Example n 14

Tunnel with concrete lining

CivilFEM Manual of Advanced Examples - Ingeciber, S.A..

CivilFEM Manual of Advanced Examples

Example n 14 Table of Contents

14

EXAMPLE N 14: TUNNEL WITH CONCRETE LINING............................ 1

14.1

AIM

14.2

DESCRIPTION OF THE EXAMPLE

14.3

RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED

14.4

CALCULATION LOG

14.4.1

Introduction ............................................................................... 2

14.4.1.1

Phase 0: Initial State ................................................................. 3

14.4.1.2

Phase 1: Tunnel excavation...................................................... 3

14.4.1.3

Phase 2: Concrete lining (null density)...................................... 3

14.4.1.4

Phase 3: Concrete lining (non zero density) ............................. 3

14.4.2

Preprocess................................................................................ 3

14.4.3

Solution ..................................................................................... 6

14.4.4

Postproceso .............................................................................. 7

14.5

RESULTS

14.5.1

Phase 0: Stresses at Y direction .............................................. 7

14.5.2

Phase 1: Stresses at y direction ............................................... 8

14.5.3

Phase 2: Stresses at Y direction ............................................. 10

14.5.4

Phase 3: Stresses at Y direction ............................................. 11

14.5.5

Phase 3: Displacement at Y direction ..................................... 12

14.6

SUMMARY

CivilFEM Manual of Advanced Examples - Ingeciber, S.A..

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14 EXAMPLE N 14: TUNNEL WITH CONCRETE LINING

14

EXAMPLE N 14: TUNNEL WITH

CONCRETE LINING

14.1

AIM

The aim of this example is to show the possibilities of CivilFEM for a tunnel
construction process. Capabilities as birth and death of elements and initial stresses in
terrain are used.

14.2

DESCRIPTION OF THE EXAMPLE

This example consists of several phases: an initial state where tunnel is not yet
digged, the next phase is excavation, the following is concrete lining (with null density)
and in final step concrete reaches its normal density.
Tunnel and terrain dimensions are explained in the figure:

H= 3 m
Concrete
HSEC= 0.5 m

R=7 m
1.5(H+R) m

Soil

1.5(H+R) m

Structures Sketch

Materials to be used are:

Concrete for lining

E= 21000 MPa

CivilFEM Manual of Advanced Examples - Ingeciber, S.A..

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14 EXAMPLE N 14: TUNNEL WITH CONCRETE LINING

= 0.25
= 2400 Kg/m3
Soil SW

E= 10000 MPa

= 0.30
= 20000 N/m3
K0= 1.00 (coefficient of earth
pressure at rest)

14.3

RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED

In this example, stresses at each phase of construction process and terrain

displacement will be analyzed.

14.4

CALCULATION LOG

14.4.1

Introduction

International System of units is selected.

Next, the parameters of the model (geometry) are set. This way it is easy to modify the
model and adapt it to another geometry, or to test different configuration, to perform an
optimisation analysis, etc.
The first step in modeling creation is to choose the materials. The ones described in
the example are selected, and the properties of these, different from the default
values, are changed. Due to nonlinear analyses because of birth and death of
elements, material definition is more complex. Concrete material is defined in ANSYS,
as structural, linear, elastic and isotropic, with the elastic modulus and Poissons ratio
given.
Concrete has variation of density, to avoid defining two materials of different density,
we define only one but as a function of temperature:
DENS= C0 + C1T
If DENS is equal to 2400 Kg/ m3 and coefficients C0= 0, C1= 60 we have T= 40.
Therefore, concrete material, to reach a density of 2400 Kg/ m3, requires temperature
to be increased in 40. The soil type is defined with CivilFEM modifying default
properties to the desired ones and applying a null linear thermal expansion coefficient
to avoid added effects in terrain after temperature increment of concrete.

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14 EXAMPLE N 14: TUNNEL WITH CONCRETE LINING

Model is generated of PLANE82 elements, this 8-node bidimensional element is

defined by eight nodes having two degrees of freedom at each node: translations in
the nodal x and y directions.
To simplify and to obtain faster results and because of the symmetry of the model only
half right of the model will be generated.
Model geometry is defined by keypoints, lines & areas, choosing a correct number of
divisions to obtain a finer meshing in tunnel and, therefore, more accurate results.
For more clarity, terrain, tunnel, terrain+tunnel and concrete components are created.
As boundary conditions horizontal movement is constrained in nodes located in
contour sided lines of the model and vertical in all nodes of terrain base.
This is a non-linear analysis, Antes de nada, debido a un anlisis no lineal hay que
activar grandes desplazamientos y usar el mtodo de Newton-Raphson.
14.4.1.1

Phase 0: Initial State

In this phase only terrain exists and elements which not belong to this phase are
killed. Only gravity and initial stresses (no strain) are considered:
y =h

x= K0y

h is the height of terrain over the point considered and K0 is coefficient of earth
pressure at rest. ~TIS command generates a file that contains initial stress data that
will be applied to the terrain (defined using ANSYS elements and soil or rock material)
subjected only to the self-weight. To assure this, ~TIS command is executed just
before assigning attributes to concrete, saving database to restore it afterwards
because ~TIS command is only valid in SOLUTION and RST results file is not
available when returning to PREP7. To read the created file (in our case Init.ist) abd
apply initial stress to model command ISFILE is used. In order to have load
equilibrium, it is necessary to apply gravity to the model, if not, imposed stresses
would create deformation in terrain at the first load step.
14.4.1.2

Phase 1: Tunnel excavation

In phase 1 tunnel gap is excavated and elements belonging to the gap are killed.
14.4.1.3

Phase 2: Concrete lining (null density)

Once tunnel gap is excavated concrete lining begins. Therefore, elements of concrete
material born at this moment. Since density is zero, stresses must be zero.
14.4.1.4

Phase 3: Concrete lining (non zero density)

This phase is identical to previous but concrete reaches its desired value applying an
increment of temperature to nodes of concrete elements.

14.4.2

Preprocess

FINISH
~CFCLEAR,,1
~CFACTIV,GETC,Y

CivilFEM Manual of Advanced Examples - Ingeciber, S.A..

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14 EXAMPLE N 14: TUNNEL WITH CONCRETE LINING

~UNITS,SI
/PREP7
! INPUT PARAMETERS
H=3
R=7
Rint=6.5
HSec=0.5
N_DivArc=9
N_DivWd =2
N_DivPar=6
N_DivExt1=10
N_DivExt2=6

!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!

Depth of tunnel
Radius of tunnel
Inner radius
Concrete section
Number of arc divisions
Number of arc width divisions
Number of parallelogram divisions
Number of external lines divisions
Number of external lines divisions

! ELEMENT TYPE
ET,1,PLANE82
! MATERIALS
~CFMP,1,LIB,SOIL,,SW,0,0,0
~CFMP,1,SOIL,EXST
,,1e+010
~CFMP,1,SOIL,NUxySt ,,0.3
~CFMP,1,SOIL,GAMD
,,20000
~CFMP,1,SOIL,K0
,,1.00
~CFMP,1,DatGen,ALP
,,0.0
MPTEMP,1,0
MP,EX,2,2.1e10
MP,NUXY,2,0.25
MP,DENS,2,0,60

! Soil

! Concrete material
! Density as a function of temperature

! MODEL
K, 1,
0, 0
K, 2,
R, 0
K, 3,
0, HSec
K, 4,
Rint, HSec
K, 5,
0, KY(3)+Rint
K, 6,
0, KY(5)+Hsec
K, 7,
0, KY(1)-1.5*(H+R)
K, 8, kx(2)+1.5*(H+R), KY(7)
K, 9,
0, KY(6)+H
K,10,
KX(8), KY(9)
LSEL,NONE
LARC,4,5,3,Rint*1.001
LARC,6,2,3,R*1.001
LESIZE,ALL,,,N_DivArc
LSEL,NONE
L,5,6
L,4,2
L,1,3
LESIZE,ALL,,,N_DivWd
LSEL,NONE
L,3,4
L,1,2
LESIZE,ALL,,,N_DivPar
LSEL,NONE
L,9,10
L,7,8
L,1,7
LESIZE,ALL,,,N_DivExt1,4
LSEL,NONE
L,6,9
LESIZE,ALL,,,N_DivExt2,3
LSEL,NONE

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14 EXAMPLE N 14: TUNNEL WITH CONCRETE LINING

L,10,8
LESIZE,ALL,,,N_DivExt1
LSEL,NONE
L,3,5
LESIZE,ALL,,,N_DivPar
ALLSEL,ALL
! AREAS
A,4,2,6,5
A,1,2,4,3
A,1,2,6,5,3
A,1,7,8,10,9,6,2

!
!
!
!

Area
Area
Area
Area

1:
2:
3:
4:

Circular sector
Parallelogram
Circular quadrant (overlaps area 2)
Surround terrain

! MESHING
TYPE,1 $ MAT,1 $ ESHAPE,0
ASEL,S,AREA,,4
AMESH,ALL
CM,TERRAIN,ELEM

! Only terrain, free mesh

ESEL,NONE
ASEL,S,AREA,,3
AMESH,ALL
CM,TUNNEL,ELEM

! Tunnel gap

ALLSEL
CM,TERRAIN_T,ELEM

! All model: terrain + tunnel

~CFSAVE,,,,ALL
/SOLU
~TIS,Init,IST,-Y

! File Init.ist with initial stresses

! for each element

FINISH
~CFCLEAR,,1
~CFRESUM
/PREP7
ESEL,NONE
ASEL,S,AREA,,1,2
TYPE,1 $ MAT,2 $ ESHAPE,2
AMESH,ALL
CM,CONCRETE,ELEM
ESEL,ALL

! Concrete lining
! Quad mesh

! COMPONENTS
! PHASE 0, Terrain
CMSEL,S,TERRAIN
CMSEL,A,TUNNEL
CM,PHASE0,ELEM
! PHASE 1, Everything but tunnel gap and without concrete lining
CMSEL,U,TUNNEL
CM,PHASE1,ELEM
! PHASE 2, Terrain with tunnel gap and lining
CMSEL,A,CONCRETE
CM,PHASE2,ELEM
! PHASE 3, Same as before
CM,PHASE3,ELEM

CivilFEM Manual of Advanced Examples - Ingeciber, S.A..

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14 EXAMPLE N 14: TUNNEL WITH CONCRETE LINING

! BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
NSEL,S,LOC,X,0
NSEL,A,LOC,X,Kx(8)
D,ALL,UX
NSEL,S,LOC,Y,Ky(7)
D,ALL,UY

14.4.3

Solution

/SOLU
ALLSEL
NLGEOM,ON
NROPT,FULL,,ON

! Turns large-deflection effects on

! Activates Newton-Raphson option with adaptive descent

! PHASE 0, INITIAL STATE (NO TUNNEL)

CMSEL,S,PHASE0
ESEL,INVE
! Inverts the current set
EKILL,ALL
! Elements which not belongs to PHASE0 killed
ESEL,ALL
ACEL,0,9.81,,
! Gravity
CMSEL,S,TERRAIN_T
ISFILE,READ,INIT,IST, ,0
ESEL,ALL
NSEL,ALL
~CFSAVE,PHASE0,DB,,ALL
SOLVE

! Reads initial stress

! Saves CivilFEM & ANSYS database

! PHASE 1, TUNNEL EXCAVATION

EALIVE,ALL
CMSEL,S,PHASE1
ESEL,INVE
! Inverts the current set
EKILL,ALL
! Elements which not belongs to PHASE1 killed
ESEL,ALL
~CFSAVE,PHASE1,DB,,ALL
SOLVE
! PHASE 2, BIRTH OF CONCRETE WITH GAMMA=0
EALIVE,ALL
CMSEL,S,PHASE2
ESEL,INVE
! Inverts the current set
EKILL,ALL
! Elements which not belongs to PHASE2 killed
ESEL,ALL
~CFSAVE,PHASE2,DB,,ALL
SOLVE
! PHASE 3, BIRTH OF CONCRETE WITH GAMMA=2.4
EALIVE,ALL
CMSEL,S,PHASE3
NSLE,ALL
BF,ALL,TEMP,40

! Defines a nodal body temperature load.

ESEL,INVE
EKILL,ALL

! Inverts the current set

! Elements which not belongs to PHASE2 killed

ESEL,ALL

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14 EXAMPLE N 14: TUNNEL WITH CONCRETE LINING

~CFSAVE,PHASE3,DB,,ALL
SOLVE
ALLSEL

14.4.4

Postproceso

FINISH
~CFCLEAR,,1

! Clears all database

/GRAPHICS,FULL

! Set Powergraphics off

~CFRESUM,PHASE0,DB
/POST1
SET,1
CMSEL,S,PHASE0
PLNSOL,S,Y

! Resumes database from PHASE0

~CFRESUM,PHASE1,DB
/POST1
SET,2
CMSEL,S,PHASE1
PLNSOL,S,Y

! Resumes database from PHASE1

~CFRESUM,PHASE2,DB
/POST1
SET,3
CMSEL,S,PHASE2
PLNSOL,S,Y

! Resumes database from PHASE2

~CFRESUM,PHASE3,DB
/POST1
SET,4
CMSEL,S,PHASE3
PLNSOL,S,Y

! Resumes database from PHASE3

! Plots Y-Component of stress

! Plots Y-Component of stress

! Plots Y-Component of stress

! Plots Y-Component of stress

/DSCALE,ALL,AUTO
PLNSOL, U,Y, 2,1.0

14.5

RESULTS

14.5.1

Phase 0: Stresses at Y direction

Stresses are distributed evenly according to terrain depth since all model has the
same material.

CivilFEM Manual of Advanced Examples - Ingeciber, S.A..

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14 EXAMPLE N 14: TUNNEL WITH CONCRETE LINING

MX

DMX =.196E-05
SMN =-512080
SMX =388.391
-512080
-455139
-398198
-341257
-284316
-227375
-170434
-113493
-56553
388.391

MN
PHASE 0: Y-Component of stress

14.5.2

Phase 1: Stresses at y direction

After excavation, stress distribution vary in terrain adjacent to tunnel.

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CivilFEM Manual of Advanced Examples - Ingeciber, S.A..

14 EXAMPLE N 14: TUNNEL WITH CONCRETE LINING

DMX =.251E-03
SMN =-510620
SMX =39943
-510620
-449446
-388273
-327099
-265925
-204752
-143578
-82405
-21231
39943

MX

MN

PHASE 1: Y-Component of stress

CivilFEM Manual of Advanced Examples - Ingeciber, S.A..

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14 EXAMPLE N 14: TUNNEL WITH CONCRETE LINING

14.5.3

Phase 2: Stresses at Y direction

Concrete lining appears, with null density, stresses in lining are almost zero.

DMX =.251E-03
SMN =-510620
SMX =19971
-510620
-451665
-392711
-333756
-274802
-215847
-156892
-97938
-38983
19971

MX

MN

PHASE 2: Y-Component of stress

MX

MN

DMX =.251E-03
SMN =-.139E-03
SMX =.473E-04
-.139E-03
-.118E-03
-.974E-04
-.767E-04
-.561E-04
-.354E-04
-.147E-04
.593E-05
.266E-04
.473E-04

PHASE 2: Y-Component Stress in Concrete Lining

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CivilFEM Manual of Advanced Examples - Ingeciber, S.A..

14 EXAMPLE N 14: TUNNEL WITH CONCRETE LINING

14.5.4

Phase 3: Stresses at Y direction

In last phase, concrete has density ( = 24000 N/m3) and stresses appear in lining.

MX

DMX =.313E-03
SMN =-516868
SMX =12312
-516868
-458070
-399273
-340475
-281677
-222879
-164082
-105284
-46486
12312

MN

PHASE3: Y-Component of stress

MX

MN

DMX =.313E-03
SMN =-68713
SMX =11307
-68713
-59822
-50931
-42040
-33149
-24258
-15367
-6476
2415
11307

PHASE 3: Y-Component of Stress in Concrete Lining

CivilFEM Manual of Advanced Examples - Ingeciber, S.A..

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14 EXAMPLE N 14: TUNNEL WITH CONCRETE LINING

14.5.5

Phase 3: Displacement at Y direction

Displacements are minimum after tunnel ant concrete lining execution.

MN

DMX =.313E-03
SMN =-.313E-03
SMX =.205E-03
-.313E-03
-.256E-03
-.198E-03
-.140E-03
-.829E-04
-.254E-04
.322E-04
.898E-04
.147E-03
.205E-03

MX

PHASE 3: Y-Component of displacement

14.6

SUMMARY

With this example user becomes more experimented in non linear analysis such as
birth and death of elements.

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CivilFEM Manual of Advanced Examples - Ingeciber, S.A..