in
(ng c) khi b qa ti
Dng in lm vic vi vi trm ampe,
in p mt chiu ti 440V, in p xoay
ien tr lo
chiu ti 500V, tn s 50Hz.
xo
c thiet ke da tren c s s dan n
cua la lng kim khi hap thu nhiet nang.

Nguyn l:
Khi dng in ph ti chy qua, phn t t nng s nng ln v ta nhit ra xung
quanh, bng kp h h nng s cong ln.
Rle nhiet con ng dung co tac ong ieu nhiet lam
on nh nhiet o nh rle nhiet trong ban la, bep ien...
2. R le ien t:
mach t ong
a. Cau tao:
Lo xo ong nha mach

cuon day
vong ngan mach

mach t tnh

He thong mach t va cuon day: la bo phan chu

yeu, co cuon day c lap at mach t co nh, nhan
dong ien e tao ra lc tac ong hut mach t di ong
lam ong mach cac tiep iem dan ien mach chnh.
3


He thong tiep iem: bao gom cac tiep iem
mach chnh va cac tiep iem phu cho mach ieu khien. Cac
tiep iem c cach ien oc lap va gan chat len mach
t di ong co loxo em e bao am cac tiep iem di
ong tiep xuc tot vi tiep iem co nh.

C cau truyen ong he thong tiep iem: bao gom

gia mang cac tiep iem di ong, loxo nha mach e ay
bat tiep iem h mach tr ve v tr ban au.

Buong dap ho quang: oi vi cac loai rle ien t

co cong suat ln can phai co buong dap ho quang, e
de triet tieu tia la trong qua trnh cac tiep iem h mach,
e tranh cac be mat cac mat vt cua tiep iem khong b
ro mat gay tiep xuc xau.
b. Nguyen ly lam viec : giong nh nguyen ly lam viec
5
6
cua cong tac t.
3. Rle dong ien va rle ien ap:
Rle la kh cu ien thng gap
trong mach ien ieu khien e t ong
ong, cat, khong che hoac bao ve mach ien.
2
a. Rle ien ap: c s dung e bao1 ve
l
4
qua ien ap hoac t ong cat ien khi ien
ap thap di mc qui nh.
b. Rle dong ien: thng c dung e bao
Nguyen ly cau tao cua rle
ve qua tai hoac bao ve ngan mach.
ien ap
* Cau tao cua hai loai rle nay nh hnh ve. Cuon day (1)
c quan tren loi thep e sinh ra lc hut ien t lam cho
nap (2) chuyen ong.(4) loxo e keo nap 5, 6 la tiep
iem.
* Nguyen ly lam viec :
Khi cha co ien vao cuon day nh loxo (4) nen nap
ong (2) luon nha ra
lam cho cac tiep iem (5) luon trang thai m con tiep
iem (6) ong. Khi co tn hieu
ien vao cuon day th nap (2) b hut, tiep iem (5) ong
con tiep iem (6) m ra.
Neu rle ien ap th cuon day c quan bang day
ien t c nho, nhieu vong. Con rle dong ien th cuon
day quan c day ln t vong.
4. Rle trung gian:
Cac loai rle s dung trong mach ieu khien, mach
ien bao ve, kiem soat thng co cong suat nho, ch tai
dong ien khong qua 5A c goi la rle trung gian.
Ve cau tao rat n gian gom co cac tiep iem
(thng h va thng ong) va cuon day chu ien ap.
Rle trung gian c san xuat gom 2 loai.
- Rle trung gian 1 chieu s dung nguon mot chieu vi
ien ap 6, 12, 24, 28V...va tren cuon day co ghi tr so ien
4

tr cua cuon day thong thng t vai tram omh en vai

ngan omh.
- Rle xoay chieu s dung nguon ien xoay chieu vi
ien ap 100, 110, 220V.
5. Rle toc o:
a. Cau tao:

truc rle toc o(noi ong truc vi truc

cua ong c
nam cham vnh cu hnh tru tron
N
S

truc quay t do
cac thanh dan khep mach(giong nh roto
long soc)
can tiep iem ong
6,7: he thong tiep iem
8,9: lo xo la

La loai rle li 7dung lc 6ly tam e tac ong ong hay

9
8
m tiep iem. Nh
the on
nh c toc o quay cua
ong c hoac ng dung lam cong tac t ong ngat mach
pha e sau khi ong c 1 pha a khi ong.
C cau cua loai rle toc o hay con goi la cong tac ly
tam gom co: 1 he thong c kh gan chat tren trruc quay
cua ong c va 1 bo cong tac lap co nh nap vo
may.
b. Nguyen ly lam viec:
Khi ong c khi ong quay tang dan, th lc ly tam
xuat hien tac ong len 2 mieng sat, nhng cha u lc
thang lc can cua loxo. en thi iem toc o quay ong
c gan at nh mc, th bay gi lc ly tam at en tr so
ln hn lc can cua loxo, nen keo lui mieng php cach
ien ra, khong e tiep iem na. Tiep iem ong c t
do nen nha mach, cat dong ien ra khoi pha e:
Khi ong c cho ngng quay th toc o quay giam xuong,
loxo keo he thong tr ve v tr ban au, mieng php lai e
tiep iem ong tiep xuc vi tiep iem co nh, ong
mach lai, chuan b t the cho cuon e hoat ong lan
khi ong sau.
6. Rle thi gian:
tiep
a. Rle thi gian c kh:
iem
num chon thi gian

lo xo
cam ieu khien

Chu yeu ieu khien la bo nen loxo la lam hoat ong

he thong banh rang giam toc, khi ta len day cot loxo la
e tch tr nang lng.
Khi hoat ong, truc cam xoay cham e tac ong ong hay
m tiep iem ien cham. Nh cam ieu khien, ma co
the cho phep s chuyen mach tuan hoan theo chu ky ong,
m trong thi gian rle hoat ong nh hnh ve.
Loai rle nay ch cho phep lam cham thi gian hoat
ong khoang 1 gi va thng c s dung trong mach
ieu khien cua quat ban, may giat....
en R
b. Rle thi gian ieu khien bang ong
bao c:
COLL

2
1

1
6

8
5
Cau tao gom mot ong c ien nho dung chuyen ong
he thong banh rang giam
toc, e ieu khien cac tiep iem cong tac ien hoat
ong cham do ket hp vi
cuon day hut cac tiep iem nh hnh ve.
Khi cho ien vao, cuon day cua rle co ien tao lc hut
cac tiep iem, nhng cac tiep iem cha hoat ong c, v
b chon chan can lai, cung luc o dong ien qua tiep
iem thng ong cung cap cho ong c be hoat ong,
lam chuyen ong he thong banh rang, xoay truc tac ong
quay cham. en khi can cam tac ong m chot chan, th
tc khac cac tiep iem thi gian hoat ong va ong thi
tiep iem thng ong m, cat dong ien cung cap lam
ong c ngng hoat ong.
Tiep iem 1 3 v tr ong mach ngay khi cuon day
rle co ien, thi gian tac ong cham cua rle loai nay
khoang 1 giay en vai gi.
c. Rle thi gian loai pt tong:
cuon
day hut
loi
thep

lo thoat
khong
pt - kh
tong
thuy
ngan

66

55

67

56

F=
mg
1 3
2

C cau rle loai nay gom 1 cuon day khi co ien tac
ong hut loi sat co lien ket vi mot pt tong hut ay
khong kh, e ieu khien m cham tiep iem thuy ngan.
Khi hoat ong cuon day tac ong hut loi sat lam tiep
iem trong bong cha thuy ngan noi mach dan ien va
ong thi cat ngay dong ien qua cuon day. Nen cuon
day khong tao lc hut na, nhng loi sat khong tr ve
trang thai ban au ngay, v b khong kh trong pt tong cho
en khi bong cha thuy ngan b nghieng lech ve v tr ban
au ngat mach.
Thi gian tr hoan cua cong tac nay khoang vai chuc
phut. Hien nay rle nay c san xuat rat gon va chnh
xac.
d. Rle thi gian ieu khien bang mach ien t:

D4

+
100mF
3K3

1K

_
D2

D3

TR2

RLY

6,8v

4
3

TR3

TR1
1K
D1
5,6v

TR4

25K

1K

1K

4,7K

7
C cau cua loai rle nay bao gom he thong tiep iem
c ieu khien bi mach ien t, loai mach thi gian.
Mach ien tren hnh ve trnh bay nguyen ly lam viec
cua mach tre thi gian n gian nh sau:
Khi at nguon ien vao chau 2 7 dong ien xoay chieu
c chnh lu nh diode D4 va giam the qua R con rat
thap. TR1 hoat ong dan dong ien nap vao tu C = 100F.
Cac transistor TR2, TR3, TR4 ngng dan. Khi tu a nap ay en
7,4V th D2 dan lam cac TR2, TR3,TR4 dan tac ong dan dong
ien qua cuon day rle RLY hoat ong hut tiep iem lam
ong mach tiep iem 1 3 nha tiep iem 1 4. Thi gian
ong cham cua rle tuy thuoc vao bien tr 25K.
7

Ta co: t = R.C
V vay, muon thay oi thi gian hoat ong ong m cac
tiep iem phai chnh bien tr va ben ngoai ni num xoay
bien tr co chia vach thi gian.
Loai rle thi gian mach ien t rat chnh xac nen co
the c thiet ke t giay en hang tram giay.
6

tiep
6
iem
thi gian
8

tiep
3 iem
1 ong
ngay

220V
S O CHAN
1.3. Cau dao va ao ien:

1. Cau dao:
La kh cu ien dung e ieu khien ong m mach
ien trc tiep bang tay ng day chnh, chu tai dong
ien ln va co cau ch bao ve s co khi co hien tng
chap mach hoac qua tai. Cau dao c san xuat 2 cc
hoac 3 cc, co cau ch bao ve, phan e lam bang s
gan cac coc noi va dao tiep ien, pha tren la cac phan
chan bang chat PVC e am bao an toan cho ngi s
dung.
2. ao ien:
8

La loai cau dao co hai hng, c san xuat loai hai cc

va 3 cc khong co cau ch bao ve. ng dung cua ao
ien dung e lay ien hai nguon khac nhau, ao chieu
quay ong c. oi vi tai co dong ien ln nen s dung
tu ien e am bao an toan cho ngi s dung tranh tia
ho quang phong ra khi co s co xay ra.
a. Ky hieu:

1 pha
3 pha
b. ng dung 3pha
cua ao ien:

MF

1pha

TAI

Ph
u
ta
i

P
N
C
D

ao ien
3 pha

OUTP
UTT

1
1.4. Ap - to - mat:
INPU
1. Khai niem:
T
La loai kh cu ien dung ieu khien ong m mach ien
6
5 co bo bao ve
2
ON
trc tiep bang tay
nh cau
dao, nhng
OFFgiong
AP
qua dong t ong ngat
mach nhanh khi b qua tai hoac b
chap mach. Nh the tranh cho thiet b ien khoi b hong,
Hnh . b
ng day dan khoi b chay.
3
ON
2
OFF

Hnh .
a

1
Hnh. c

a.
b.
c.

Hnh dang ben ngoai cua Aptomat

Aptomat dong ien cc ai
Aptomat ien ap thap

2. Nguyen ly lam viec:

Tren hnh b khi mach ien qua tai hay ngan mach,
nam cham ien 2 se hut phan ng 4 xuong lam nha moc
1, can 5 c t do, ket qua cac tiep iem cua aptomat
c m ra di tac dung cua lc lo xo 6, mach ien b
nhat.

Tren hnh b khi sut ap qua mc, nam cham ien 1

se nha phan ng 6 lam nha moc 2, do o cac tiep iem
cua aptomat cung c m ra di tac dung cua lc lo
xo 4, mach ien b cat.
3. Cach la chon aptomat:
Chu yeu da vao:
Dong ien tnh toan i trong mach
Dong ien qua tai
Tnh thao tac co chon loc
Ngoai ra la chon aptomat con phai can c vao
ac tnh lam viec cua phu tai, aptomat khong c
phep cat khi co qua tai ngan han thng xay ra trong
ieu kien lam viec bnh thng nh khi ong, dong ien
nh trong o th phu tai cong nghe.
Yeu cau chung la dong nh mc cua moc bao ve
aptomat khong c nho hn dong ien tnh toan. I aptomat
Itt
Tuy theo ac tnh, ac iem lam viec cu the cua phu
tai thng chon dong nh mc cua moc bao ve bang
125% 150% hay ln hn na so vi dong ien tnh toan.
1.5. Nam cham ien:
1. Khai niem chung:
Trong ky thuat ien cong nghiep ngi ta thng dung
nhieu en nam cham .
Nam cham vnh cu, lam bang vat kieu sat t cng,
co t d va lc gi t ln.
Nam cham ien co loi lam bang vat lieu co o t
tham ln, c t hoa bi dong ien i qua cuon day
quan tren loi thep. Vat lieu sat t chia lam 3 loai:
10

- Loai sat t mem co lc gi t nho, o t tham

tng oi ln. ng cong t tre hep nen ton hao t tre
be. Sat t mem thng dung lam mach t cho may ien,
thiet b ien xoay chieu va mot chieu, mot so vat lieu
thuoc loai nay nh gang, cac thep ky thuat ien, thep
Pecmaloi( hp kim cua sat t t 30 85% Ni, co o t
tham gap 5 50 loai thep ky thuat ien) lc gi t rat
nho, khoang 0,02A/cm.
- Loai sat t cng co t d va lc gi t ln, thng
dung lam nam cham vnh cu.
- Loai t ien moi la loai co tnh chat trung gian gia
vat lieu sat t va khong sat t. T ien moi lam bang
bot sat t co o t tham ln.
2. Khai niem ve nam cham ien:
Nam cham ien la mot bo phan rat quang trong
cua kh cu ien, c dung pho bien oi ien nang ra c
nang trong kh cu ien. Nam cham ien con s dung rong
rai nhieu lnh vc khac nhau nh t ong hoa, cac loai
rle, cong tac t...
Trong cong nghiep, thng c che tao dung cau
truc e nang cac thep tam, trong truyen ong ien, c
dung trong cac bo ly hp, cac van ien t, trong sinh hoat
thng thay chuong ien, loa ien, noi cm ien....
Nam cham ien gom 2 bo phan chnh:
- Cuon day (phan ien).
- Mach t

F
S
N
S

H.a.Nam cham ien hnh H.b. Phan tch lc hut

ch U nap hut
thang
Thc te ta thng gap 2 loai
sau:

cua cuon day

nam cham ien

Loai co nap chuyen ong: gom cuon day, loi sat

t va nap (H.a).
Khi co dong ien chay trong cuon day, se sinh lc hut
ien t va hut nap ve pha loi. Khi cat ien, lc hut mat,
nap nha.
11

 Loai khong co nap: gom cuon day va loi sat t.

oi vi loai nay, cac vat lieu sat, thep can hut c xem
la nap.
Viec tnh toan nam cham ien rat phc tap, nen ta
ch can e cap en cac c cau ien t hay gap nhieu
kh cu ien. Khi cho dong ien vao cuon day se sinh ra t
trng, t thong xuyen qua vat lieu sat t theo ng
khep kn. Cho t thong i ra la cc bac (N) cho i vao la
cc nam (S). Ta thay cc tnh cua vat lieu sat t khac dau
vi cc tnh cua cuon day. Neu oi chieu dong ien trong
cuon day th t trng se oi chieu vat lieu sat t van
co cc tnh khac dau vi cuon day, ket qua van b hut
vao cuon day. V vay, khi loi t mang cuon day co dong
ien (ke ca dong xoay chieu) t trng se lam cho nap b
t hoa va hut nap ve pha loi.
1.6. Cong tac t va khi ong t:
1.
Cong tac t:
a. Cau tao:
Mach t
ong
Cuon day
Mach t
tnh

Cong tac t la mot cong tac ien t khi ong t xa, s

dung cho nhng mach co cong suat ln. No co nguyen ly
giong nh rle va luon luon co hai mach ien rieng biet:
Mach ieu khien va mach ong lc. Tuy theo nhiem vu va
cong suat cua mach ma ngi ta phan biet lam hai loai:
Thiet b chnh (mach ong lc cho tai) va thiet b phu (mach
ieu khien). Thiet b ieu khien c ng dung trong cong
nghiep ch e ieu khien mot so cac thiet b khac, no
co kch thc nho hn cac cong tac t dung trong mach
ong lc.
He thong mach t: mach t co nh va mach t di
ong va cuon day
He thong tiep iem: gom tiep iem co nh va
tiep iem di ong
C cau truyen ong he thong tiep iem: gia mang
tiep iem di ong, lo xo nha mach hoac nh khoi lng
mach t di ong.
12

Buong dap ho quang

b. Nguyen ly lam viec:

ON

OFF

Khi co dong ien qua cuon day lap at loi mach

t co nh, th cuon day tao ra t lc hut mach t di ong,
v do lc hut ln hn lc can cua loxo nen cac tiep iem
ong mach dan dong ien i qua thiet b ien (ong c
lam viec)
Muon cat mach, ch an OFF th dong ien qua cuon
day b ngat ay cac tiep ra cat dong ien va ong c.
c. Phan loai:
Tuy theo nguon ien cung cap cho cong tac t hoat ong
ma thiet ke cho phu hp nen thng gap 2 loai cong tac
t:
- Cong tac to xoay chiei 1 pha va 3 pha
- Cong tac t mot chieu
2. Khi ong t: tng t nh cong tac t nhng them
bo r le nhiet (OVERLOAD) e bao ve qua tai ong c.
Bo bao ve qua tai (OVERLOAD):
Nhiem vu cua bo bao ve qua tai la khi dong ien
chay qua mach chnh dan en mach tieu thu, vt qua dong
ien nh mc, th r le nhiet trong bo bao ve qua tai nay
se tac ong lam m tiep iem phu cat dong ien cung
cap vao cuon day khi ong t. Do o khi ong t
ngng lam viec, cat dong ien 3 pha mach chnh khong cung
cap ien cho mach tieu thu.
1.7. Dung cu ly hp ien t:

Trong may cong cu, may cat kim loai, ly hp

ien t e hut, nha cac banh rang hop 5giam
toc
6
7
e thay oi toc o, thay oi chieu quay, ong cat
bo phan lam viec bang ien mot cachMnhe nhang,
tranh c nhng thao tac nang ne bang tay gat cX
kh. Co the thao tac c trong luc ong c ien
van quay.
Hnh ve ben la nguyen ly cua ly hp ien t
1 a bo tr trong hop giam toc dung e thay Xoi chieu
quay cua may M trong trng hp ong c van
2

ch quay mot chieu.

Ly hp ien t co hai na ging nhau, moi na

6 5
/

X
4
X
3

Nguyen ly cua ly hp
ien t 1 a

13

co gong t 5 va cuon day 6 lap trn tren truc 8. ong c

quay theo mot chieu nhat nh nen hai banh rang 2 va 3
cung quay cung chieu.
Qua banh rang 2, na trai cua ly hp ien t quay
theo chieu thuan va qua banh rang 3 va 4 na phai quay
theo chieu ngc.
Khi cuon day 6 ( na trai ) c tiep ien mot chieu
th no se t hut sat vi a 7 (a 7 lap co nh vi truc 8)
va lam cho truc may M (8) quay theo chieu thuan.
Neu muon oi chieu quay cua may ta oi chieu cap
ien vao cuon day 6 t na trai sang na phai th truc M
se quay theo chieu nhc lai.
Ngoai ly hp ien t 1 a nh hnh ve, ngi ta con
che tao ly hp ien t nhieu a va c dung trong cac
hop bien toc e oi cap toc .

KET QUA HOC TAP 2

PHAN TCH, GIAI THCH CAC MACH IEN C BAN
IEU KHIEN ONG C
2.1. MOT SO MACH IEN IEU KHIEN TRC

TIEP ONG C.
Hiu c cac nguyen tac t ong khong che
Nam c cac s o nguyen ly m may va ao
chieu quay ong c trc tiep bang khi ong t.
Nam c cac s o nguyen ly lam viec t ong
gii han hanh trnh va ao chieu quay.
Nam c cac s o nguyen ly m may gian tiep
cac ong c khong ong bo ba pha.
T ong m may ong c bang phng phap oi noi
sao / tam giac dung rle thi gian.
2.1.1. Khai niem ve cac nguyen tac t ong khong
che:
Muon may cong nghiep lam viec vi nang suat cao,
chat lng san pham tot phai thc hien ung qui trnh
cong nghe va bao am an toan, nhat thiet phai ap dung
t ong hoa.
Chng nay khao sat mot so nguyen tac pho bien
ve khong che t ong dung khi ong t va rle thi
gian, xet ky ve nguyen ly lam viec va cong dung thc te.
Co the chia nhng nguyen tac t ong khong che ra nh
sau:
1. T ong khong che cac truyen ong ien theo hanh
trnh:
ay la mot dang t ong hoa c s dung dung
nhieu tuy mc, chnh xac khong cao lam nhng n gian nen
-

14

c ng dung pho bien may cong cu nh may phay,

may bao, may mai, may tien... cac may ton can thep,
cac can cau, pa lang ien, e qui nh mc o gii han
lam viec theo qui trnh cong nghe nham am bao an toan.
Thiet b chnh trong mach ien t ong hoa theo hanh
trnh la cac cong tac hanh trnh, cong tac cuoi.
2. T ong khong che theo thi gian:
c s dung trong trng hp: m may, ham
may nh khi khi ong oi noi Y/, khi ong ong c
quan day qua ien tr (phai co thi gian cach nhau vai
giay gia hai lan cat ien tr). Khong che cac truyen
ong ien trong mot day chuyen, trong mot may, bang tai
can nguyen lieu chay trc, bang tai cuoi chay sau.
may phay ging truyen ong chnh quay dao phai chay
trc, sau o mi m may truyen ong an dao... Thiet b
dung e khong che ay la rle thi gian.
3. T ong khong che theo toc o:
Thiet b chu yeu c s dung trong dang t ong
khong che nay la rle toc o. Khong che theo toc o
dung pho bien trong trng hp ham ngc ong c ien
may khoan khi nang ha xa, phai phoi hp chat che moi khi
xa c kep chat th toc o ong c cham lai, tiep iem
cua rle toc o m ra e cat ien vao ong c.
may tien, phay truyen ong chnh can ham nhanh
e nang cao nang suat, dung rle toc o kieu cam ng
lap cung truc vi may e ong m tiep iem mach ieu
khien ao chieu hai day vao ong c gay ra t trng
ham ngc cho may ng lai ngay.
4. T ong khong che theo phu tai:
Phng phap nay thng s dung cac s o t
ong m may ong c ien, thiet b lam nhiem vu khong
che la rle dong ien. Nguyen tac dong ien kha chnh
xac, nen c s dung nhieu lnh vc .
Trong may cat got kim loai khi can phai khong che t
ong tr so lc sinh ra tren bo phan nao o nh cac thiet
b ga lap, cac o ga e gi chat vat gia cong, cac c
cau kep xa may bao ging. can truc, can khong
che mc nang toi a vat nang vi toc o nao o... ay
la cach khong che theo phu tai bang rle dong ien.
5. T ong khong che theo nhiet o:
Phan ln cac may lam viec theo nhiet o nh may
ep, lo say, noi c ien... dung cu dung e khong che la
ien tr nhiet hoac ban dan.
* Tom lai co nhieu phng phap khac nhau e thc
hien cac nguyen tac t ong khong che nhng eu phai
am bao s lien ong gia cac truyen ong khac nhau
trong may e am bao an toan nh: lien ong gia truyen
ong chnh va truyen ong an dao, gia truyen ong kep
va xa va truyen ong di chuyen xa gia bo phan chuyen
15

ong nay vi chuyen ong khac, gia toc o thap vi

toc o cao...
2.1.2. Cac mach ien ng dung t ong khong che:
Mot so k hieu cua thiet b ien ien t
T

TEN THIET B

K HIEU
KHAC

THNG DUNG

1
2

Cuon day khi ong t

Tiep iem khi ong t
- Thng m
- Thng ong
3
Tiep iem thng m rle
thi gian
- M cham
- ong cham
4
- ong,m,cham
Tiep iem thng kn rle
thi gian
- M cham
5
- ong cham
- ong,m,cham
Nut an
- Thng m
- Thng ong
- Rle nhiet

1. Mach ien m may va bao ve ong c ien:

a. S o nguyen ly:
ay la cach m may trc
tiep,
ong c long soc. Dong
ien
m may cao nhng momen
ln.
Thng dung pho bien
cac ong
c co cong suat thap va
trung bnh.

Hnh 1. S o nguyen ly ieu khien ong c trc tiep

mot v tr
b.Van hanh:
ong cau dao CD an nut ON khi ong t K se lam
viec ong cac tiep iem ong lc K lai cap ien cho ong
c lam viec, mach luon lam viec nh tiep iem duy tr K.
Muon dng ong c ta an nut OFF cat ien qua cuon hut K
ngng lam viec m cac tiep iem ong lc K ra ong c
ngng lam viec.
16

P1 P2 P3
P3

OFF1

OFF2

ON1

PT

K
PT

K
ON2

PT

ON3

Hnh 2. S o nguyen ly ieu khien hai v tr

hoac nhieu v tr:
2.2. PHAN TCH S O NGUYEN LY MOT SO MACH
IEN IEU KHIEN TRC TIEP AO CHIEU QUAY
ONG C
2.2.1. ao chieu quay ong c dung khi ong t
1. Mach ien ieu khien ong c quay hai chieu dung
nut nhan n:
a. S o nguyen ly:
P1 P2
P3
CD

OFF1 OFF2
PT1 PT2

MT

T
N

T
MN

N
PT1
PT2

N
C

17

2. Mach ien ieu khien ong c quay hai chieu dung

nut nhan kep
P1 P2 P3
CD

OFF
PT2

MT

DN

T
N

T
MN

PT1

PT1

DT

PT2

N
C

c.Van hanh:
* Chay thuan:
ong cau dao CD an M T khi ong t T lam viec
ong cac tiep iem ong lc T lai ong c lam viec theo
chieu thuan, va tiep tuc duy tr nh tiep iem duy tr T.
Muon dng ong c ta an nut OFF T khi ong t T ngng
lam viec ngat cac tiep iem ong l T cat ien ong c
ngng lam viec.
* Chay ngc:
An MN khi ong t N lam viec ong cac tiep iem
ong lc N lai ong c lam viec theo chieu ngc do luc
nay pha P2 va P3 trao pha nhau, va tiep tuc duy tr nh tiep
iem duy tr N. Muon dng ong c ta an nut OFF N khi
ong t N ngng lam viec ngat cac tiep iem ong l N
cat ien ong c ngng lam viec. Mach ien khong the
lam viec mot luc hai che o c do hai tiep iem thng
ong T va N gay cheo nhau.

Mach ien bao ve ngan mach bi cac cau ch va

bao ve qua tai ong c nh cac rle nhiet.

Mach ao chieu quay do P2 va P3 quan oi v tr

18

KT QU HC TP 3:
PHAN TCH, GIAI THCH
CAC MACH IEN KHONG CHE TRUYEN ONG
IEN.
Bai giang: MOT SO MACH IEN IEU KHIEN
KHONG CHE LIEN ONG
3.1. Mach ien m may theo trnh t qui nh:
Ta biet rang moi may co nhieu chuyen ong, dung
nhieu ong c rieng biet khac nhau, cac chuyen ong o
lai co nhng ieu kien nhat nh co lien quan lan nhau
nh: Truyen ong bm dau trong may phai lam viec trc
truyen ong chnh, neu bm dau hong th ong c chnh phai
dng lai, truyen ong ban may phay ch lam viec c khi
truc chnh a quay, neu truc chnh ngng th ban may cung
ngng theo
3.1.1. Chay ong c bm dau: Sau khi ong cau dao CD an
nut M1 khi ong, M1 co ien ong mach ong lc cho b
dau M2 chay. Tiep iem duy tr K1 ong lai e am bao bao
th t m may.
3.1.2. Chay ong c chnh: Ch sau khi bm dau co ien, ta
an nut M2 th khi ong t K2 co ien ong cac tiep
iem ong lc lai ong c truc chnh lam viec.
3.1.3. T ong tat may: Neu co s co qu ti hoac bm
dau hong .. th rle nhiet tac ong, nha khi ong t M 1
cua bm dau ra, tiep iem duy tr m, cat ien vao cuon
day M2 ng c truc ong c truc chnh ngng lam viec.
P1
P3

P2

2
OFF
M1

CD

K1

PT1

K1
K1

K2

K1

M2

K2

PT2

K2

PT1

PT2

M1
M2

19

3.2. Mach ien t ong gii han hanh trnh:

3.2.1.S o nguyey ly:
P1 P2
P3
CD

1BK

CC

KB

B
T

2BK

M1

KH

7
1BK

C
9

KB

PT1 PT2
4

KH

KB

M2

PT1

11

13 15
2BK

PT2

KH

KB

KH

3.2.2.Khai quat: C
Trong may cong nghiep nhieu trng hp
phai gii han 1 hoac ca 2 au cua mot chuyen ong nh:
han che moc treo cua cau truc khong c len cao qua
mc qui nh, han che s chuyen ong len xuong cua xa
ngang trong cac may c ln nh may khoan, may bao
ging, han che s chuyen ong ve hai pha cua ban may
bao ging, cua xe cau chan e, cua xe nho tren cau
truc....eu dung hnh thc t ong nh hnh ve. Chuyen
ong thang cua ban may A do ong c am nhan, ban
may ch c phep chuyen ong trong pham vi B e C.
hai au B va C at hai cong tac hanh trnh 1BK va 2BK.
3.2.3. Van hanh:
* Chay may ve pha B: Sau khi ong cau dao, an vao M 1
khi ong t KB co ien (mach 1-3-5-7-9 cuon KB 4-2) ong
ien 3 pha vao ong c quay thuan, a vat A t C en B.
en B, mau 1 va vao 1BK lam tiep iem 5-7 tren mach
khong che m ra, khi ong t KB mat ien, nha 3 tiep
iem ben mach ng lc ra, ong c se ngng lai.
* Chay may ve pha C: an vao M2, khi ong t KH co
ien(mach 1-3-11-13-15-cuon KH-4-2) ong ien(ao pha) 3
pha vao ong c quay ngc, a vat A t B en C. Khi vat A
en C neu ta khong an T cat ien th mau 2 va vao 2BK
lam cho 11-13 m ra, khi ong t KH mat ien, ong c
se t ong ngng lai.

3.3. Mach ien gii han hanh trnh va oi chieu chuyen

ong:
20

3.3.1. S o nguyen ly:

P1 P2 P3

1BK

B 2BK

CD

2BK

A
2

3
M1

KB

1BK

KH

KB

PT1 PT2
4

KH
KB

PT1

M2

PT2

11

13 15
2BK

C
3.3.2. Van hanh:

KH

KB

* Chay ban ve pha B: Sau khi KHong cau dao CD an vao

nut M1, khi ong t KB co ien( mach 1-3-5-7-9-cuon KB-42) ong ien vao ong c e a ban may t C en B.
* T ong oi chieu: en B mau 1 se va vao 1BK e
m tiep iem 5-7 ra, khi ong t KB se nha, ban may
dng lai. Luc nay tiep iem 3-11 cua 1BK ong lai e tiep
ien cho khi ong t KH( mach 1-3-11-13-15-17 cuon KH-4-2)
khi ong t KH hut se ong ien ( a ao chieu) cho
ong c e a ban may t B en C. Hanh trnh kn cua
ban may ao chieu c nh the tiep dien.
* Tat may: An vao nut T, khi ong t KB hoac Kh
se nha ra ong c dng lai.
3.4. Mach ien lien ong gia cac ong c:
3.4.1. S o nguyen ly:
P1 P2 P3
1
2
T1

M1 5

KD

CD

KC

KD

PT1

PT2

KD

RA

KD
RT

T2 13

RT

19

1517RB

RT

RB

11

M2

PT1

KC

PT2

KC

3.4.2. Khai quat:

Gia truyen ong chnh va truyen ong bm dau boi
trn cua nhng may ln va may nang th yeu cau lien
ong phai chat che hn, ngha la bm dau phai van hanh
trc, khi u ap lc th rle ap suat dau RA ong lai, luc
21

o mi chay c truyen ong chnh. Neu v mot ly do nao

o, he thong dau khong hoat ong c, th truyen ong
chnh phai ngng lai.
Nhng e e cho dao khong cam vao chi tiet gia cong
can phai cho truyen ong chnh tiep tuc lam them 1
khoang thi gian na nh rle thi gian.
Tom lai: truyen ong chnh phai chay sau, ngng sau bm
dau 1 thi gian ngan na nh rle RA va rle thi gian RB.
3.4.3. Van hanh:
* Chay ong c chnh: Sau khi ong c bm dau a ong
vao li mot thi gian, ap lc dau tang len u yeu cau
th tiep iem 5-7 cua rle ap lc( kieu lo xo) dau RA kn. Rle
trung gian RT c tiep ien ( mach 1-3-5-7 cuon RT-2) tiep
iem thng m 15-17 cua no ong lai chuan b m may
truyen ong chnh, ong thi tiep iem 9-11 m ra cat
ien rle thi gian RB. Luc nay co the an M2 e
khi ong t KC tac ong ( mach 1-13-15-17-19-cuon KC-62). ong ong c chnh vao li lam viec.
* Ngng may t ong: Neu s co th khi ong t KD
nha lam ong c bm dau D ngng quay. Rle trung gian RT
cung mat ien, tiep iem 15-17 m ra nhng khi ong t
KC van ong ( mach 1-13-17-19-cuon KC-6-2) nh o ong c
chnh C van tiep tuc quay.
Sau khi RT nha, tiep iem 9-11 ong lai, rle thi gian RB
c ong ien( mach 1-9-11-cuon RB-2) mot thi gian sau
tiep iem cua no (17-19) m ra cat ien vao khi ong
t KC, lam ong c chnh C b mat ien va ngng lai sau
mot thi gian tuy ieu chnh RB.

QUA HOC TAP 4

PHAN TCH, GIAI THCH
CAC MACH IEN GIAN TIEP IEU KHIEN ONG
C
22

4.1. Phan tch s o nguyen ly ieu khien ong c

bang phng phap oi noi sao/tam giac
4.1.1. Mach m may Y/ dung Timer co cung ien
ap nh mc vi khi ong t:
P1
P3

P2
1

CD

PB

CC
K

PT

PT

3
A

4 PT

6
8
Y

C
Z
Y

X
Y

* Van hanh:
+ Khi ong: Sau khi ong cau dao CD ta an vao M cuon
dsay K va Y co ien tac ong (mach 1-3-5-K-4-2 va 1-3-5-7-Y6-4-2) e ong cac tiep iem chnh cua mach ong lc la K
va Y lai, ong c khi ong theo hnh Y luc nay rle thi gian
PB cung co ien ( mach 1-3-5-PB-4-2) va tat ca eu c
duy tr bang
iem 3-5.
P1
Ptiep
2
+ Sau mot thi gian duy tr can thiet e toc o ong c
P3 x nh mc th tiep iem thng ong cua PB(5-7)
at xap
m ra e cat khi ong t Y, tiep iem hnh sao mach
stato nha ra, tiep tuc tiep iem thng m, ong cham 3-9
cua PB ong lai CD
e cap ien cho khi ong t tam giac()
tac ong (mach 1-3-9-8-4-2) tiep iem chnh ong lai ong
c lam viec che
o nay.
CC
+ Hai tiep iem
phu lien ong 6-4 va 8-4 cua Y va
K
mach khong che co tac dung am bao an toan, tranh s
2
co tac ong nham cung mot
luc gay ra ngan mach.
1
PT

PT

OFF

OFF

MY

Y
4.1.2. Mach m may Y/ dung nut an:

RN2

C
Z
Y

RN1

X
Y

Y
K

RN3
K

23

*
Nguyen ly lam viec: Khi an M Y khi ong t Y va
khi ong t K lam viec, ong c lam viec che o
Y.Sau khoang 3 en 5 giay an nut OFF Y khi ong t Y
ngng lam viec,nhng toc o ong c van con quay va
khi ong t K van lam viec nh tiep iem duy tr K, an
lien M khi ong t lam viec va ong c lamviec
che o va ong c lam viec che o nay.
Hai tiep iem gay cheo tranh hai khi ong t Y va
lam viec cung mot luc.
Muon ong c lam viec che o th phai an MY
trc. Neu an M trc th khong lam viec c.

A B
C
2

CD
CC
K

OFF

ON

RN

K
4.1.3. Mach m may Y/ dung Timer khong
cung ien ap
nh mc vi khi ong t
P
BK
PT
PT
8
Y
5
P

8
B6

A B
Y
P
C
B

24

Y
Y

4.2. Phan tch s o nguyen ly ieu khien ong c bang

phng phap dung may t bien ap , cuon khang, va R
4.2.1. T ong m may ong c long soc bang R-L
hoac may bien ap t ngau:
1. S o:
P 1 P2
P 1 P2
P 1 P2
P3
P3
P3

C
D
K1

K1

K2
P
T

C
D

C
D

TN

K1

K2

K2

L
P
T

K2

P
T

P
T

P
T

P
T

Khi m may ong c long soc thong thng dong ien

vot len t 5 en 7 lan
dong ien
khi ong
nh mc,
C day tai
oi vi C
ong c co cong suat Cln ma ng
ien hoac tram may bien ap nho th dong ien se giam
xuong nhieu lam anh hng en cac thiet b ien khac
chung ng day .

Nh vay e giam dong ien m may, ta co the au

stato qua ien tr phu, qua qua ien khang hoac qua may
bien ap t ngau. M may qua may bien ap t ngau la
tot nhat v:
Phng phap nay giam c dong ien m may ma
momen m may giam t hn cac trng hp khac. No c
ap dung trong cac truyen ong co momen quan tnh ln,
sau o en phng phap m may qua ien khang, qua ien
tr phu.
2. S o nguyen ly:

25

2
OFF

ON
P
B

PT

K
1

K
* Van hanh:
P nut
2
ong cau dao CD K
roi
an
ON, khi ong t K 1
1
co ien, se ong cac tiep iem
B chnh mach ong lc
e ong c khi ong qua bien ap t ngau hoac ( L,R) tiep
iem duy tr K1 ong lai. Rle thi gian co ien, sau thi gian
duy tr nhat nh tiep iem rle thi gian ong lai cap ien
cho K2 co ien lam viec va tiep iem thng ong K 2 m
ra ngat may bien ap t ngau ra, va ong tiep iem ong
lc K2 lai, a ien ba pha trc tiep vao ong c, qua trnh
m may ket thuc.
4.2.2. Mach bao ve ong c 3 pha mat pha:
Khi ong c 3 pha ang van hanh, ot nhien b mat
mot pha, ong c van lam viec bnh thng nhng cng o
dong ien trong hai pha con lai tang vot len kha cao. Neu
bo bao ve qua tai tac ong cham se lam chay ong c,
e bao ve tch cc ong c khi van hanh b mat pha ta co
the mac mach sau:

1. S o nguyen ly:
P1 P2 P3
N
CD

ON

OFF

CC

PT
K

K
PT1

PT2

N/

U = 12 en
16v

4MF x 3

26

2. Van hanh:
theo hnh ve, rle phu c mac vao gia 2 iem trung tnh
gia N/ va day trung tnh N. Do 3 tu ien noi hnh Y, nen iem
trung tnh gia N/ co ien ap 0v bang vi ien ap ov cua
day trung tnh N. V vay, khi an nut ON cho ong c van
hanh, do ien ap gia hai iem N va N / bang 0, nen rle
phu R khong hoat ong, tiep iem thng ong R van
ong mach nh luc ban au.
Trong trng hp 1 trong 3 pha b mat pha,do s mat can
bang trong mach 3 tu ien au Y. Nen bay gi tai iem N /
xuat hien ien ap khoang 15v nen rle phu R hoat ong
cat tiep iem R h mach, tac ong lam cuon day K mat
ien ngng lam viec, cat nguon cung cap cho ong c.
4.3. Mac mach ao chieu quay ong c 1 pha dung khi
ong t
4.3.1. Mach ien bao ve va m may ong c:
1. S o nguyen ly:
P
N
CD

O
N

OFF

PT1

PT2

PT1
PT2

ay la cach m may trc tiep, ong c long soc.

C
Dong ien m may
cao nhng momen ln. Thng dung
pho bien cac ong c co cong suat thap va trung
bnh.Mach ien gom cau ch e bao ve s co ngan mach,
Rle nhiet bao ve qua tai ong c.
2.Van hanh:
ong cau dao CD an nut ON khi ong t K se lam
viec ong cac tiep iem ong lc K lai cap ien cho ong
c lam viec, mach luon lam viec nh tiep iem duy tr K.
Muon dng ong c ta an nut OFF cat ien qua cuon hut K
ngng lam viec m cac tiep iem ong lc K ra ong c
ngng lam viec.
4.3.2. Mach ao chieu quay ong c mot dung khi ong
t:
1. S o nguyen ly:

27

220V

PT

PT

T
5

N
1

C
5
1

DT
DN

6 TLT
2

MT

PT

N MN
2. Van hanh:
T
N T lam viec cap nguon cho
An nut MT khi ong t
ong c lam viec theo chieu thuan. Luc nay theo hnh ve th
T day so 5va so 1 cua ong c
day pha ( P ) noi vi au
con day trung tnh noi vi au so 4 va so 6 cua cua
ong c.
Muon cho ong c quay ngc ta an nut D T luc nay khi
ong t T mat ien ngng lam viec. Ta an nut M N th khi
ong t N co ien lam viec cap nguon cho ong c quay
ngc v luc nay theo hnh ve th day trung tnh N noi vi
au day so 4 va so 5 cua ong c con day pha P noi vi
au day so 6 va so 1 do au day e so 6 chuyen sang
chum vi so 1 nen ong c oi chieu. Muon dng ong c
ta an nut DT hoac DN .

KQHT5
PHAN TCH, GIAI THCH
CAC MACH IEN HAM ONG C
Muc ch:
28

Sau khi hoc xong bai nay cac ban hieu c mot so van
e sau:
Nam c cac phng phap ham ong c khong
ong bo ba pha
Nam c s o nguyen ly, cach van hanh mach
ham ong nang dung rle thi gian va ham ngc ong c
oc thanh thao nguyen ly lam viec khi co ban ve
nguyen ly cac mach ham thong dung.
Noi dung:
5.1. Cac phng phap ham thong dung:
1. Ham ong c bang phanh c kh:
Roto ong c ien luon c gi chat bang cac
tam ma sat(khi cha co ien vao stato) hoac lo xo. Muon
chay ong c th ong ien vao stato ong thi vi viec
cap ien vao phanh nam cham ien hoac phanh thuy lc
tac ong vao loxo c kh e nha ma sat cho roto t ong
quay.
Khi cat ien vao stato, ong thi phanh thuy lc cung
mat ien, cac tam ma sat lap tc gi chat roto lai,
thng dung can cau palang ien, cac ong c ien
nganh may mac....
2. Ham ong nang:
Muon thc hien ham ong nang phai cat ong c
ra khoi li ien xoay chieu va a ien mot chieu vao
cuon day stato. Dong ien mot chieu chay trong cuon day
stato tao nen t trng ng yen. Trong luc mi cat ien
vao stato van con a quay nhng thanh long soc tren
roto van A
quay cat ng sc t tnh stato se xuat hien
dong ien1Zcam ng vong ngan mach. Tac dung cua
dong ien roto vi t trng stato tao nen nen momen
ien t ham roto ng lai.
ien mot chieu thng lay t nguon xoay chieu qua
chnh lu hoac lay ngay ca roto neu la ong c roto
day quan.
Ham ong nang co u iem la ton t nang lng,
ong c thng xuyen ong m, oi chieu quay thng ap
dung cach ham nay. Toc o cang ln th lc ham cang
manh, momen ham giam theo toc o, khi toc on n = 0 th
momen ham cung bang 0. Can cau, may nang v tr ha
hang co tai thng ap dung phng phap nay.
3. Ham tai sinh:
Khi nao toc o ong c ang quay n ln hn toc o
ong bo cua no ( n> n1) th se co ham tai sinh. Trong thc
te thng ap dung ham tai sinh cho ong c 2 cap toc o.
Gia s mot ong c ang lam viec toc o cao n c ng
vi so oi cc P t, em cat ien roi roi chuyen ngay sang
so oi cc P nhieu n t th ong c nay se co ham tai sinh
thng dung trong nhng may cat got kim loai.
4. Ham ngc:
ong c ang quay, neu em oi th t 2 pha th ong c
se co ham ngc v roto luc nay quay ngc chieu vi t
trng stato. Ham ngc la mot phng phap ham manh,
momen ham ln nhng ong c b nong nhieu nen thng
co ien tr noi tiep vi cuon day stato e han che dong
ien khi ham. Khi roto ang ngng, phai cat ong c ra khoi
29

li ien e tranh ong c quay ngc. Ngoai ra con co

the ham ong c bang cach at ien ap ngc vao roto
day quan hoac mot tan so thap hn 50Hz vao stato.
5.2. Mot so mach ien ng dung ham ong c:
1. Ham ong nang:
a. Khai quat ve ham ong nang:
Muon thc hien ham ong nang phai cat ong c ra
khoi li ien xoay chieu va a ien mot chieu vao cuon
day stato. Dong ien mot chieu chay trong cuon day stato
tao nen t trng ng yen. Trong luc mi cat ien vao
stato th roto van con a quay nhng thanh long soc ,
tren roto ang quay cat ng sc cua t trng tnh
stato xuat hien dong ien cam ng vong ngan mach.
Tac dung cua dong ien roto vi t trng stato tao
nen momen ien t ham roto ng lai.
b. S o nguyen ly:
P1 P2
P3
CD

CC

PT1

PT2

H
1

OFF

ON
5

PT

H
K

RB

1
3

1
1

RB

c. Van hanh:
*. Chay may: An nut M khi ong t K co ien ( mach
1-3-5-7-2) ong c vao li ien lam viec. Tiep iem 9-11
m ra khong cho H tac ong nham am bao an toan, tiep
iem 1-13 ong lai e rle thi gian RB hoat ong (mach 130

13-2) ong tiep iem cua no lai e chuan b cho ham

may.
*. Tat va t ong ham may: An nut OFF, khi ong
t K ngng lam viec, ngat ong c khoi li ien va cat
ien vao rle thi gian RB. Khi ong t H luc nay co ien
( mach 1-9-11-2) lam viec ong bo bien ap va chnh lu
a ien mot chieu vao 2 pha ong c ( day quan stato) e
ham may.
Sau mot thi gian duy tr tiep iem 1 9 cua rle thi
gia(thng m m cham) m ra, khi ong t H ngng
lam viec, qua trnh ham ong nang ket thuc.
* Hien nay loai rle nay rat kho tm nen ta dung mach
ham ong nang ng vi rle thong dung hien nay nh sau:
*. S o nguyen ly
P :P
1

P3

CD

H
C

OFF

PT

ON1
K
H

ON2

t
g

H
K

*. Van hanh:
t
H
g
Khi an nut OFF cho ong c ngng, khi
ong t K
ngng hoat ong nen tiep iem thng ong K tra lai ong
mach, cap ien cho rle H va rle thi gian tg lam viec. Cac
tiep iem H ong lai a dong ien mot chieu vao day
quan stato ong c, bo day quan tao thanh nam cham ien
tac ong len roto , v the ong c nhanh chong ngng ngay,
sau mot thi gian hieu chnh trc, rle thi gian chuyen
31

mach tiep iem 8 5 m ra cat dong ien cung cap cho rle
H, nen dong ien mot chieu c cat ra khong cho bo day
quan b nung nong bi dong ien mot chieu nay.
*. ao chieu quay ong c co ham ong nang:
+.S o nguyen
P ly:
P
1

P3
CD

RL
K2

K1

RL

RL

OFF

PT

ON1
K1
K2

K1

ON2

K2
K1

K2

ON3

8
5

t
g

t
H Tng t nh ong c quay mot
* Van hanh:
chieu , luc
nay ta them mot khi ong t na e gao chieu quay
ong c, qua trnh ham giong nh mach mot chieu.
2. Ham ngc:
32

a. Ham ngc ong c quay mot chieu:

a1. S o nguyen ly:
P1
P3

P2

CD
T

K1

K2

PKC

PT

K1

K2

K1

11

K2

K1
PT

PT

C
a2. Van hanh:
*. Chay may: An nut M khi ong t K1 co ien ong
ba pha vao cho ong c lam viec. Khi toc o cao th rle toc
o PKC1 ong tiep iem cua no lai ( chuan b ham may)
va he thong lam viec bnh thng.
*.Dng va ham may: An vao nut T, khi ong t K 1
mat ien, cat ong c ra khoi nguon, ong thi tiep iem
9-11 ong lai e tiep ien cho khi ong t K 2 . Khi ong
t K2 co ien ( a ao pha) vao stato e thc hien ham
ngc.
Khi toc o ong c giam, rle toc o PKC m tiep
iem 1-9 cua no, qua trnh ham ngc ket thuc v khi
Pong
P2 t K2 cung nha ra.
1
P3 b. Ham ngc ong c quay hai chieu:
b1 .S o nguyen ly:
C
D

K1

K2

PKC2

M1 5

PKC2

PT

PT

M2

K1

PKC1

PT
K1

K2

11PKC1 13
K2

15

K2

K1
33

b2. Van hanh:

*. Chay thuan: An nut M1, khi ong t K1 co ien
ong ien ba pha vao ong c quay thuan, tiep iem 13 15
cua no m ra e am bao an toan ien. Khi toc o ong
c tang cao th tiep iem PKC 1 tac ong ong tiep iem 1
13 ( chuan b ham may) va m tiep iem 13 15( e an
toan) cua no ra, he thong lam viec bnh trhng
*. Tat va ham may:
An vao nut T khi ong t K1 nha ra cat ong c khoi
nguon ien, ong thi tiep iem 13 15 ong lai e tiep
ien cho khi ong t K2 lam viec.Khi ong ong mach
ong lc( ao pha) vao stato e thc hien ham may.
Khi toc o ong c giam , rle toc o PKC m tiep
iem cua no ( 1-13) ra, qua trnh ham may ket thuc v ca
hai khi ong t K1 va K2 eu nha, tiep iem 11-13 lai c
ong vao e chuan b cho qua trnh lam viec mi.
Tng t nh chay thuan
*. Chay may ngc va ham may:
nhng an vao M2 va tiep iem PKC2 cua rle toc o hoat
ong e thc hien ham may.

34

KET QUA HOC TAP 6

PHAN TCH NGUYEN LY LAM VIEC
CAC MACH IEN MAY CONG CU
Muc ch :
Sau khi hoc xong chng nay cac ban hieu mot so van
e sau:
- Nam c khai niem c ban ve may cong cu
- Nam c mot so mach 0
ien c ban trong cac may
L3
cong cu
2
- oc va phan tch nguyen ly lam viec cac mach ien RN
trong may cong cu mot cach thanh thao.
KL3
1
Noi dung:
13 19 2
2
2 2 KL3
6.1. Thang may dung ong cKLlong
soc: KX51 T 6 7
4
KX21
2
3
3
9
2
1. S o nguyen ly:
D1
L
3

P1 P2 P3

2
1
9

D2

Apto
mat
KX1

5
D3
KX2

X1

KX1

3 HX1 KX1
3
T23
KL1
3
9
9
1

X2

7
C1

KL2

KL3

T1 HX2

3 39
5 KL2
KX9
2

C2
L2

11

RT

41 KX2

43

C3

13

15
KL3 KX
1

T3

17
KX2

45

HL2

47 49 KL2

35

Mach ien thang may nha 3

tang

2. Mo ta nhng ac iem va trang b ien cua thang

may:
Thang may co nhieu loai: thang may van chuyen
thang ng, thang may van chuyen xien. ong lc thng
dung ong c ien 3 pha qua hop giam toc e keo buong
thang (loai co toc o cham di 0,75m/s).
Nhng thang may hien ai, toc o nhanh > 1,5m/s lai
dung ong c toc o cham truyen ong trc tiep khong
qua hop giam toc. Ve mach ieu khien, n gian nhat th
dung rle va khi ong t, lai co nhng thang may s
dung vi machComputer co c cau ngng chnh xac, khi khi
ong cung nh luc ngng co qua trnh qua o nho, gia
toc hp ly nhat e ngi ng tren thang may em ai,
nhe nhang.
Thiet b trong thang may phai am bao an toan cao,
dung cac c cau bao ve chat che nh: phanh ham ien
t, cong tac hanh trnh, bo ham han che toc o, em
dau.....
Hnh ve tren la s o ien cua thang may chay
cham, cong nghiep a phng a che tao, truyen ong
ien cha t ong hoa cao, dung ong c 3 pha roto long
soc, mach ieu khien kieu ien t, n gian gia thanh
thap lam viec an toan.
ong c dung ong c ien 3 pha 380v qua hop giam
toc e keo buong thang may ch hang len xuong nha 3
tang, thang may nay cung dung cho ngi len xuong khi
can thiet.
Trang b ien buong thang may lien he vi bang
ieu khien bang day mem nhieu si. ong c ien c
gii han hanh trnh len xuong bang cac cong tac iem
cuoi T3 va T1 c at tang 3 va tang 1 v tr cao nhat
va v tr thap nhat ma buong thang may len xuong c.
Trong mach khong che co mot loat khoa C 1, C2 , C3, e
tang o an toan, ay la cong tac ca, khi ca buong
thang a c ong kn th C1, C2 ,C3 mi kn mach, ieu khien
thang may mi hoat ong.
Cac nut dng D1, D2 ,D3 at buong thang, nut X1, X2
at tang 2 va tang 3, nut L 2,L3, at tang 1 va tang 2
la cac nut an e goi va ieu khien buong thang, c
lap song song vi nhau cac tang.

36

Cac en tn hieu 1, D2, 3 cung at tren 3 bang ieu

khien(song song) ch v tr cua buong thang may hien ang
tang nao cho ngi ieu khien biet.
Trong mach ien thc te phai dung ti 4 khi ong t
cho 2 cho hai ong tac len, xuong cua buong thang, neu
dung cong tac chuyen oi tang ket hp vi rle thi gian
th ch can hai khi ong t cung at yeu cau ieu khien
linh hoat.
3. Cach ieu khien:
Gia s buong thang ang tang 1 muon len tang 2
( Aptomat a ong ien san sang). An nut L 2, khi ong
t L2 tac ong(mach 1-3-7-9-11-13-15-17-45-4749-4-2) cap ien vao ong c quay thuan a buong thang
thang len tang 2, luc nay tiep iem 13-19 va 35-37 m ra
e vo hieu hoa L3,X1, X2.....
Khi buong thang len en tang 2 th cham vao cong tac
han v HL2 m tiep iem 47-49 ra, ien vao khi ong t
KL2 b cat, ong c dng lai, en 2 sang len cho biet
buong thang may a ngng tang 2.
Neu thang may ang tang 1, en 1 sang ma khach
lai muon len thang tang 3 th an vao nut L 3 khi ong t
KL3 tac ong ( mach 1-3-5-7-9-11-13-19-21-23-25-27-4-2) cap
ien vao ong c quay thuan a buong thang len thang
tang 3. Luc nay cac tiep iem 13-15 va 29 -31 m ra e
vo hieu hoa nut L2,X1,X2.
Khi buong thang len en tang 3 th cham vao cong tac
han v HL3, no b an m tiep iem 25-27 ra cat ien vao
cuon day khi ong t KL 3, ong c mat ien va phanh lai,
en 3 sang len e khach biet la thang may a dng
tang 3.
Thang may ang tang 3, khach muon xuong tang 2 th
an vao nut X2 khi ong t KX2 c tiep ien ( mach 1-35-7-9-11-13-15-17-35-37-39-41-KX2-2-4) a ao chieu e ong
c quay ngc lai buong thang i xuong tang 2. Luc nay cac
tiep iem 19-21 va 43-45 m ra e vo hieu hoa nut
L3,L2,X1.
Khi buong thang xuong ti mc cham vao cong tac
ham v HX2, tiep iem 39-41 m ra cat ien vao khi ong
t KX2 ong c ngnbg va phanh ngay lai. en 2 lai sang
len cho biet thang may a dng tang 2.
Trng hp thang may ang tang 3( en 3 sang)
muon xuong thang tang 1 th an vao nut X 1, khi ong t
KX1 c tiep ien ( mach 1-3-5-7-9-11-13-29-31-33-KX 1-4-2)
ong 3 tiep iem chnh( a ao pha) e ong c quay ngc
ha buong thang xuong tang 1. Luc nay cac tiep iem 23-25
va 15-17 m ra e vo hieu hoa cac nut L3,L2,X2.
Khi buong thang a xuong en mc qui nh tang 1
th cham vao cong tac han v HX1, tiep iem 33-HX1 m ra
cat ien vao khi ong t HX1, ong c ngng va phanh
37

ngay lai. en 1 sang len cho biet la thang may ang

tang 1.
Trng hp thang may khong nam tang ma muon
s dung th can c vao en tn hieu e an nut goi thang
en( neu luc o buong thang khong co ngi s dung,
cac ca a c ong lai) roi lai an nut len hoac xuong
nh tren.
6.2. May cat kim loai:
1. Khai niem chung ve may cat kim loai:
may cat kim loai thng co nhieu chuyen ong
khac nhau nh: e co the cat got c th dao va phoi
phai co cac chuyen ong tng oi vi nhau, e co the
gia cong c lien tuc may con phai them mot so chuyen
ong khac phuc vu cho qua trnh cat got.
Ngi ta phan cac chuyen ong ong o ra: chuyen
ong chnh, chuyen ong an dao va cac chuyen ong
phu....
1. Chuyen ong chnh: la chuyen ong lam cho dao cat
vao phoi. No co the chuyen ong quay hoac chuyen ong
thang, chuyen ong lien tuc hoac chuyen ong gian
oan. Th du may tien, chuyen ong chnh la chuyen
ong quay chi tiet gia cong, o la loai chuyen ong lien
tuc.
may bao chuyen ong chnh la chuyen ong tnh
tien cua chi tiet gia cong, o la loai chuyen ong gian
oan.
2. Chuyen ong an dao: la chuyen ong lam di chuyen
dao cat hoac chi tiet gia cong e cat ra mot lp phoi mi.
Chuyen ong an dao co the lien tuc hoac gian oan.
may tien, diP chuyen
cua dao ve pha phoi cha cat got la
P2
1
chuyen ong an dao, o la loai chuyen ong lien tuc.
P3
may mai di chuyen
cua chi tiet gia cong ve pha may la
chuyen ong an dao.
6
3. Chuyen ong phu: la nhng chuyen ong
khong trc
CD1 Th du chuyen ong e a dao cat
tiep gay ra cat got.
2M
vao chi tiet gia cong, chuyen ong e7 nang
may,
3 ha 2xa1M
1
K
bm nc lam mat, t ong o chi tiet
1 giaKcong....
2
e tang nang suat9 may,
e
vat
gia
cong am bao
PT
BO
1
CC o bong phu hp vi Kyeu
c o chnh xac,
cau th
4
truyen ong ien phai t ong hoa, co toc o cat hoac
8
5
lng an dao kinh te nhat, lam giam
K2 bt thi gian phi san
xuat nh: ga lap, va thao lay chi tiet Kgia cong
3M t ong,
1
kiem tra kch thc bang ien t...
K2
K1 ien may khoan
K2 ng K125:
6.3. S o
1. S o nguyen ly:
CD2

PT
38

2
M

1M

2. Trang b ien:
May khoan ng K125 co the khoan c chi tiet gia
cong ln nhat = 25mm, ngoay ra may con co the dung
e khoet lo. ta ro....
ong c truyen ong chnh 1M kieu DK42-4, cong suat
2,8KW, toc o 1420v/p.
ong c bm nc 2M kieu A22, cong suat 0.125kw,
toc o 2800v/p
ong c truyen ong chnh quay c hai chieu, ieu
khien bang tay gat c kh e ong m cong tac M. Cong
tac c cau tao nh sau:
Ngng may: e tay gat gia 1M(1-2) m.
Chay phai: keo tay gat xuong di, tiep iem 1-2 cua
1M va 2-4 cua 3M ong lai. Tiep iem 2-3 cua 2M ong
tc thi luc o roi lai nha ra ngay.
Chay trai: a tay gat len tren, tiep iem 1-2 cua 1M
va 2-6 cua 2M ong lai, tiep iem 2-5 cua 3M ong tc
thi luc o roi lai nha ra ngay.
3. Nguyen ly lam viec:
a. Chay may khoan: Keo tay gat xuong di, khi ong
t K1 co ien (mach 1-2-3-7-K 1-P1) lam viec, ong cac tiep
iem ong lc K1 lai ong c truc chnh quay phai. ong thi
tiep iem 3-4 cua khi ong t K 1 ong lai e t duy tr
nen du tiep iem 2-3 cua 2M a nha nhng khi ong
t K1 van ong (mach 1-2-4-3-7-K 1-P1). Muon dng ong c ta
gat ve gia.
Keo tay gat len tren khi ong t K 2 lam viec ong
cac tiep iem ong lc K2 lai(ao pha) ong c quay ngc.
(trai)
39

b. Taro bang may khoan: Trc het ta phai chon gii han
taro, sau o cho truc chnh t ong quay phai e taro, may
se lam viec t ong.
en gii han chon th tiep iem tac ong ong tiep
iem (2-5)cua 3M K2 co ien lam viec ong c quay trai
va taro t ong rut ra khoi lo can ren.Ngay sau o tiep
2 ong t K 2PT
iem 2-5 cua 3M t m ra TP
nhng khi
van duy
tr.
tien 1M61:
P16.4.
P2 May
P3
1. ac iem lam viec va bao ve cua may:
2KY
Trang b ien cua may tien 1M611KY
Lien
Xo cu co 3
ong c ien:
3
5

7 1450v/p.
ong c truc chnh 1, cong suat 3kw, toc o
B
3
CD1 c bm dau cong suat
ong
0,8kw va ong c bm

nc cong suat 0,125kw.

ong c truyen ong chnh quay c 2 chieu va co
PB
bo tr ham ong nang. Ham ong nang c thc
H hien
9
nh rle
1thi gian PB, khi ong t T va bo bien
KB
ap+chnh lu TP-B.
1
11
KT phai
H 15 ti
Yeu cau cua au may khi van hanh
c
B 8
KT
dau lien tuc nen gia truyen ong chnh va KB
ong c bm
2
_ c +
dau c bo tr lien ong, ong
17 19 H
B c chnh
bm dau lam viec th mi ong ien e ong
hoat ong, neu mach ien ong c bm dau
hong
th ong
KB1 21KB
T
2 23 2527 29
c truyen ong chnh t ong ngng lai.
Bao ve ngan mach cho toan he thong bang cau ch,
bao ve cho mach ieu khien bang cau ch 2.
PB

Bao ve qua tai cho ong c bang rle nhiet PT.

2. S o nguyen ly:
PT

PT

CD2

40

3. Van hanh:
a.Chuan b chay may: ong cau dao CD1 ien i vao cac
ma tren khi ong t, vao may bien ap TP.
Tay gat e v tr gia, an nut 2KY e cap ien cho khi
ong t lam viec (mach 1-3-5-7-cuon -6-4-2) ong c bm
dau 3 lam viec trc.
b. Chay may: Keo tay gat len tren e tiep iem (11-13)
cua KB1 ong lai khi ong t B co ien (mach 1-3-5-11-1315-cuonB-8-6-4-2) ong cac tiep iem ong lc B lai ong
c truc chnh 1 lam viec, ong thi no m tiep iem 17-19
e bao am an toan, ong tiep iem 7-9 e rle thi gian
PB tac ong(mach 1-3-5-7-9-cuon PB-6-4-2) e chuan b phuc
vu ham may.
41

Neu chay theo chieu ngc th ngc lai luc nay khi
ong t H lam viec nh tiem iem KB2 ong .
c. Ngng va ham ong nang: Keo tay gat ve gia, khi ong
t B mat ien, cat ong c ra khoi nguon. Tiep iem phu cua
khi ong t B (23-25) ong lai va tiep iem cua cong tac KB 1
la 3-21 tr ve trang thai ong. Khi ong t T co ien lam
viec ong cac tiep iem T lai cap ien mot chieu cho ong c
ham, qua trnh ham bat au, luc nay rle thi gian mat ien
ngng lam viec tiep iem (7-9 m) nhng ch sau mot thi gian
tiep iem m cham 27-29 m nha ra va ham ong nang ket
thuc.

6.5. May tien T616:

1. ac iem va trang b ien mach ien:
a. Trang b: ong c ien khong ong bo 3 pha 1 kieu
A051 - 4 cong suat 4,5kw, toc o 1450v/p e quay truc chnh.
ong c bm nc 3 kieu A-22 cong suat 0,125kw
toc o 2800v/p e bm nc lam mat. ong c bm dau 2
cong suat 0,1kw, toc o 2800v/p.
Bang ien ieu khien co cac phu kien: rle ien ap
PH khi ong t chay phai, trai LPva K, khi ong t bm
dau KC, bien ap en soi...
b. Bao ve: ong c truc chnh cua may can quay ca
c hai chieu bang hai khi ong t KP va K, e am
bao an toan trong s o ien a thc hien viec khoa cheo
bang cac tiep iem thng ong cua chung. Hai tiep
iem thng ong 3-4 va 4-6 c au cheo gia hai ong
t K va KP. Khi khi ong t KP ang lam viec, tiep iem
thng ong cua no(4-6) m ra,do o du ngi th co vo
y keo nham tay gat th cuon day K cung khong lam viec.
Yeu cau cua au may khi van hanh phai c ti
dau lien tuc nen gia ong c truc chnh va ong c bm
dau co bo tr lien ong vi nhau nh tiep iem 4-A 3 cua
KC. Ch khi nao ong c bm dau a ong ien th ong c
truc chnh mi hoat ong c.
1A3 bang cau ch 1 va 2. 3A
May c bao ve ngan mach
3
Bao ve ien ap thap va ien ap (o) nh tay gat va
rle ien ap PH.
2 ve
0
A2 A3 tien T616 khong bo tr bao
- A1 May
qua tai.
1

BB

1
K

KP

PH

2 0
1

PH

2
5
7

KP
K

4
K KC

KD
KC

KC
TP

PMD

BD
1

42
PMD

2. Nguyen ly lam viec:

a. Chuan b chay may: ong cau dao BB ien t nguon
se c a vao cac ma tren cua khi ong t, he
thong ieu khien va may bien ap an toan. e tay gat
v tr gia (0) tiep iem 1-A 3 kn, rle ien ap PH hoat ong
(mach 1-A1-C-cuon PH-3A3) tiep iem PH ong lai e t
khoa. Chnh v vay nen moi khi mat ien, neu th tien
quen khong a tay gat ve gia (iem 0) luc co ien tr
lai, may cung khong t ong chay e am bao an toan.
Nhng may co bm dau rieng th luc nay khi ong
t KC cua bm dau se hut(mach 1A 3-1-7-cuonKC-3A3) ong
ien cho ong c bm dau va ong tiep iem 4-3 e
chuan b cho mach ieu khien ong c truyen ong chnh.
Neu th tien muon chay bm nc ch viec ong cau dao
BD.
b. Chay phai: keo tay gat len pha tren, tiep iem P kn
(C va h) ong c bm dau van hoat ong bnh thng
nh tiep iem PH van ong. Khi ong t KP hoat ong
( mach 1A3-1-P-2-KP-3-4-3A3) ong ien cho ong c chnh chay
phai, tiep iem 4-6 cua no m ra e phong K khoi tac
ong nham.
c. Ngng may: keo tay gat ve v tr gia, P se m ra,
khi ong KP mat ien nha ra nen ong c 1 ngng lam
viec. ong c bm dau van hoat ong bnh thng v P
van ong.
d. Chay trai: keo tay gat xuong pha di, tiep iem
kn khi ong t K ong lai (mach 1A3-1--5-K-6-4-3A3)
ong c truc chnh chay trai v mach ong lc th t cua
2 pha a c oi nhau, ong thi tiep iem cua K la 3-4
se m ra e am bao an toan.

KET QUA HOC TAP 7

43

TNH TOAN CHON DAY DAN VA THIET B BAO

VE CAC THIET B IEN X NGHIEP.
A.Muc ch:
Sau khi hoc xong bai nay cac ban hieu mot so van
e sau:
Nam c mot so phng phap sa cha may
ien mot chieu
Nam c mot so phng phap sa cha may
ien xoay chieu mot pha va ba pha
Tnh toan chon day dan cho cac may ien cong
nghiep
Tnh toan chon cac thiet b bao ve he thong ien
may cong nghiep
B. Noi dung:
I. Kiem tra ieu chnh may ien mot chieu:
May ien mot chieu co nhieu muc e kiem tra nh:
kiem tra cach ien, o ien tr, kiem tra s lam viec
choi than....
ay ch gii thieu mot so muc kiem tra can thiet
nhat tranh s co nh may chay yeu,nong,phat tia la
nhieu choi than.
1. Xac nh ng trung tnh hnh hoc:
ngoai nhng
may ien 1 chieu khong co cc t phu choi than c xe
dch ngc chieu quay e cai thien oi chieu, nhng may
ien mot chieu ac biet can ieu chnh toc o... noi
chung choi than cua may ien mot chieu phai at v tr
ng trung tnh hnh hoc( thng anh dau vanh
choi than va nap).
Moi lan thao may ra bao dng phai chu y vach dau
nay bang sn o e khoi nham khi lap lai.
a. Phng phap ien ap cc ai:
cho may ien mot
chieu quay khong tai vi toc o khong oi, on nh, cuon
kch t c kch thch oc lap dong ien mot chieu (acqui)
ngoai sao cho ien ap may phat pham vi nh mc.
Quay choi than tren co gop en cho ma von ke noi vi
au ra cua phan ng may phat ien ch mot tr so ln
nhat. V tr o chnh la ng trung tnh hnh hoc.
b. Phng phap toc o bang nhau: ta biet rang ong c
ien mot chieu co cac cc t phu khi xe dch choi than
khoi ng trung tnh hnh hoc ve 1 pha th phan ng phan
ng va cac cc t phgu kh t oi vi cac cc t chnh
con khi quay ve pha kia la nap t. Can c vao tnh chat
nay, ta cho mot ien ap khong oi vao ong c quay
khong tai vi dong ien khoang 0,5I m roi dung toc o ke
e o toc o quay thuan va toc o quay ngc. V toc o
quay ong c phu thuoc vao t thong nen ta ch can quay
choi than ti v tr nao o ma toc o quay thuan va toc
44

o quay ngc bang nhau th ay chnh la v tr trung tnh hnh

hoc.
c. Phng phap cam ng: phng phap nay c s
dung rong rai trong thc te v n gian va chnh xac co the
tm c v tr ng trung tnh hnh hoc khi may ien mot
chieu ng yen. Ch can 1 bo pin hoac ac qui va au
day nh hnh ve sau.

An nut K e cho nhng xung vao cuon day

kch t, roto se sinh ra dong ien cam ng.
Neu von ke ch ien ap cang ln tc la choi
than a b lech khoi ng trung tnh
V
cang nhieu , phai quay choi than ve v tr
nao o ma kim ch so 0 th ay chnh la ng
trung tnh hnh hoc. Trong thc te, choi than khi
a nam ung ng trung tnh hnh hoc,
ong ho van ch vai von do khe h khong kh
Bi vay ch can chon iem ma von ke ch
K nho
nhat la c ng trung tnh hnh hoc.
2. Kiem tra cach ien: Muon am bao
van hanh lien
Pin
tuc va chac chan an toan, may ien mi lap at hoac
sau khi tu sa eu can c xac nh trang thai cach ien,
nhng may ang lam viec,ngh lau cung can co nh k
kiem tra cach ien e d oan trc c s am t
tranh cho cuon day khoi b anh thung khi cap ien vao.
Ngi ta dung megomke 5001000v e kiem tra cach
ien, tuy theo ien ap nhng noi chung qui nh nhiet o
lam viec th ien tr cach ien phai at 1M/1000v. ien
tr cang cao cang tot, oi vi may ien mot chieu di
440v va may ien xoay chieu 220/380v neu at t 0,5M tr
len la at yeu cau van hanh.
3. Kiem tra thong so ky thuat ong c ien xoay chieu:
cac ong c ien xoay chieu khi chay th can kiem tra mot
so thong so ky thuat sau:
Kiem tra cach ien phai t 0,5M tr len, thc te
th cach ien tot len en 20M hoac ti vo cc. Trng
hp kim ong ho ch len 0 la ong c b cham masse phai
sa cha lai khong c vcan hanh.
Kiem tra dong ien khong tai khi van hanh da
vao bang sau.
CONG
SUAT

0,10,4

DONG IEN KHONG TAI(%) SO VI NH

MC CAC TOC O
3000

1500

1000

55

70

80

750

600

45

0,51

40

55

60

15

35

50

55

60

510

25

45

50

55

60

1025

20

40

45

50

55

2530

18

35

40

45

50

Ghi chu: trong bang la gia tr trung bnh, dong ien o

c khi khong tai khong cao hn mc o nay la ong c
tot, neu cao hn qui nh th co the do quan sai, thieu vong,
au day sai...
TOC O QUAY CUA ONG C KHONG ONG BO BA PHA
SO
CC P

OI

2P

1
2
3
4
5

SO C

TOC O QUAY ( vong /phut)

T
quay(stato)

2
4
6
8
10

trng

ong c ( truc
roto)

3000
1500
1000
750
600

2815 2940
1400 1470
930 985
720 740
580 585

Kinh nghiem khi kiem tra mang tai (ong c 380v) c 1KW,
ampe ke kem ch t 2A tr lai la ong c chay c.
Th du: mot ong c khong ong bo 3 pha 380v cong
suat 7,5kw, toc o 1450v/p.
Dong ien tai nh mc la: Im = 7,5.2 = 15A
Cho chay o dong khong tai th dong ien ba pha phai
nam trong khoang tra bang.
15.0,45 = 6.75A. Cho mang tai,
dung ampe ke km o c nho hn hoac bang 15A va dung
toc o ke o ch 1450 vong tr len la ong c u ieu
khien lam viec.
4. Xac nh cc tnh ong c khong ong bo ba pha:
PHA

Tieu
Tieu chuan
chuan(LX cu) c
TOCT183-55
u

1
2
3

Cuoi

au

C1
C2
C3

C4
C5
C6

U
V
W

Cuoi

R
S
T

ong c:
Phap, Viet
Nam

ong c:
Nhat,
Rumani

au

au

A
B
C

Cuoi

X
Y
Z

U
V
W

Cuoi

X
Y
Z

a. Dung nguon ien xoay chieu e xac nh:

a1. oi vi ong c co cong suat nho di 3KW:
oi vi cac ong c co cong suat nho ta co the
dung nguon ien 1pha co ien ap 220 v e xac nh rat
thuan tien. Nhng chu y ve an toan ien, cach xac nh
nh sau:
46

Dung Ohm ke o xac nh tng cap day ra cua

ong c.
Von ke
(10v 20v)
Th nghiem lan 1:

A
110/220v C1

R
C2

C3

Mac day nh hnh ve, mot pha mac vao von ke,con
hai pha kia noi tiep, sau noun mac hai au day con lai vao
ien ap nguon mot pha 110/220v, quan xac kim ong ho
nhan xet:
+ Neu kim von ke lech i t 6 v en 10v th hai au day
mac vao nguon mot pha khac cc tnh . V sc ien ong
cam ng trong hai pha nay co cung chieu.
+ Ngc lai, neu kim von ke ch ng yen tai vach 0
(co the lech i chut t) th hai au day mac vao nguon
mot pha 110/220v cung cc tnh. V sc ien ong cam ng
trong hai pha nay ngc chieu nen triet tieu, nen khong
cam ng sang pha th ba , do o sc ien ong trong pha 3
e3 = 0.
Trong th nghiem lan nay ta xac nh c cc tnh cua
hai pha va anh dau cc tnh cac day pha AX,BY.
- Th nghiem lan 2:

110/220
v

C1

Von ke
(10v 20v)

C3
X

Mac day nh hnh ve , m day hai pha a xac nh cc

tnh song, lay 1 trong 2 pha nay noi vao volt ke, con pha
th ba noi noi tiep vi pha AX va mac vao
nguonien110/220v.
- Cho ien vao va quan xac kim volt-ke e ket luan cc
tnh cua 2 day ang noi vi nguon ien.
- Can c vao th nghiem lan 2, lay chuan a anh
dau la pha AX, anh dau pha 3 cac au C,Z.
Chu y: Thi gian moi lan th nghiem cho ong c
khong nen e lau qua 10 giay, co the lam chay ong c.
a2. oi vi ong c co cong suat ln:
oi vi ong c co cong suat ln th ta cung co
the xac nh bang phng phap nay nhng nguon ien th
phai thap khoang 30% Um cua ong c.

Von ke
(10v 20v)47

30%Um

C1

C2

C3

H.a

A
30%Um

C1

Von ke
(10v 20v)

C3
X

H.b
b. Dung nguon mot chieu( bnh acquy) e xac nh
Ngoai cach dung nguon ien xoay chieu ien ap
nguon va ien ap thap, co the dung bnh accu e xac
nh cc tnh ong c tren nguye ly hien tng cam ng
ien t.
Cong tac K ong m lien
K
tuc
Von
ke(3v)

24V

c.Dung ong ho VOM(mA-ke) xac nh:

mA-ke

Pha
1

Pha
2

Pha
3

48

Mac mach nh hnh ve, dung tay quay truc ong c, neu
kim mA-ke ng yen chng to cac au day ang noi chung
moi co cung cc tnh, ngc lai see khac cc tnh.
C the trao 2 au day cua moi pha cho en khi nao
kim mA-ke ch dao ong tai vach 0 th ket qua xac nh
hoan tat.
II. Chon day dan va thiet b bao ve cho may cong
nghiep:
1. Chon day dan ien:
a. Chon day theo bang: he thong ien may cong
nghiep, trong noi bo tng phan xng tng may th ch
can chon theo ieu kien phat nong e dong ien qua day
dan bang hoac nho hn kha nang tai cua day mot chut
la c. Dong ien phu tai cho phep cua day dan phu
thuoc vao tiet dien, s cau tao va moi trng cung nh
ieu kien lam mat day dan. Bang 1 dung e chon day
dan ien vao ong c mot cach nhanh chong ( nhiet o
moi trng 250C).
Bang 1:
CHON DAY TAI IEN VA CAU CH BAO VE NGAN
MACH CHO MAY IEN
Cong suat
Tiet
dien
ong c (kw) day (mm2 )
Kieu
Kieu
U
AO
AO2
220v
0,6
1

U
220v

U
380v

0,8

10

1,1

10

1,5

15

10

1,5

15

10

1,5

20

15

2,5

1,5

25

15

2,5

1,5

25

15

2,5

1,5

35

20

2,5

1,5

60

25

2,5

1,5

60

35

2,5

80

35

7,5

2,5

80

35

10

80

60

13

100

60

100

80

2,2
2,8

4,5
5,5
7

14

U
380v

1,7

10

C cau ch
=

49

17

10

125

80

10

160

100

16

10

160

100

16

10

225

125

30

25

16

225

160

40

35

25

350

200

20
22
28
40

Bang 2:
DONG IEN TAI CHO PHEP CUA DAY ONG BOC
CAO SU NHIET O 250C
so
si va
ng knh 1si
day
mm
0,97
1,13
1,37
1,76
2,24
2,73
3,99
5,04
6,33
7,47
9,05
0
5
7
8

10,7
12,4
14,0
15,6

7
3
7
6
4
3
3
8
1
9
81
14
49
81
14

tiet
dien
mm2

Trong lng
dong ien
day Kg/km
tai A khi at
Ca
Loi
Tre
Tron
boc P ong n s g ong

1x0,9

0,75

22

6,7

1x1,1

25

9,2

1x1,3

1,5

31

13,5

10(
20)

10

1x1,7

2,5

42

21,5

15(
27)

15

1x2,2

58

35

25(
36)

25

1x2,7

78

52

35(
46)

35

7x1,3

10

140

87

60(
68)

60

7x1,6

16

211

113

90

75

7x2,1

25

317

220

125

100

7x2,4

35

417

310

150

120

19x1,

50

585

440

190

165

19x2,

70

787

613

240

200

19x2,

95

1048

838

290

245

37x1,

120

1311

105

340

280

37x2,

150

1630

132

390

330

0
4

3)
5)

6(1
6(1

50

3
9

17,4
19,8

49
21

37x2,

85

1996

37x2,

240

2558

0
0

168

450

212

530

Ghi chu: Neu nhiet o ni day at nong hn th phai cho

dong ien tai giam xuong. Cu the 30 0C nhan he so 0,95,
neu 350C nhan he so 0,81 va 400C nhan he so 0,76.
Neu loi nhom th dong ien tai cho phep ch bang 0,77
day ong co cung tiet dien.
Th du: may tien T630 co ong c truc chnh P m = 10KW;U
= 380v; I = 20A
Tra bang 1 tm c day tai ien S = 4mm 2. Neu dung
day boc (P) th ng knh(khong ke boc ngoai) la 2,24mm,
c 100m day nang khoang 5,8kg(bang 2).
b. Chon day theo cong thc: phng phap nay chon tiet
dien theo ieu kien to that ien ap a qui nh thng
ap dung khi tai ien vi cong suat P can thiet co khoang
cach l a biet, cong thc c tnh nh sau:
P: cong suat s dung tnh bang kw
S

P.l
C.U%

l: chieu dai ng day ( m )

U: ton that ien ap tren ng day

tai %
C: la he so neu dung day ong, ng tai ien 3 pha
380v lay C = 80. Day nhom th lay C = 46.
Trng hp ng day tai ien 1 pha 220v bang ong th
lay C = 13.
Neu ng day cung cap cho nhieu iem khac nhau th
ta cong cong suat P cua tng a iem vi nhau vi
khoang cach t nguon en phu tai ngha la :
Ptt = P1 + P2 +P3......Pn
Th du: chon day tai ien cho can cau chan e KPD 94
cong suat P = 70kw cach xa tram bien ap 200m vi ien
ap li 3x380v. Cho ton that ien ap tren ng day la
U% = 5%. thay va cong thc ta c.
S

70.200
35
80.5

Vay ta phai dung day ong c 35mm2 e tai.

2. Chon cau ch bao ve ngan mach cho may ien:
Trong may cong nghiep th rle nhiet hoac rle ien t
ch bao ve qua tai, muon bao ve ngan mach th phai
dung aptomat hoac cau ch. Hien nay co nhieu loai cau
ch khac nhau tuy theo ien ap, dong ien, cach bo tr day
chay, ma no e ngoai khong kh at trong ong s co cat
dap la, trong ong nha thach anh...
Cau ch phai co kha nang cat dong ien cao khi b
ngan mach mot cach nhanh nhat e bao ve ong c, vi
nhng ong c thong dung ien ap thap th chon c day
theo bang 3. Day chay trong cau ch co the loai tron hoac
51

tam mong bang ch , kem, nhom hoac hp kim nong chay

thap, dan ien tot nh bac.
Cong thc chon dong ien day chay:
I cc

I k
1,6 2,5

Th du: May tien T630 co ong c truc chnh kieu long

soc, P = 10kw, U = 380v;
Im = 20A, boi so khi ong 7 . Vay dong ien khi khi
ong
Ik = 20.7 =140A. T cong thc tren ta tnh dong ien day
chay:
I cc

140
60A
2,5

Neu dung day chay bang nhom th t bang 3 ta lay loai

d =- 1.6mm.

Bang 3: CACH CHON DAY CHAY CHO CAU CH

ng
Dong ien nh mc day
knh day chay (A)
chay
Nho
Ch
ong
m
0,15
0,5
4
0,20
2
0,50
8
0,25
4
0,75
10
0,30
6
1
12
0,40
10
1,5
14
0,50
14
2
16
0,60
16
2,5
21
0,70
18
3,5
28
0,80
20
4,2
36
0,90
25
5
40
1
32
6
48
1,2
40
9
1,4
50
12
1,6
60
14
1,8
75
17
2
90
20
2,5
120
32
3
160
46

52

SA CHA MCH IN
KHI NG HAI NG C CHY TRC - DNG SAU
I. S mch in

II. Cc s c h hng:
53

1. Nhn nt m M
ton mch khng tc
ng

Nguyn nhn:

2. ng cu dao CD,
nhn nt m M cng
tc t K1 khng lm
vic

Nguyn nhn:

3. ng cu dao CD,
nhn nt m M cng
tc t K1 lm vic,
K2 khng lm vic

Nguyn nhn:

4. ng cu dao CD,
nhn nt m M cng
tc t K1 v K2 ng
bun ra nh

Nguyn nhn:

5. Khi nhn nt m
M cng tc t K1 v
K2 ht, bun ra nh

Nguyn nhn:

III. Sa cha mch:

1. Khoanh vng s c:
Xc nh chnh xc vng xy ra s c h hng
V d:
Khi ng cu dao CD, nhn nt m M cng tc t K1 khng lm vic
Khng nh mt iu l on L-1-D1-3-M-5-K1-4-PT1-N khng c in
2. Sa cha mch:
Dng VOM o on L-1-D1-3-M-5-K1-4-PT1-N
+ t 2 que o 2 u L v N, nhn M
+ Nu khng thng th ta gi u dy L, u kia chuyn v tr n s 4
+ Nu thng th ta t 2 que o n v tr s 4 v N (khng thng)
+ iu quan trng l ta khng th m c 2 u dy m phi xc nh ng v tr u
y no

t 2 que o u sau K1 v trc PT1 nu khng thng th chc chn l

u trc PT1

Nu thng th kim tra 2 u t sau PT1 n N

54

55