Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Colloidal Polymer
Dispersions Melts and
Crystalline Solids Non-Crystalline Solutions
(Metals, Insulators, Solids
Semiconductors) Liquid
Crystals
Crystalline
Solids + Quasicrystals Amorphous Biomatter
Defects Solids (Glass) (proteins,
(point, membranes,
dislocations, Polymer nucleic acids)
surfaces and Solids (Glass
interfaces)
and Rubber)
→
Phases of matter are characterized by the symmetry of their
ground (lowest energy) state (Landau, 1937).
n=1 i =1 | Rn − ri |
Te : motion of electrons Ve−e :int eraction between electrons Ve−N :interaction between electrons and nuclei
Energy: ω , T < 1 e V
ℏ ℏ
Time: ∆τ ∼ ∼ −19
∼ 1 0 −15
s
1eV 10 J
Length: | x i − x j |, q − 1 ≫ 1 Å
forget about atom formation + forget about crystal formation
me
+ Born-Oppenheimer approximation for ≪1
mN
⇓
Hˆelectronic =Tˆe +Vˆe−I +Vˆe−e, Vˆe−I (r +rn) =Vˆe−I (r), rn = n1a1 +n2a2 +n3a3
PHYS 624: Introduction to Solid State Physics
“Non-Interacting” Electrons in Solids:
Band Structure Calculations
In band structure calculations electron-electron interaction is
approximated in such a way that the resulting problem becomes an
effective single-particle quantum mechanical problem …
n (r′) δ ELDA
xc [ne ]
HLDA = HIE (r) + e ∫ dr′
ˆ ˆ 2
+ , ExcLDA[ne ] = ∫ dr n(r)excLDA (n(r))
| r − r′ | δ n(r)
PHYS 624: Introduction to Solid State Physics
From Many-Body Problem to Density Functional
Theory (and its LDA approximation)
Without the exclusion principle all electrons would occupy the same atomic orbital.
There would be no chemistry, no life!
→
differ only by interchange of identical particles are indistinguishable!
Pij Ψ ( x1 ,… , xi ,… , x j ,… , xn ) = Pij Ψ ( x1 ,… , x j ,… , xi ,… , xn )
Pˆij Hˆ = HP
ˆ ˆ ← Ψ Aˆ Ψ = Ψ Pˆ † AP
ij ij
ˆ ˆ Ψ ⇔ Pˆ Aˆ = AP
ij
ˆˆ
↑
+ ΨA , Pˆα is even
ΨS ΨA Pˆα ΨS = ΨS , Pˆα ΨA =
− ΨA , Pˆα is odd
1
Pα A Ψ = A Ψ , A = ∑εα Pˆα
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
N! α
PHYS 624: Introduction to Solid State Physics
Pauli Exclusion Principle for Hartree-
Fock or Kohn-Scham Quasiparticles
“There is no one fact in the physical world which has greater impact
on the way things are, than the Pauli exclusion principle.” I. Duck and
E. C. G. Sudarshan, “Pauli and the Spin-Statistics Theorem” (World
Scientific, Singapore, 1998).
Two identical fermions cannot occupy the same quantum-mechanical state:
Hˆ = hˆ1 + hˆ2 + … + hˆN
hˆi φi = ei φi ⇒ Hˆ Φ1,2,…, Ne = E1,2,…, Ne Φ1,2,…, Ne
E1,2,…, Ne = e1 + e2 + … + eNe
φ1 (1) … φN (1)
e
1 1
Φ1,2,…, Ne = ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ⇒ nkσ =
N! e(εkσ −µ )/ kBT + 1
φ1 ( Ne ) ⋯ φN ( Ne ) e
g σ ,σ ( r , r ′) = −
2 x3
g σ , − σ ( r , r ′) = 0, x = k F | r − r ′ |
Correlated Electron System: g σ , − σ ( r , r ′) ≠ 0
Strongly Correlated Electron System: gσ,σ (r,r′) ∼ gσ,−σ (r,r′)
Example of novel strongly correlated matter:
k k +Q
Q
→
solids are rigid (i.e., solid) and exhibit long-range order.
In crystalline solids discrete subgroups of the translational and
rotational group are preserved
metals insulators
T →0⇒σ ≠ 0 T →0⇒σ →0
ρ ρ
T T
PHYS 624: Introduction to Solid State Physics
Broken Symmetry States of Metals
k e n U(1)
Bro Highly
Anisotropic
Superconductors
T < Tc ⇒ σ → ∞ Charge-Density Wave
+ Meissner effect
Spin-Density Wave
ts
An
ne
rant Elect
tif
Fe
ag
rri
M
Magnetism
err
rg ma
gn
ets
om
e
nb
ine
agn
se
It
ei
et
r
H
n e
s
Sto
Ground state symmetry determines the properties of collective excitations – Spin waves (Magnons)
→
phase superflow of particles is directly proportional to gradient of
→
phase:
1
ρ s [∇ φ ( x ) ] ⇒ j s = ρ s ∇ φ s
2
U (x) ∼
2
Phase Broken Rigidity/Superflow
Symmetry
crystal translation Momentum (sheer stress)
superfluid gauge matter
superconductivity EM gauge charge
F- and AF-magnetism spin rotation spin (x-y magnets only)
nematic liquid crystal rotation angular momentum
? Time Energy?
translation
Anderson Higgs
Mechanism
Asymptotic
Freedom in the
Physics of
Quark
Confinement
PHYS 624: Introduction to Solid State Physics
Quantum Critical Matter