T11BENG

Chapter 11-B
Reinforced Concrete Beams (part II)
CivilFEM Theory Manual 300609. Ingeciber, S.A.
CivilFEM Theory Manual

Chapter 11-B Table of Contents
11-B.1
Introduction ................................................................................................ 1
11-B.2
Shear and Torsion according to EHE-98 ................................................... 3

11-B.2.1 Shear Checking ........................................................................ 3
11-B.2.2 Torsion Checking ...................................................................... 7
11-B.2.3 Combined Shear and Torsion Checking ................................. 10
11-B.2.4 Shear Design .......................................................................... 11
11-B.2.5 Torsion Design ........................................................................ 16
11-B.2.6 Combined Shear and Torsion Design ..................................... 18
11-B.3
Shear and Torsion according to EHE-08 ................................................. 20

11-B.3.1 Shear Checking ...................................................................... 20
11-B.3.2 Torsion Checking .................................................................... 24
11-B.3.4 Shear Design .......................................................................... 29
11-B.3.5 Torsion Design ........................................................................ 33
11-B.4
Shear and Torsion according to BS8110 ................................................. 39

11-B.4.1 Shear Checking ...................................................................... 39
11-B.4.4 Shear Design .......................................................................... 46
11-B.4.5 Torsion Design ........................................................................ 49
11-B.5
Shear and Torsion according to AS3600 ................................................. 53

11-B.5.1 Shear Checking ...................................................................... 53
11-B.5.3 Checking of Combined Shear and Torsion ............................. 60
11-B.5.4 Shear Design .......................................................................... 61
11-B.5.5 Torsion Design ........................................................................ 64
Chapter 11-B Reinforced Concrete Beams

11-B.6
Shear and Torsion according to GB50010 .............................................. 69

11-B.6.1 Shear Checking ...................................................................... 69
11-B.6.2 Shear Checking without Seismic Action ................................. 70
11-B.6.3 Shear Checking with Seismic Action ...................................... 72
11-B.6.6 Shear Design .......................................................................... 82
11-B.6.7 Shear Designing without Seismic Action ................................ 83
11-B.6.8 Shear Designing with Seismic Action ..................................... 85
11-B.6.9 Torsion Design ........................................................................ 88
11-B.7
Shear and Torsion according to NBR6118 .............................................. 98

11-B.7.1 Shear Checking ...................................................................... 98
11-B.7.2 Torsion Checking .................................................................. 101
11-B.7.3 Combined Shear and Torsion Checking ............................... 104
11-B.7.4 Shear Design ........................................................................ 105
11-B.7.5 Torsion Design ...................................................................... 110
11-B.7.6 Combined Shear and Torsion Design ................................... 112
11-B.8
Shear and Torsion according to AASHTO Standard Specifications for

Highway Bridges .................................................................................... 115
11-B.8.1 Shear Checking .................................................................... 115
11-B.8.4 Shear Design ........................................................................ 118
11-B.8.5 Torsion Design ...................................................................... 120
11-B.8.6 Combined Shear and Torsion Design ................................... 121
11-B.9
Shear and Torsion according to Code of Rules 52-101-03 (Russian Code

52-101-03) ....................................................................................... 122
11-B.9.1 Shear Checking .................................................................... 122
11-B.9.4 Shear Design ........................................................................ 128
11-B.9.5 Torsion Design ...................................................................... 130

11-B.10
Shear and Torsion according to IS 456 ................................................. 135

11-B.10.1 Shear Checking .................................................................... 135
11-B.10.2 Axial and Bending with combined Shear and Torsion
Checking ............................................................................... 139
11-B.10.3 Shear Design ........................................................................ 145
11-B.10.4 Axial and Bending with combined Shear and Torsion Design149
11-B.1 Introduction
11-B.1 Introduction
This chapter describes the checking and reinforcement design of reinforced concrete
beams in CivilFEM subjected to shear and torsion and combined shear and torsion.
11-B-1
11-B.2 Shear and Torsion according to EHE-98
11-B.2 Shear and Torsion according to

EHE-98
11-B.2.1
Shear Checking
The checking for shear according to EHE-98 follows the following steps:
1) Obtaining material strength properties. These properties are obtained from the
material properties associated to each transverse cross section and for the active
time.
The required data are the following ones:
fck
characteristic compressive strength of concrete.
fyk
characteristic yield strength of reinforcement.
fct,m
mean tensile strength of concrete.
concrete partial safety factor.
steel partial safety factor.
2) Obtaining section geometrical data. Section geometrical requirements must be

defined within CivilFEM database, (~CSECDMS commands). Required data for
shear checking are the following ones:
Ac
total area of the concrete section.
3) Obtaining geometrical parameters depending on code. Geometrical

parameters used for shear calculations must be defined within CivilFEM
database, (see ~SECMDF command). Required data are the following ones:
bw
d
1
minimum width of the section in a height equal to the effective depth,

(parameter BW_VY or BW_VZ of ~SECMDF command).
effective depth of the section, (parameter D_Y or D_Z of ~SECMDF
command).
geometric ratio of the tensile longitudinal reinforcement anchored at a
distance equal or higher than d from the considered section, (parameter
RHO1 of ~SECMDF command):
1
As
bw d
0.02
Angle of the concrete compressive struts with the longitudinal axis of

member, (parameter THETA of ~SECMDF command):
0.5
cotg
2.0
In Previous Considerations section can be found detailed information about

how to calculate the required data to each code and valid section.
11-B-3
4) Obtaining section reinforcement data. Data concerning reinforcements of the

section must be included within CivilFEM database, (see ~RNFDEF and
~RNFMDF commands). Required data are the following ones:
angle between shear reinforcement and the longitudinal axis of the
member, (parameter ALPHA of ~RNFDEF or ~RNFMDF command).
As/s
area of reinforcement per unit of length, (parameter AS/S of ~RNFDEF
or ~RNFMDF command).
The reinforcement ratio may also be obtained with the following data:
As
s
total area of the reinforcement legs, (parameter AS of ~RNFDEF or

~RNFMDF command).
spacing of the stirrups, (parameter S of ~RNFDEF or ~RNFMDF
command).
Or with the following ones:

s

command).
diameter of bars, (parameter PHI of ~RNFDEF or ~RNFMDF
command).
number of reinforcement legs, (parameter N of ~RNFDEF or ~RNFMDF

command).
5) Obtaining forces and moments acting on the section. The shear force that
acts on the section, as well as the concomitant axial force and bending moment,
are obtained from the CivilFEM results file (.RCV).
Force
Description
Vrd
Nd
Design shear force in Y

Axial force
6) Checking failure by compression in the web. First, it is checked if the design

shear force (Vrd) is less or equal to the oblique compression resistance of
concrete in the web (Vu1):
Vrd
Vu1
K f1cd b w d
Vu1
cotg cotg
1 cotg 2
where:
f1cd
K
design compressive strength of concrete.

f1cd = 0.60 fcd
reduction factor by axial forces effect
11-B-4
5
1
3
'cd
fcd
cd
effective axial stress in the section (tension positive)

Nd
Ac
'cd
For each element end, calculation results are written in the CivilFEM results file:
VU1
Ultimate shear strength due to oblique compression of the concrete

in web.
VU1 Vu1
CRTVU1
Ratio of the design shear (Vrd) to the resistance Vu1.

Vrd
Vu1
CRTVU1
7) Checking failure by tension in the web. It is checked if the design shear force
(Vrd) is less or equal to the shear force due to tension in the web (Vu2):
Vrd
Vu2
Vsu
Vcu
Vu2
Vsu
Vcu
contribution of web shear transverse reinforcement to the shear

strength.
contribution of concrete to the shear strength.
Members without shear reinforcement

If shear reinforcement has not been defined:
Vsu
Vu2
Vcu
0.12
100
0
f
1 ck
1/ 3
0.15 'cd
bw d
where:
1
200
d in mm
d
Member with shear reinforcement

If shear reinforcement has been defined:
Vsu
0.9 d sen (cotg
cotg )
As
fyd
s
where:
As/s
shear reinforcement area per unit of length
fyd
design strength of reinforcement (fyd
400 N/mm2)
11-B-5
In this case, the concrete contribution to shear strength is:

Vcu
0.10
100
1/ 3
0.15 'cd
1 ck
bw d
where:
2 cotg
2 cotg
cotg
cotg
2
if cotg
2
cotg
cotg
2.0
reference angle of cracks inclination, obtained from:
cotg
xd,
1
if 0.5 cotg
1
yd
Taking
2
fct,m
fct,m (
xd
fct,m
yd
xd
yd
0.5
2.0
yd
design normal stresses, at section gravity center, parallel to the

longitudinal axis of member and to the shear force V d respectively
(tension positive)
yd
=0
cotg
xd
fct,m
In addition, the increment in tensile force due to shear force is calculated with the
following equation:
Vrd cotg
Vsu
(cotg cotg )
2
For each end, calculation results are written in the CivilFEM results file:
VSU
Contribution of the shear reinforcement to the shear strength.
VSU Vsu
VCU
Contribution of concrete to the shear strength.
VCU Vcu
VU2
Ultimate shear strength by tension in the web.
VU2
CRTVU2
Vu2
Vsu
Vcu
Ratio of the design shear force (Vrd) to the resistance Vu2 .

CRTVU2
Vrd
Vu2
If Vu2 = 0, the CTRVU2 criterion is taken as 2100.
11-B-6
The tension increment due to shear force is stored in the CivilFEM results file as
INCTENS.
8) Obtaining shear criterion. The shear criterion indicates whether the section is
valid or not for the design forces (if it is less than 1, the section satisfies the code
prescriptions, whereas if it exceeds 1, the section will not be valid). Furthermore,
it includes information about how close is the design force from the ultimate
section strength. The shear criterion is defined as follows:
CRTSHR Max
Vrd Vrd
;
Vu1 Vu2
For each element end, this value is stored in the CivilFEM results file as
CRTSHR.
A value 2100 for this criterion would mean that shear strength by tension in the
web (Vu2) is equal to zero, as was indicated in the previous point.
11-B.2.2
Torsion Checking
The torsion checking according to EHE-98 follows the steps below:

time, (see ~CFMP command).
fck
fyk
characteristic strength of concrete

characteristic yield strength of reinforcement
concrete partial safety factor
c
reinforcement steel partial safety factor
s
parameters used for torsion calculations must be defined within CivilFEM
database. The required data are the following ones:
he
Ae
effective thickness, (parameter HE of ~SECMDF command).

area involved by the centre-line of the effective hollow section,
(parameter AE of ~SECMDF command).
ue
perimeter of the centre-line of the effective hollow section, (parameter
UE of ~SECMDF command).
KEYAST indicator of the position of torsional reinforcement in the section,
(KEYAST parameter of ~SECMDF command):
=0
if closed stirrups are placed in both faces of the equivalent hollow

section wall or of the real hollow section (value by default for hollow
sections).
=1
if there are closed stirrups only along the periphery of the member
(value by default for solid sections).
11-B-7
Angle of the compressive struts of concrete with the longitudinal axis of

0.4
cotg
2.5
In Previous Considerations section can be found detailed information about the

calculation by default of each one of the parameters for each valid code and
section.
Transverse reinforcement
Ast/s
area of transverse reinforcement per unit of length, (parameter AST/S
of ~RNFDEF or ~RNFMDF command).
The reinforcement ratio can also be obtained with the following data:
Ast
closed stirrups area for torsion, (parameter AST of ~RNFDEF or

~RNFMDF command).
spacing of closed stirrups, (parameter ST of ~RNFDEF or ~RNFMDF

command).
Or with the following data:

s
t

command).
diameter of the closed stirrups bars, (parameter PHIT of ~RNFDEF or
~RNFMDF command).
Longitudinal reinforcement
Asl
total area of the longitudinal reinforcement, (parameter ASL of
~RNFDEF or ~RNFMDF command).
diameter of longitudinal bars, (parameter PHIL of ~RNFDEF or
~RNFMDF command).
N
number of longitudinal bars, (parameter N of ~RNFDEF or ~RNFMDF
command).
4) Obtaining section internal forces and moments. The torsional moment that
acts on the section is obtained from the CivilFEM results file (.RCV).
Moment
Description
Td
Design torsional moment in the section
5) Checking failure by compression of concrete. First, it is checked that the

design torsional moment (Td) is less or equal to the ultimate torsional moment by
compression in concrete (Tu1); in other words, the following condition must be
satisfied:
11-B-8
Td
Tu1
Tu1
f1cd A e he
cotg
1 cotg2
Where:
f1cd
design compressive strength of concrete

f1cd = 0.60 fcd
1.20 if only there are stirrups along the periphery of the member;
1.50 if closed stirrups are placed at both faces of the wall of the
effective hollow section or real hollow section.
Calculation results are stored in the CivilFEM results file as:
TU1
Maximum torsional moment that can be resisted by the section

without crushing due to compression of concrete compressive
struts.
TU1 Tu1
CRTTU1
Ratio of the design torsional moment (T d) to the resistance Tu1.

CRTTU1
Td
Tu1
6) Checking transverse reinforcement failure. The failure condition by tension of

transverse reinforcement of a section subjected to a torsional moment Td is:
Td
Tu2
Tu2
2 Ae At
fyd cotg
s
where:
At
cross-sectional area of one of the bars used as transverse torsional

reinforcement.
s
spacing of closed stirrups of transverse torsional reinforcement.
ftd
design yield strength of torsion reinforcement (f yd 400 N/mm2). The
steel type used for both transverse and longitudinal torsion
reinforcement will be the same.
TU2

without crushing due to tension of transverse reinforcement.
TU 2
CRTTU2
Tu2
11-B-9
Td
Tu2
CRTTU2
In case the torsion transverse reinforcement is not defined, the

criterion is taken as 2100.
7) Checking longitudinal reinforcement failure. The failure condition by tension
of longitudinal reinforcement of a section subjected to a torsional moment T d is:
Td
Tu3
Tu3
2 Ae
A sl fyd tg
ue
Where Asl is the area of the longitudinal torsion reinforcement.

TU3

without crushing due to tension of longitudinal reinforcement.
TU3
CRTTU3
Tu3
Ratio of the design torsional moment (Td) to the resistance Tu3.

CRTTU3
Td
Tu3
In case the longitudinal reinforcement is not defined, the criterion is

taken as 2100.
8) Obtaining torsion criterion. The torsion criterion indicates the ratio of the
design moment to the section ultimate strength: if it is less than 1, the section is
valid, whereas if it exceeds 1, the section is not valid. The criterion concerning to
the validity for torsion is defined as follows:
CRTTRS Max
Td Td Td
;
;
Tu1 Tu2 Tu3
For each element end, this value is stored in the CivilFEM results file as.
A value 2100 for this criterion would indicate the non-definition of one of the
torsion reinforcements.
11-B.2.3
Combined Shear and Torsion Checking
For checking sections subjected to shear force and concomitant torsional moment,
we follow the steps below:
11-B-10
1) Torsion checking considering a null shear force. This checking is

accomplished following the same steps as for the checking of elements subjected
to pure torsion according to EHE-98.
2) Shear checking assuming a null torsional moment. Follow the same
procedure as for the checking of elements subject only to shear according to
EHE-98.
3) Checking the concrete ultimate strength condition by compression. The
design torsional moment (Td) and the design shear force (Vrd) must satisfy the
following condition:
TSd
Tu1
VSd
Vu1
Where:
2 1
he
bw
Tu1
ultimate torsional moment due to compression of concrete, calculated

in point No. 1.
Vu1
ultimate shear force by compression of concrete, calculated in point No.

2.
For each element, this criterion value is stored in the CivilFEM results file as
CRTCST.
4) Obtaining the combined shear and torsion criterion. This criterion
comprehends pure shear, pure torsion and concrete ultimate strength condition
criteria. The criterion determines whether the section is valid or not, and it is
defined as follows:
CRTTST
Max
Vrd
V
T
T
T
; rd ; d ; d ; d ;
Vu1
Vu2
Tu1 Tu2
Tu3
Vrd
Vu1
Td
Tu1
CRTTST.
A value 2100 for this criterion would indicate that one of the denominators is null,
because one of the reinforcements is not defined.
11-B.2.4
Shear Design
The shear designing according to EHE-98 follows these steps:

1) Obtaining material strength properties. These properties are obtained from
the material properties associated to each transverse cross section and for the
active time, (see ~CFMP command).
11-B-11

fck
characteristic strength of concrete.
fyk
fct,m
concrete safety factor.
c
steel safety factor.
s
2) Obtaining section geometrical data. Section geometrical requirements must
be defined within CivilFEM database, (~CSECDMS command). Required data
for shear designing are the following ones:
Ac

parameters used for shear designing must be defined within CivilFEM database,
(see ~SECMDF command). Required data are the following ones:
bw
d
1

command).
geometric ratio of the tension longitudinal reinforcement anchored at a
RHO1 of ~SECMDF command).
As
bw d
0.02
angle of the concrete compressive struts with the longitudinal axis of

0.5
cotg
2.0

how to calculate the required data for each code and valid section.
4) Obtaining section reinforcement data. In the shear reinforcement designing is
possible to indicate the angle of the reinforcement with the longitudinal axis of
the member, (parameter ALPHA of ~RNFDEF or ~RNFMDF command). If this
angle is null or it is not defined, it is taken =90. The other reinforcement data
are ignored.
acts on the section, as well as the concomitant axial force, are obtained from the
CivilFEM results file (.RCV).
Force
Description
Vrd
Nd

Design axial force
11-B-12

Vrd
Vu1
K f1cd bw d
Vu1
cotg
cotg
1 cotg2
where:
f1cd

f1cd = 0.60 fcd
reduction coefficient by axial force effect
K
cd
'cd
5
1
3
fcd
effective axial stress in the section (tension positive)

'cd
Nd
Ac
For each element end, calculation results are written in the CivilFEM results file
as:
VU1

in web.
VU1 Vu1
CRTVU1
Ratio of the design shear force (Vrd) to the resistance Vu1.

CRTVU1
Vrd
Vu1
If design shear force is greater than shear force that causes the failure by
oblique compression of concrete in the web, the reinforcement design is not
feasible. Then, the parameter where the reinforcement is stored is marked as
2100.
ASSH
As
s
2100
In this case, the element is marked as not designed, advancing then to next
element.
In case there is no failure due to oblique compression, the calculation process
continues.
11-B-13
7) Checking if section requires shear reinforcement. First, it is checked if design

shear force Vd is less than the strength provided by concrete in members without
shear reinforcement (Vcu):
Vu2
Vcu
0.12
Vrd
Vu2
100
1 ck
1/ 3
0.15 'cd
bw d
where:
200
d in mm
d
If the section does not require shear reinforcement, the following parameters are
defined (for both element ends):
VCU Vcu
VU2
Vcu
VSU 0
As
s
ASSH
If section requires shear reinforcement the calculation process continues.

8) Contribution of the required transverse reinforcement. If the section requires
shear reinforcement the validity condition for sections under shear force is the
following one:
Vrd
Vu2
Vsu
Vcu
Vu2
Vsu
Vcu
contribution of shear transverse reinforcement in the web to shear

strength.
contribution of concrete to shear strength.
Vcu
0.10
100
1/ 3
0.15 'cd
1 ck
bw d
where:
2 cotg
2 cotg
cotg
cotg
11-B-14
1
if 0.5 cotg
1
2
if cotg
2
cotg
cotg
2.0
reference angle of cracks inclination, obtained from the following

expression:
cotg
xd,
yd
2
fct,m
e
fct,m (
xd
fct,m
yd
xd
0.5
yd
2.0
yd
design normal stresses, at the gravity center of the section,

parallel to the longitudinal axis of the member and to the
shear force Vd respectively (tension positive)
Taking
yd
= 0 cotg
xd
fct,m
Therefore, the shear reinforcement contribution is given by the equation below:
Vsu
Vu2
Vcu
Vrd
Vcu
For each element end, the value of Vcu and Vsu is stored in the CivilFEM results
file:
VCU Vcu
VSU Vsu
9) Required reinforcement ratio. Once the shear force that must be carried by the
shear reinforcement has been obtained, this can be calculated from the equation
below:
As
s
Vsu
fyd 0,9 d (cotg cotg )
Where:
As s
cross-sectional area of the designed shear reinforcement per unit of

length.
The area of designed reinforcement per unit of length is stored in the CivilFEM
results file for both ends:
ASSH
As
s
In this case the element is marked as designed (provided that the design
process is correct for both element sections).
11-B-15
11-B.2.5
Torsion Design
Torsion reinforcement design according to EHE-98 follows the following steps:

fck
fyk

c
reinforcement partial safety factor
s
parameters depending on each code and used for torsion designing must be
defined, for each code, in data at member level according to what it is
established in chapter 5 of this manual. The required data are the following ones:
Ae

ue
KEYAST indicator of the position of the torsion reinforcement in the section,

(parameter KEYAST of ~SECMDF command).
=0

sections).
=1
0.4
cotg
2.5

calculation by default of the different parameters for each valid code and section.
3) Obtaining forces and moments acting on the section. The torsional moment
that acts on the section is obtained from the CivilFEM results file (.RCV).
Moment
Description
Td
Design torsional moment

satisfied:
11-B-16
Td
Tu1
Tu1
f1cd A e he
cotg
1 cotg2
where:
f1cd
concrete compressive strength

f1cd = 0.60 fcd
1.20 if there are stirrups only along the periphery of the member.
effective hollow section or of the real hollow section.
Calculation results are stored in the CivilFEM results file:
TU1

struts.
TU1 Tu1
CRTTU1

CRTTU1
Td
Tu1
If design torsional moment is greater than the one that causes the failure by
compression of concrete, the reinforcement design is not feasible. Therefore, the
parameters where these reinforcements are stored are marked as 2100.
AST / ST
Ast
s
2100 for transverse reinforcement
AST / ST
Asl
2100 for longitudinal reinforcement
In this case, the element is marked as not designed, advancing then to the next
element.
continues.
5) Required transverse reinforcement. The ultimate strength condition of the
transverse reinforcement is:
Td
Tu2
2 Ae At
fyd cotg
s
where:
At
area of the section of one of the bars used as transverse reinforcement

for torsion.
11-B-17
spacing of the closed stirrups of the transverse reinforcement for

torsion.
Therefore, the required transverse reinforcement is:
At
s
Td
tg
2 A e fyd
The area per unit of length of the designed transverse reinforcement is stored in
the CivilFEM results file for both element ends as:
ASTT
At
s
6) Required longitudinal reinforcement. The ultimate strength condition of the

longitudinal reinforcement is:
Td
Tu3
2 Ae
A sl fyd tg
ue
Where Asl is the area of the torsional longitudinal reinforcement.

Consequently, the longitudinal reinforcement required is:
A sl
ue
Td cotg
2 A e fyd
The area of the designed longitudinal reinforcement is stored in the CivilFEM

results file for both element ends as:
ASLT
Asl
If design for both element sections is done for both transverse and longitudinal
reinforcements, the element will be marked as designed.
11-B.2.6
Combined Shear and Torsion Design
The designing of sections subjected to shear force and concomitant torsional

moment, follows the steps below:
1) Torsion design considering a null shear force. This designing is
accomplished following the same steps as for the designing of elements
subjected to pure torsion according to EHE-98.
2) Shear design assuming a null torsional moment. This designing is
accomplished following the same procedure as for the designing of elements
subject only to shear force according to EHE-98.
3) Checking the failure condition by compression in the concrete. The design
torsional moment (Td) and the design shear force (Vrd) need to satisfy the
11-B-18
TSd
Tu1
VSd
Vu1
where:
2 1
he
bw
Tu1

in point No. 1.
Vu1
ultimate shear strength due to compression of concrete, calculated in

point No 2.
For each element end, this criterion value is stored in the CivilFEM results file as
CRTCST.
4) Obtaining required shear and torsion reinforcement ratios. If the concrete
ultimate strength condition is satisfied (i.e. the concrete can resist the combined
shear and torsion action), the reinforcements calculated in points No. 1 and No.
2 are taken as the designed reinforcements. The element is marked as
designed.
If the concrete ultimate strength condition is not satisfied, the parameters
corresponding to each reinforcement group take the value 2100.
11-B-19

EHE-08
11-B.3.1
Shear Checking
The checking for shear according to EHE-08 follows the following steps:
time.
fck
fyk
fct,m
fct,k
characteristic tensile strength of concrete (fctk_005).

Ac

bw
d
1

command).
geometric ratio of the tensile longitudinal reinforcement anchored at a
RHO1 of ~SECMDF command):
1
As
bw d
0.02

0.5
cotg
2.0

11-B-20

As/s
As
s

~RNFMDF command).
command).

s

command).
command).

command).
Force
Description
Vrd
Nd

Axial force

Vrd
Vu1
K f1cd b w d
Vu1
cotg cotg
1 cotg 2
where:
f1cd

0.60 fcd
f1cd
0.90-
fck MPa
200
fcd
0.5 fcd
fck
60 MPa
fck
60 MPa
11-B-21
1
'cd
1
K
'cd
0
fcd
1.25
0.25 fcd
'cd
2.5 1
'cd
0.50 fcd
fcd
0
0.25 fcd
'cd
0.50 fcd
'cd
fcd
cd
effective axial stress in concrete (compression positive) taking into

account the axial stress taken by compressed reinforcement.
VU1

in web.
VU1 Vu1
CRTVU1
Ratio of the design shear (Vrd) to the resistance Vu1.

Vrd
Vu1
CRTVU1
(Vrd) is less or equal to the shear force due to tension in the web (V u2):
Vrd
Vu2
Vsu
Vcu
Vu2
Vsu
Vcu

strength.
Members without shear reinforcement

If shear reinforcement has not been defined:
Vsu
Vu2
0.18
Vcu
100
0
f
1/ 3
1 ck
0.15 'cd
bw d
0.075
Vu2
3/2
fck
0.15 'cd
bw d
where:
'cd
11-B-22
Nd
Ac
0.30 fcd
12 MPa (Compression positive)
200
d in mm
d
fck limited to 60 MPa

Member with shear reinforcement
If shear reinforcement has been defined:
Vsu
0.9 d sen (cotg
cotg )
As
fyd
s
where:
As/s
shear reinforcement area per unit of length
fyd
design strength of reinforcement (fyd
400 N/mm2)
In this case, the concrete contribution to shear strength is:
0.15
Vcu
100
1/ 3
0.15 'cd
1 ck
bw d
where:
2 cotg
2 cotg
cotg
cotg
2
if cotg
2
cotg
cotg
2.0
reference angle of cracks inclination, obtained from:
cotg
xd,
1
if 0.5 cotg
1
yd
Taking
2
fct,m
e
fct,m (
xd
fct,m
yd
xd
yd
yd
0.5
2.0
design normal stresses, at section gravity center, parallel to the

longitudinal axis of member and to the shear force V d respectively
(tension positive)
yd
=0
cotg
xd
fct,m
In addition, the increment in tensile force due to shear force is calculated with the
following equation:
Vrd cotg
Vsu
(cotg cotg )
2
VSU
11-B-23
VSU Vsu
VCU
VCU Vcu
VU2
VU2
CRTVU2
Vu2
Vsu
Vcu
Ratio of the design shear force (Vrd) to the resistance Vu2 .

CRTVU2
Vrd
Vu2
If Vu2 = 0, the CTRVU2 criterion is taken as 2100.

The tension increment due to shear force is stored in the CivilFEM results file as
INCTENS.
CRTSHR Max
Vrd Vrd
;
Vu1 Vu2
CRTSHR.
web (Vu2) is equal to zero, as was indicated in the previous point.
11-B.3.2
Torsion Checking
The torsion checking according to EHE-08 follows the steps below:

fck
fyk

c
s
11-B-24
he
Ae

ue
KEYAST indicator of the position of torsional reinforcement in the section,
(KEYAST parameter of ~SECMDF command):
=0

sections).
=1
0.50
cotg
2.00

section.
Ast/s
Ast

~RNFMDF command).

command).

s
t

command).
~RNFMDF command).
Asl
11-B-25

~RNFMDF command).
N
command).
Moment
Description
Td

satisfied:
Td
Tu1
Tu1
2K f1cd A e he
cotg
1 cotg2
Where:
f1cd

0.60 fcd
f1cd
0.90-
fck MPa
200
fcd
0.5 fcd
fck
60 MPa
fck
60 MPa
1
'cd
1
K
'cd
fcd
1.25
2.5 1
'cd
0.25 fcd
'cd
fcd
0.50 fcd
0
0.25 fcd
'cd
0.50 fcd
'cd
fcd
0.60 if only there are stirrups along the periphery of the member;
effective hollow section or real hollow section.
TU1

struts.
TU1 Tu1
CRTTU1
11-B-26
Td
Tu1
CRTTU1

transverse reinforcement of a section subjected to a torsional moment T d is:
Td
Tu2
Tu2
2 Ae At
fyd cotg
s
where:
At

reinforcement.
s
ftd
design yield strength of torsion reinforcement (f yd 400 N/mm2). The
steel type used for both transverse and longitudinal torsion
reinforcement will be the same.
TU2

TU 2
CRTTU2
Tu2
Ratio of the design torsional moment (Td) to the resistance Tu2.

Td
Tu2
CRTTU2

of longitudinal reinforcement of a section subjected to a torsional moment T d is:
Td
Tu3
Tu3
2 Ae
A sl fyd tg
ue
Where Asl is the area of the longitudinal torsion reinforcement.

TU3

without crushing due to tension of longitudinal reinforcement.
TU3
Tu3
11-B-27
CRTTU3

Td
Tu3
CRTTU3

taken as 2100.
Td Td Td
;
;
Tu1 Tu2 Tu3
CRTTRS Max
11-B.3.3
to pure torsion according to EHE-08.
EHE-08.
design torsional moment (Td) and the design shear force (Vrd) must satisfy the
TSd
Tu1
VSd
Vu1
Where:
2 1
he
bw
Tu1

in point No. 1.
Vu1
ultimate shear force by compression of concrete, calculated in point No.

2.
11-B-28
CRTCST.
defined as follows:
CRTTST
Max
Vrd
V
T
T
T
; rd ; d ; d ; d ;
Vu1
Vu2
Tu1 Tu2
Tu3
Vrd
Vu1
Td
Tu1
CRTTST.
11-B.3.4
Shear Design
The shear designing according to EHE-08 follows these steps:

fck
fyk
fct,m
c
s
Ac

bw
d
1

command).
geometric ratio of the tension longitudinal reinforcement anchored at a
RHO1 of ~SECMDF command).
11-B-29
As
bw d
0.02

0.5
cotg
2.0

are ignored.
acts on the section, as well as the concomitant axial force, are obtained from the
Force
Description
Vrd
Nd

Design axial force

Vrd
Vu1
K f1cd bw d
Vu1
cotg
cotg
1 cotg2
where:
f1cd

0.60 fcd
f1cd
11-B-30
0.90-
fck MPa
200
fcd
0.5 fcd
fck
60 MPa
fck
60 MPa
1
'cd
1
K
'cd
0
fcd
1.25
0.25 fcd
'cd
2.5 1
'cd
0.50 fcd
fcd
0
0.25 fcd
'cd
0.50 fcd
'cd
fcd
cd
effective axial stress in concrete (compression positive) taking into

account the axial stress taken by compressed reinforcement.
as:
VU1

in web.
VU1 Vu1
CRTVU1
Ratio of the design shear force (Vrd) to the resistance Vu1.

Vrd
Vu1
CRTVU1
2100.
As
s
ASSH
2100
element.
continues.
shear force Vd is less than the strength provided by concrete in members without
shear reinforcement (Vcu):
Vu2
0.18
Vcu
Vrd
Vu2
100
1 ck
1/ 3
0.15 'cd
bw d
Vu2
0.075
3/2
fck
0.15 'cd
bw d
where:
11-B-31
'cd
Nd
Ac
0.30 fcd
12 MPa (Compression positive)
200
d in mm
d
fck limited to 60 MPa

VCU Vcu
VU2
Vcu
VSU 0
As
s
ASSH
If section requires shear reinforcement the calculation process continues.

following one:
Vrd
Vu2
Vsu
Vcu
Vu2
Vsu
Vcu
contribution of shear transverse reinforcement in the web to shear

strength.
contribution of concrete to shear strength.
Vcu
0.15
100
1/ 3
0.15 'cd
1 ck
bw d
where:
2 cotg
2 cotg
cotg
cotg
e
11-B-32
1
if 0.5 cotg
1
2
if cotg
2
cotg
cotg
2.0
reference angle of cracks inclination, obtained from the following

expression:
cotg
xd,
yd
2
fct,m
fct,m (
xd
fct,m
yd
xd
0.5
yd
2.0
yd
design normal stresses, at the gravity center of the section,

parallel to the longitudinal axis of the member and to the
shear force Vd respectively (tension positive)
Taking
yd
= 0 cotg
xd
fct,m
Vsu
Vu2
Vcu
Vrd
Vcu
For each element end, the value of Vcu and Vsu is stored in the CivilFEM results
file:
VCU Vcu
VSU Vsu
below:
As
s
Vsu
fyd 0,9 d (cotg cotg )
Where:
As s

length.
ASSH
As
s
11-B.3.5
Torsion Design
Torsion reinforcement design according to EHE-08 follows the following steps:

11-B-33
fck
fyk

c
s
Ae

ue
KEYAST indicator of the position of the torsion reinforcement in the section,

(parameter KEYAST of ~SECMDF command).
=0

sections).
=1
0.50
cotg
2.00

Moment
Description
Td

satisfied:
Td
Tu1
Tu1
2K f1cd A e he
cotg
1 cotg2
where:
f1cd
11-B-34
concrete compressive strength
0.60 fcd
f1cd
0.90-
fck MPa
200
fcd
0.5 fcd
fck
60 MPa
fck
60 MPa
1
'cd
1
K
'cd
0
fcd
1.25
2.5 1
'cd
0.25 fcd
'cd
fcd
0.50 fcd
0
0.25 fcd
'cd
0.50 fcd
'cd
fcd
1.20 if there are stirrups only along the periphery of the member.
effective hollow section or of the real hollow section.
TU1

struts.
TU1 Tu1
CRTTU1

CRTTU1
Td
Tu1
parameters where these reinforcements are stored are marked as 2 100.
AST / ST
Ast
s
AST / ST
Asl
element.
continues.
11-B-35
Td
2 Ae At
fyd cotg
s
Tu2
where:
At
s
area of the section of one of the bars used as transverse reinforcement

for torsion.
spacing of the closed stirrups of the transverse reinforcement for
torsion.
At
s
Td
tg
2 A e fyd
ASTT
At
s

Td
Tu3
2 Ae
A sl fyd tg
ue
Where Asl is the area of the torsional longitudinal reinforcement.

A sl
ue
Td cotg
2 A e fyd

ASLT
Asl
11-B.3.6

subjected to pure torsion according to EHE-08.
11-B-36

subject only to shear force according to EHE-08.
torsional moment (Td) and the design shear force (Vrd) need to satisfy the
TSd
Tu1
VSd
Vu1
where:
2 1
he
bw
Tu1

in point No. 1.
Vu1
ultimate shear strength due to compression of concrete, calculated in

point No 2.
CRTCST.
shear and torsion action), the reinforcements calculated in points No. 1 and No.
2 are taken as the designed reinforcements. The element is marked as
designed.
11-B-37
11-B.4 Shear and Torsion according to BS8110

BS8110
11-B.4.1
Shear Checking

active time (see command ~CFMP).
fcu
fy
cs


be defined within CivilFEM database, (~CSECDMS commands). Required data
for shear checking are the following ones:
Ac
total area of the concrete transverse section.
total depth in the shear direction considered.

bw
minimum width of the section, (parameter BW_VY or BW_VZ of

~SECMDF command).
d
command).
Asb
Area of the longitudinal tension reinforcement that extends at least a
distance d beyond the considered section.
In the Previous Considerations section can be found detailed information about
member. For this code,
90.
As/s
As

~RNFMDF command).
11-B-39

command).

s

command).
command).

command).
Force
Description
Vd
Nd
M
Design shear force

Concomitant axial force
Concomitant bending moment

shear force (Vd) is less or equal to the oblique compression resistance of
concrete section (Vu1):
Vd
Vu1
Vu1 = MIN {0.8 fcu , 5 N/mm2} * bw*d

in the following parameters:
VU1

in web.
VU1 Vu1
CRTVU1
Ratio of the design shear (Vd) to the resistance Vu1.

CRTVU1
Vd
Vu1
7) Concrete shear resistance. Shear resistance of concrete (Vc) is checked using

the following expression:
Vc
0.79
cs
A
100 sb
bw d
1/3
400
d
1/4
bw d
Where:
Asb
11-B-40
Taking into account the following restrictions:

100
A sb
=3
bw d
400
=1
d
f
If fcu > 25 N/mm , the results are multiplied by cu
25
1/ 3
If the section is subjected to an axial force, then the following expression will be
used:
Vc
Vc
0,6
NVh
bw d
A cM
Where:
h
Vc
concrete shear resistance without axial forces.
Taking into account that Vdh / M always has to be = 1

VC
concrete shear resistance:

VC = Vc
8) Steel reinforcement shear resistance. Shear resistance provided by the steel

reinforcement (Vs) is checked using the following expression:
Vs
As
0.95 fyv d
s
Where:
As/s
area per unit of length of shear reinforcement.
fyv
characteristic yield strength of shear reinforcement.
fyv
fy always less than 460 N/mm2
For each element end, calculation results are written in the CivilFEM results file in
the following parameters:
VS
shear resistance provided by the transverse reinforcement

VS = Vs
11-B-41
9) Total shear resistance of section. The total shear resistance (VU2) is the sum of
the shear resistance provided by the concrete and the shear resistance provided
by the reinforcement:
Vu2
Vc
Vs
VU2
Total shear resistance of section.

VU2 = Vu2 = Vc + Vs
CRTVU2
ratio of shear design force (V) and the resistance force Vn

CRTVU2
Vd
VU2
If Vu2 = 0, a value of 2100 is assigned to criterion CRTVU2.

10) Calculation of shear criterion. The shear criterion indicates the validity of the
section with respect to the solicitation (if less than 1 the section conforms to code
specifications and if greater than 1 the section is not good). Moreover, it provides
information with regards to how much more load can the section resist. The shear
criterion is defined as follows:
CRT_TOT Max
Vd Vd
;
Vu1 Vu2
in the parameter CRT_TOT.
A value of 2100 in this criterion will indicate that shear resistance (Vu2) has not
been considered, as indicated in the previous point.
11-B.4.2
Torsion Checking
The torsion checking according to BS8110 follows the steps below:

material properties associated to each transverse cross section and for the
fcu
fy

Xw
x1
11-B-42
torsion modulus for torsion checking and dimensioning.

minimum distance of the rectangular stirrups.
y1
maximum distance of the rectangular stirrups.
section.
Ast/s
Ast

~RNFMDF command).

command).

s
t

command).
~RNFMDF command).
Asl
~RNFMDF command).
N
command).
Moment
Description
Td
5) Checking if torsion effects must be considered. Torsion effects are only

considered if design torsional moment (Td) satisfies the condition below:
Td
with Tmin
v t,min
0.0067
Tmin
v t,min w
fcu
0.4N mm2
11-B-43
Where v t,min is the minimum torsional stress.

If the design torsional moment is less than this value, its effects can be
neglected and its default value taken as 0 for checking purposes.
6) Checking concrete failure. The design torsional moment Td has to be less than
or equal to the maximum torsional moment that concrete can resist (T u1), that is
to say:
Td
TU1
TU1
v tu w
If y1< 550 mm TU1
v tu w
y1
550
where:
v tu
0.8
fcu
5.0 N/mm2 is the maximum allowable stress.
Xw
TU1
Maximum torsional moment that can be resisted by the section.

TU1 = TU1
CRTTU1
CRTTR
Td
TU1

7) Checking the maximum torsional moment than the reinforcement can
resist. The design torsional moment Td has to be less than or equal to the
maximum torsional moment that the reinforcement can resist (Tu2), that is to
say::
Td
TU2
TU2
A st
0.8 x1y1 0.87 fyv
s
where:
Ast/s
area of transverse reinforcement per unit of length
TU2
11-B-44
Maximum torsional moment that can be resisted by the

reinforcement.
TU2 TU2
CRTTU2
CRTTU2
Td
TU2

taken as 2100.
8) Obtaining the necessary torsion reinforcement. The necessary longitudinal
reinforcement is calculated as a function of the transverse reinforcement, using
(A sl )nec
A st
(x1 y1 )
s
Where:
Asl
defined longitudinal reinforcement
(Asl)nec necessary longitudinal reinforcement
As
area of transverse reinforcement
ALT
Area of necessary longitudinal torsion reinforcement in compliance

with the defined transverse reinforcement.
ALT (Asl )nec

CRTALT
Ratio between the area of the necessary longitudinal torsion

reinforcement and the area of the defined longitudinal torsion
reinforcement.
CRTALT
11-B.4.3
(A sl )nec
A sl
1) Shear checking disregarding the torsional moment. This check will be carried
out following the same procedure as checking elements subjected to shear.
In this case the total shear criterion CRT_TOT is named as CRTSHR.
2) Torsion checking disregarding the shear force. This check will be carried out
following the same procedure as checking elements subjected to torsion, but
taking into account the torsional force due to shear in the calculation of concrete
failure.
11-B-45
Td
Tu1
v tu
Tu1
vd
bw d
In this case the total torsion criterion CRT_TOT is named as CRTTRS.

3) Obtaining the criterion of combined shear and torsion. This criterion
envelops the shear and torsion criteria:
CRT_TOT = max
Vd Vd Td Td (A sl )nec
;
; ;
;
Vu1 Vu2 Tu1 Tu2
A sl
11-B.4.4
Shear Design
The shear designing according to BS8110 follows these steps:

active time (see command ~CFMP).
fcu
fy
cs


Ac
total area of the concrete transverse section.

bw
minimum width of the section, (parameter BW_VY or BW_VZ of

~SECMDF command).
d
command).
Asb
In the Previous Considerations section can be found detailed information about
11-B-46

member. For this code,
90.
Force
Description
Vd
Design shear force
Nd
M
6) Checking web crushing by compression. First, it is checked if the design shear
force (Vd) is less or equal to the oblique compression resistance of concrete
section (Vu1):
Vd
Vu1
Vu1 = MIN {0.8 fcu , 5 N/mm2} * bw*d

VU1

in web.
VU1 Vu1
CRTVU1
Ratio of the design shear (Vd) to the resistance Vu1.

CRTVU1
Vd
Vu1
If the design shear force is greater than the shear that causes failure in the web,
the design will not be carried out. Therefore the parameter in which the
100
dimensioning is stored will appear as 2 .
ASSH
As
s
2100
In this case the element will be marked as not dimensioned.

7) Concrete shear resistance. Shear resistance of concrete (Vc) is checked using
Vc
0.79
cs
A
100 sb
bw d
1/3
400
d
1/4
bw d
Where:
11-B-47
Asb

Taking into account the following restrictions:

100
A sb
=3
bw d
400
=1
d
f
If fcu > 25 N/mm , the results are multiplied by cu
25
1/ 3
If the section is subjected to an axial force, then the following expression will be
used:
Vc
Vc
0,6
NVh
bw d
A cM
Where:
h
Vc
concrete shear resistance without axial forces.
Taking into account that
Vd h
VC
concrete shear resistance:

VC = Vc

following:
Vd
Vu2
Vu2
Vc
Vs
is the reinforcement contribution.
Vc
is the concrete contribution.
Vs
Vs = Vu2 Vc = Vd - Vc
the following parameter:
VS
11-B-48
Shear resistance given by the transverse reinforcement.
VS
Vs
below:
As
s
Vs
0.95 fyv d
where:
As/s
area per unit of length of shear reinforcement.
fyv
characteristic yield strength of shear reinforcement.
ASSH
As
s
11-B.4.5
Torsion Design
Torsion reinforcement design according to BS8110 follows the following steps:

material properties associated to each transverse cross section and for the
fcu
fy

Xw
x1
minimum distance of the rectangular stirrups.
y1
maximum distance of the rectangular stirrups.
section.
Moment
Description
Td
11-B-49
4) Checking if torsion effects must be considered. Torsion effects are only

considered if design torsional moment (Td) satisfies the condition below:
Td
Tmin
v t,min w
with Tmin
v t,min
0.0067
fcu
0.4N mm2
Where:
v t,min minimum torsional stress
If the design torsional moment is less than this value, its effects can be
neglected and its default value taken as 0 for checking purposes.
5) Checking concrete failure. The design torsional moment Td has to be less than
or equal to the maximum torsional moment that concrete can resist (T u1), that is
to say:
Td
TU1
TU1
v tu w
If y1< 550mm TU1
v tu w
y1
550
Where:
v tu
0.8
fcu
5.0 N/mm2 is the maximum allowable stress.
Xw
TU1
Maximum torsional moment that can be resisted by the section.

TU1 = TU1
CRTTU1
CRTTR
Td
TU1
In case the torsion transverse reinforcement is not defined, the criterion is taken
as 2100.
AST / ST
11-B-50
Ast
s
AST / ST
Asl
element.
continues.
6) Required transverse reinforcement. The design torsional reinforcement has to
be less than or equal to the resistance torsional reinforcement:
Td
TU2
A st
0.8 x1y1 0.87 fyv
s
TU2
Where:
Ast/s
area of transverse reinforcement per unit of length
fy
characteristic yield strength of reinforcement fyv
460N mm2
A st
s
Td
0.8 x1y1 0.87 fyv
ASTT
At
s
7) Required longitudinal reinforcement. The longitudinal reinforcement is

calculated as a function of the transverse reinforcement using the expression:
(A sl )nec
A st
(x1 y1 )
s
Where:
(Asl)nec necessary longitudinal reinforcement.
Ast/s
area per unit of length of transverse reinforcement.
ASLT
Area of longitudinal torsion reinforcement.
ASLT
(Asl )nec
11-B-51
11-B.4.6

subjected to pure shear according to BS8110.
2) Torsion design assuming a null shear force. This designing is accomplished
following the same procedure as for the designing of elements subject to torsion
force according to BS8110, but taking into account the stress due to shear in the
calculation of concrete failure.
Td
Tu1
v tu
Tu1
vd
bw d
Where:
vtu
maximum combined shear stress (shear plus torsion).
Xw
11-B-52
11-B.5 Shear and Torsion according to AS3600

AS3600
This standard works internally with Millimeters, Newtons and Megapascals.
Therefore, if the user chooses other unit system, the necessary unit modifications will
take place in order to use the AS600 formulation and once the check or the design is
carried out, the modification will be undone in order to obtain the results in users
units. The value will equal 0.7 for the shear and torsion.
11-B.5.1
Shear Checking
1) Obtaining the material strength properties. They are obtained from the
material associated to each cross-section and for the active time (see ~CFMP
command).
The necessary data are:
fc
concrete strength.
fyk
yield strength of the reinforcing steel.
2) Obtaining the geometric data of the section. The geometric data of the section
will be included in the CivilFEMs database, (see ~CSECDMS commands). The
necessary data for the shear checking are:
Ag
concrete section area.
3) Obtaining the geometric parameters that depend on the standard. The

geometric parameters used for the shear calculations dependent on the standard,
will be defined in the CivilFEMs database, (~SECMDF command). The
necessary data are:
bw
Web width or diameter of the circular section, (BW_VY or BW_VZ

parameter of the ~SECMDF command).
do
distance from the extreme compression fiber to the centroid of the

longitudinal tension reinforcement according to Y ( in circular sections,
this distance should not be less than the distance from the extreme
compression fiber to the centroid of the tension reinforcement in the
opposite half of the piece, (parameter DO_Y or DO_Z of the ~SECMDF
command).
The calculation of each one, for each standard and valid section is detailed in the
section of previous considerations.
4) Obtaining the section reinforcement data. The section reinforcement data
should be defined in the database of CivilFEM, (see ~RNFDEF and ~RNFMDF).
Angle formed by the reinforcement with the longitudinal axis of the
piece where they meet (ALPHA parameter of the ~RNFDEF or
~RNFMDF command).
11-B-53
As/s
Reinforcement area per length unit, (AS/S parameter of the command

~RNFDEF or ~RNFMDF).
Alternatively to the previous reinforcement piece of information, the amount of

reinforcement can be indicated by means of:
Ast
total area in the reinforcement legs (AS parameter of the ~RNFDEF or

~RNFMDF command).
spacing among abutments, ( S parameter of the ~RNFDEF or

~RNFMDF command).
Or by means of the following data:

s
spacing among abutments ( S parameter of the ~RNFDEF or

~RNFMDF command).
diameter among bars, (PHI parameter of the ~RNFDEF or ~RNFMDF
command).
reinforcement leg number, (N parameter of the ~RNFDEF or ~RNFMDF

parameter).
5) Obtaining of the forces and moments that act on the section. The shear force
that acts on the section, as well as the concomitant axial force, is obtained from
the result file of CivilFEM (.RCV).
Force
Description
V*
Calculation shear
N*
Concomitant calculation axis
6) Check of web crushing by compression. Firstly, the programs checks if the

shear design (V*) is less than the web compression resistance:
V*
Vumax
Vumax
0.2 f 'c bw d0
VUMAX
Shear failure due to web crushing.
VUMAX
Vu.max
CRTVUMAX Web crushing criterion
CRTVUMAX
V*
Vu.max
7) Concrete shear resistance. The concrete shear resistance is calculated is

follows:
11-B-54
Vuc
bw do
1 2 3
A st fc
bw do
1
3
where
1
N*
3.5A g
do
1.1 1.6
0 tensioned sections
N*
compressed sections
14A g
3
Ast
1.1
1000
Area of the tensional bending reinforcement.
The calculation results are stored in the result file of CivilFEM in the following
parameters:
VUC
Shear strength provided by concrete in the section
VUC
BETA1
Vuc
Partial coefficient for the VUC calculation.

BETA1
BETA2

BETA2
8) Calculation of the reinforcement shear strength. The strength provided by the

reinforcement (Vus) is evaluated by means of the expression:
Vus
A sv fsy.f
do
sin
s
cot
cos
Where:
Asv
Shear transverse reinforcement area.
fsy.f
Yield strength of the reinforcement.
Distance between the shear stirrups.
The calculation result is stored in the result file of CivilFEM in the following
parameter:
VUS
Shear strength provided by the transverse reinforcement
11-B-55
VUS
Vus
9) Nominal shear strength of the section. The nominal shear strength (Vu) is the
sum of the nominal strength provided by concrete and the strength provided by
the shear reinforcement:
Vu
Vuc
Vus
This nominal strength and the relation with the calculation shear are stored in the
result file of CivilFEM, as well as the following parameters:
VU
Nominal shear strength of the section.
VU Vu
10) Shear Criterion. The shear force V* must be lower than Vu, being
Vu=Vuc+Vus
V*
Vu
Vuc
Vus
Vu.max
the reduction factor of the section strength, ( equal to 0.7 for shear).
Therefore, the possible criteria of shear validity are:
CRTVU
Relation between the calculation shear (V*) and the strength V u
CRTVU
V*
Vu
In case that the strength provided by the concrete equals zero and
the shear reinforcement is not defined in the section V u=0, the
value 2100 will be assigned to the criterion.
CRTVUMAX Relation between the calculation shear (V*) and the strength Vu
CRTVUMAX
CRT_TOT
V*
Vu.max
is the maximum of CRTVU, CRTVUMAX.
CRT_TOT
MAX CRTVU,CRTVUMAX
This value is stored for each end in the result file of CivilFEM in the parameter
CRT_TOT.
If the strength provided by the concrete equals zero and the shear reinforcement
is not defined in the Vu = 0 section, the value 2100 will be applied to the criterion.
11-B-56
11-B.5.2
Torsion Checking
The torsion element checking according to AS36000 is composed by the following

steps:
1) Obtaining of the strength properties of the materials. They are obtained from
the material associated to each cross-section and for the active time, (see
~CFMP command).
The necessary data are the following:
fc
concrete strength.
fyk
geometric parameters used in the torsion calculations depending on the standard
should be defined in the CivilFEMs database, (see ~SECMDF command). The
necessary data are:
bw
Web width or circular section diameter ( BW_VY or BW_VZ parameter

of the command ~SECMDF).
do
The distance from the extreme compression fiber to the centroid of the
longitudinal tension reinforcement according to Y (in circular sections it
must be lower than the distance from the extreme compression fiber to
the centroid of the tension reinforcement in the opposite half of the
piece, (DO_Y or DO_Z parameters of the ~SECMDF command).
The calculation of each one for each valid section is detailed in the section of
previous considerations.
3) Obtaining the Section Reinforcement Data. The section reinforcement data
must be defined in the database of CivilFEM, (see ~RNFDEF and ~RNFMDF
commands). The necessary data are:
Transverse Reinforcement
Ast/s
transverse reinforcement area per length unit (AST/S parameter of the
Alternatively to the previous reinforcement definition, the amount of the
Ast
critical tensile zone, ( AST parameter of the ~RNFDEF or ~RNFMDF

command).
spacing between stirrups, (ST parameter of the ~RNFDEF or

~RNFMDF command).
Or introducing the following data:

s
spacing between stirrups (ST parameter of the ~RNFDEF or ~RNFMDF

command).
diameter of the bar of the stirrup, (PHIT parameter of the ~RNFDEF or

~RNFMDF command).
Longitudinal Reinforcement
t
11-B-57
Asl
Total area of the longitudinal reinforcement, (ASL parameter of the

the reinforcement can be indicated by means of:
Longitudinal bar diameter, (PHIL diameter of the ~RNFDEF or

~RNFMDF command).
N
Longitudinal bar number, (N parameter of the ~RNFDEF or ~RNFMDF
command).
4) Obtaining the force and moments that act on the section. The torsional
moment that acts over the section is obtained from the result file of CivilFEM.
l
Force
Description
T*
Torsional moment
5) Checking the torsional effects limitation. The torsional effects are limited by
the web crushing:
T*
Tu.max
Where
is the strength reduction factor.
6) Checking the necessary torsional reinforcement. In the following cases,

reinforcement is not considered necessary:
T*
i)
T*
Tuc
ii)
0.25 Tuc
0.5
iii) The total depth does not exceed the maximum of {250 mm; 0.5* web width}
and also:
T*
Tuc
Where
Strength reduction factor.
Tuc
0.3Jt fc
If the i) ii) or iii) conditions are not fulfilled, they should be reinforced not only in a
transversal way but also longitudinally.
7) Transversal reinforcement calculation. It must fulfill the following condition:
T*
Tus
11-B-58
Where,
Tus
fsy.f
fsy.f
A sw
2A t cot
Defined by the user between 30 and 45

Yield strength of the reinforcement
Asw
Torsional stirrup area
At
Polygonal area of the reinforcement
s
Distance between shear stirrup
8) Longitudinal reinforcement calculation. The following condition must be
fulfilled:
A tl
Where
Atl
Asw
ut
s
0.5
A sw
ut cot 2
s
Longitudinal reinforcement area

At perimeter
Distance between torsional stirrups
9) Obtaining the torsional criterion. The calculation results are stored in the
result file of CivilFEM in the following parameters:
TUMAX
Ultimate torsional moment of the concrete web failure.
TUMAX Tu.max
CRTTUMAX
Relation between the torsional moment (T*) and the strength

Tu.max
CRTTUMAX
TUC
T*
Tu.max
Torsional strength without torsional reinforcement

TUC=Tuc
TUS
Torsional strength with torsional reinforcement

TUS=Tus
CRTTUC

Tuc
CRTTUC
T*
if only torsional moment
Tuc
11-B-59
CRTTUS

Tus
CRTTUS
ATL
T*
if only torsional moment
Tus
Longitudinal reinforcement area

ATL=Atl
CRTATL
Relation between the longitudinal reinforcement area calculated

and the section area.
CRTATL =
CRT_TOT
Atl
(Atl)of sec tion
Total Criterion. The following criteria are checked in this order:
- If CRTTUC
0.5: CRT_TOT= max{ CRTWCRUS, CRTTUC}
- If CRTTUC 1 and the total depth does not exceed the maximum of {250
mm; 0.5*web width}: CRT_TOT= max {CRTWCRUS, CRTTUC}
- Finally, CRT_TOT= max {CRTWCRUS, CRTTUS, CRTATL}
This value is stored for each element end in the result file of CivilFEM in the
parameter CRT_TOT.
If the strength provided by concrete equals zero and the torsional reinforcement
is not defined in the section, the value 2100 will be applied to the criterion.
11-B.5.3
Checking of Combined Shear and Torsion
In order to check the section which are subjected to a shear force and to a
concomitant torsional moment, the following process is followed:
1) Checking the web crushing due to compression. The combined shear and
torsional effects are limited by the web crushing:
T*
Tu.max
V*
Vu.max
2) Shear checking with a concomitant torsional moment. This checking is been

carried out by following the same points of the checking of the elements
subjected only to shear according to AS3600.
The same results as those of the section correspondent to the shear checking
are calculated.
3) Combined torsion and shear checking. This checking is been carried out by
following the same points of the checking of the elements subjected only to
torsional moment according to AS3600.
11-B-60
The same results as those of the section correspondent to the torsional checking
are calculated.
4) Obtaining the combined shear and torsional criterion. The calculation results
are stores in a result file of CivilFEM in the following parameters:
CRTWCRUS Web crushing criterion
CRTWCRUS
CRTTUC
T*
Tu.max
V*
Vu.max
Relation between the torsional moment (T*) and the strength T uc

CRTTUC
CRTTUS
T*
Tuc
V*
if both
Vuc
Relation between the torsional moment (T*) and the strength T us

CRTTUS
T*
Tus
V*
if both
Vus
The total criterion will be calculated using the following procedure:

CRT_TOT
Total Criterion. The following criteria are checked in this order:
- If CRTTUC
0.5: CRT_TOT= max {CRTWCRUS, CRTTUC}
- If CRTTUC 1 and the total depth does not exceed the maximum of {250
mm; 0.5*width web}:CRT_TOT= max {CRTWCRUS, CRTTUC}
- Finally, CRT_TOT= max {CRTWCRUS, CRTTUS, CRTATL}
The value of this criterion is stored for each extreme in the result file of CivilFEM
A 2100 value in this criterion indicates:
that the concrete shear strength is null and the shear reinforcement is
not defined.
that the concrete torsion strength is null and the transversal torsional
reinforcement is not defined.
that the longitudinal torsional reinforcement has not been defined
11-B.5.4
Shear Design
The shear reinforcement design according to AS3600 is composed of the following

steps:
1) Obtaining of the strength properties of the materials. A material associated to
each cross-section is obtained and to the active time (see ~CFMP command).
fc
concrete strength.
11-B-61
fsy
Yield strength of the reinforcing steel.
2) Obtaining the geometric data of the section. The geometric data of the section
must be stored in the database of CivilFEM, (see ~CSECDMS commands). The
necessary data for the shear checking are:
Ag
concrete section area.

geometric parameters used for the shear calculations, which are code dependent,
should be defined in CivilFEM database (~SECMDF command). The necessary
data are:
bw
web width or circular section diameter (BW_VY or BW_VZ parameters

of the ~SECMDF command).
do

longitudinal tension reinforcement according to Y (in circular sections
should not be lower than the distance from the extreme compression
fiber to centroid of the tension reinforcement in the opposite half of the
piece (DO_Y or DO_Z parameter of the ~SECMDF command.)
The calculation for each one, each standard and valid section is detailed in the
previous consideration section.
4) Obtaining the section reinforcement data. In the shear reinforcement design is
possible to indicate the angle of this reinforcement with the longitudinal axis of
the piece. This angle should be stored in the reinforcement data correspondent to
each element, ALPHA parameter of the ~RNFDEF or ~RNFMDF commands. If it
equals zero or is not defined, =90 will be taken. The remaining data relative to
the reinforcements are ignored.
5) Obtaining the forces that act in the section. The shear force as well as the
concomitant axial force is obtained from the CivilFEM results file.
Force
Description
V*
Calculation shear
N*
6) Checking of web crushing. First of all the program checks if the design shear
(V*) is less than the web compression resistance:
V*
Vumax
Vumax 0.2 f 'c bw d0

VUMAX
Shear failure due to web crushing.
VUMAX
Vu.max
CRTVUMAX Web crushing criterion
11-B-62
V*
Vu.max
CRTVUMAX
7) Concrete shear resistance. The concrete shear resistance is calculated as

follows:
Vuc
A st fc
bw do
bw do
1 2 3
1
3
Where
1
do
1.1 1.6
N*
3.5A g
1.1
0 tensioned sections
N*
compressed sections
14A g
3
Ast
1000
Area of the tensional bending reinforcement.
parameters:
VUC
Shear strength provided by concrete in the section
VUC
BETA1

BETA1
BETA2
Vuc

BETA2
8) Calculation of the necessary reinforcement amount. The shear strength

supported by the reinforcement is Vus Vu Vuc . If Vus results a negative value,
then the reinforcement is not necessary.
The reinforcement amount is:
A sv
S
Vus
fsy.f do sin v cot
cos
where,
11-B-63
Asv
shear transverse reinforcement area.
spacing of stirrups measured according to longitudinal axis.
fsy.f
is the yield strength of the shear reinforcement.
Vus
is the angle between stirrups and the longitudinal axis, ALPHA

parameter of the ~RNFDEF or ~RNFMDF commands.
angle of the shear compression struts.
ultimate strength only due to the shear reinforcement.
parameters:
ASSH
Area per unit of length of the designed reinforcement
ASSH
VUS
A sv
s
Ultimate strength due to the shear reinforcement.

VUS=Vus
DSG_CRT
Design criterion (Ok the element has been designed and Not OK
the element has not been designed).
DSG_CRT=DSG_CRT
11-B.5.5
Torsion Design
The torsion reinforcement design according to the AS600 is composed by the

following steps:
the material associated with each cross-section and for the active time (see
~CFMP command).
fc
concrete strength
fsy
2) Obtaining of the geometric parameters that depend on the standard. The

geometric parameters, which depend on each standard and which are used for
the torsional calculations, should be defined in the database of CivilFEM
(~SECMDF command). The necessary data are:
bw
Web width or circular section diameter (BW_VY or BW_VZ parameters

of the ~SECMDF command).
do

longitudinal tension reinforcement according to Y ( in circular sections
11-B-64
should not be lower than the distance from the extreme compression
fiber to the centroid of the tension reinforcement in the opposite half of
the piece,( DO_Y or DO_Z parameter of the ~SECMDF command).
Asw
Torsional stirrup area, (Asw parameter of the ~SECMDF command).
Atl
Longitudinal reinforcement area, (Atl parameter of the ~SECMDF

command).
The calculation of each one for each valid section, is detailed in the previous
consideration section.
3) Obtaining of the forces that act in the section. The torsional moment that
acts over the section is obtained in the result file of CivilFEM (.RCV).
Force
Description
T*
Calculation torsional moment
4) Checking the torsional effects limitation. The torsional effects are limited by
the web crushing:
T*
Tu.max
Where
is the strength reduction factor.
5) Calculate the necessary torsional reinforcement. The reinforcement is not

necessary in the following cases:
i)
ii)
T*
T*
Tuc
0.25 Tuc
0.5
iii) The total depth does not exceed the maximum of {250 mm; 0.5*web width}
and also:
T*
Tuc
where
Tuc
Jt
0.3Jt fc
Torsional modulus
If the i) ii) iii) conditions are not fulfilled, it should be transversally and longitudinally
reinforced.
11-B-65
6) Necessary Transverse Reinforcement. It will be calculated by means of the

following formula:
ASTT
A sv
S
Tus
fsy.f 2A t cot
Tus
T*
where,
At
t
The area of the polygon that contains the reinforcement.

The angle of the torsional compression struts.
The area per unit of length of the transverse designed reinforcement is stored in
the result file of CivilFEM in the parameter:
A sw
s
ASTT
7) Necessary longitudinal reinforcement. The longitudinal reinforcement area

is the result of the following expression:
ASLT
where,
Asw
ut
t
0.5
A sw
ut cot 2
s

At perimeter
Angle of the torsional compression struts.
Spacing between torsional stirrups
The area of the designed longitudinal reinforcement is stored in the result file of
CivilFEM in the parameter:
ASLT
Atl
If the design of the transverse reinforcement as well as the longitudinal

reinforcement is carried out, for both element sections, this will be considered to
be the design.
DSG_CRT
Design Criterion (Ok the element has been designed and NotOk
the element has not been designed.)
DSG_CRT=DSG_CRT
11-B.5.6
In order to execute the design of the shear force sections and the concomitant
torsional moment, the following process is followed:
11-B-66
1) Obtaining of the acting forces in the section. The torsional moment that
actuates in the section is obtained from the result file of CivilFEM (.RCV).
Force
Description
T*
Calculation torsional moment
V*
Shear calculation
2) Checking torsional effects limitation. The torsional effects are only taken into
consideration if the following condition is fulfilled in the calculation of torsional
moment (T*):
T*
Tu.max
V*
Vu.max
If the calculation torsional moment is lower than this value, then its effects are
not considered, and the design equals zero.
3) Necessary torsional reinforcement. A reinforcement is not necessary in the
following cases:
i)
ii)
T*
0.25 Tuc
T*
Tuc
V*
Vuc
0.5
iii) The total depth does not exceed the maximum of {250 mm ; 0.5*web width}
and also:
T*
Tuc
V*
Vuc
where
Tuc
0.3Jt fc
Jt
Torsional modulus
Vuc
Ultimate strength without reinforcement.
If the i) ii) iii) conditions are not fulfilled, it should be transversally and
longitudinally reinforced. If the previous relation is not fulfilled, the torsional
reinforcement cannot be designed and therefore, the parameters, where they are
stored, will be marked with 2100.
ASTT
Ast
s
2100 for the transverse reinforcement
ASLT
Asl
2100 for the longitudinal reinforcement
11-B-67
4) Necessary transversal reinforcement. It will be calculated thanks to the

following formula:
ASTT
A sw
Tus
fsy.f 2A t cot
T*
Tus
where,
At
t
Polygonal area of the reinforcement

Angle of the torsional compression struts
The designed longitudinal reinforcement area is stored in the result file of

CivilFEM in the parameter:
A sw
s
ASTT
5) Necessary longitudinal reinforcement. It will be calculated thanks to the

following formula:
ASLT
0.5
A sw
ut cot 2
s
Where,
Asw
Area of torsional stirrups
ut
Perimeter of At
Angle of compression struts in torsion
t
s
Distance between torsion stirrups
The area of longitudinal reinforcement is stored in the results file of CivilFEM in
the parameter:
ASLT
Atl
If the design not only of the transverse reinforcement, but also of the longitudinal
reinforcement for both element sections is executed; this will be marked as
designed.
DSG_CRT
Design Criterion (Ok the element has been designed and Not Ok
the element has not been designed.)
DSG_CRT=DSG_CRT
11-B-68
11-B.6 Shear and Torsion according to GB50010

GB50010
11-B.6.1
Shear Checking
Elements shear checking according to GB50010-2002 follows the steps below:

1) Obtaining materials strength properties. These properties are obtained from
the material properties associated to each one of the transverse cross sections
and for the active time, (see ~CFMP command). Those material properties
should be previously defined. The required data are the following ones:
fc
ft
design tensile strength of concrete.
fyv
steel design tensile strength for of shear reinforcement.

Ac
total cross-sectional area of the concrete section.

database, see ~SECMDF command. Required data are the following ones:
b
h0
hw
minimum width of the section over the effective depth, (parameter

BW_VY or BW_VZ of ~SECMDF command)
effective height of the section, (parameter D_Y or D_Z of ~SECMDF
command).
the web height (parameter HW_VY of ~SECMDF command).
4) Obtaining the section reinforcement data. The section reinforcement data

should be defined in the database of CivilFEM, (see ~RNFDEF and ~RNFMDF).
Angle formed by the reinforcement with the longitudinal axis of the
piece where they meet (ALPHA parameter of the ~RNFDEF or
~RNFMDF command).
As/s
Reinforcement area per length unit, (AS/S parameter of the command

~RNFDEF or ~RNFMDF).

Ast
total area in the reinforcement legs (AS parameter of the ~RNFDEF or

~RNFMDF command).
11-B-69
spacing among abutments, ( S parameter of the ~RNFDEF or

~RNFMDF command).
Or by means of the following data:

s
spacing among abutments ( S parameter of the ~RNFDEF or

~RNFMDF command).
diameter among bars, (PHI parameter of the ~RNFDEF or ~RNFMDF

command).
5) N reinforcement leg number, (N parameter of the ~RNFDEF or ~RNFMDF
parameter). Obtaining the section internal forces and moments. The shear
force that acts on the section, as well as the concomitant axial force and bending
moment, are obtained from the CivilFEM results file (.RCV).
Force
Description
V
N
Design shear force

Axial force
11-B.6.2
Shear Checking without Seismic Action
1) Checking whether the section dimensions meet the requirement. First, we

check whether the design shear (V) is less or equal to sectional maximum
possible resistance (VRd1):
where
c is
VRd1
If hw/b
4 , VRd1
0.25 c fcbh0
If hw/b
6 , VRd1
0.2 c fcbh0
a coefficient depending on the concrete strength:
For concrete C50 (fc= 23.1 N/mm2) or under, c =1. 0;

For concrete C80 (fc= 35.9 N/mm2), c =0.8,
For concrete C55-75, a linear interpolation is made for c according to the
values of fc.
Results are written for each end in the CivilFEM results file as the following
parameters:
VRD1
Maximum possible shear resistance.
VRD1 VRd1
CRVRD1
Ratio of the design shear force V to the resistance V Rd1.
CRVRD1
V
VRd1
2) Checking whether the section needs shear reinforcement
11-B-70
If shear reinforcement has not been defined in the section, it is checked that design
shear force V is less than the maximum design shear force that can be carried by
plain concrete without reinforcements (VRd2):
VRd2
Where
VRd2
0.7 hftbh0
800 1/ 4
) is the section height factor,
h0
if h0 < 800mm, assume h0 =800 mm;

if h0 > 2000mm, assume h0 = 2000 mm.
If reinforcement has been defined, there are no axial forces (N=0), and the shear
force from concentrated load for an independent beam is less than 75%,
VRd2
0.7ftbh0
If N is compressive (N < 0)
VRd2
1.75
ftbh0
1
0.07N
VRd2
1.75
ftbh0
1
0.2N
If N is tensile (N > 0)
The following are given in CivilFEM results:

VRD2
Maximum design shear force that can be carried by the section

without crushing of the concrete compressive struts.
VRD2
CRVRD2
VRd2
CRVRD2
V
VRd2
For sections subjected to an applied tensile axial force so that

VRd2=0, CRVRD2 is taken as 2100.
3) Checking of elements requiring shear reinforcement. The shear resistance of
a section with reinforcement (VRd3) is calculated differently according to whether
the concentrated load exists or not.
Conditions below must be verified:
VRd3
11-B-71
where
VRd3
VRd2
Vs
is the design shear load capacity of reinforcement.
Vs
Vs
1.25
cf
As v
s
fyv
cf yv
A sv
s
h0
in case the shear force from concentrated load is more than 75% in an
independent beam or axial force exits, cf 1.0
is the cross-sectional area of the shear reinforcement.
is the spacing of the stirrups measured along the longitudinal axis.
is the design tensile strength of shear reinforcement.
Results obtained are written for each end in the CivilFEM results file as the following
parameters:
Vs
Shear strength of the reinforcement.
VRD3
Design shear resistance.
VRD3
CRVRD3
VRd3
Ratio of the design shear force V to the shear resistance V Rd3.
CRVRD3
V
VRd3
If VRd3=0, CRVRD3 is taken as 2100.

4) Shear criterion. The shear criterion indicates the validity of the section with
respect to the solicitation (if less than 1 the section conforms to code
CRT_TOT
Max CRVRD1; CRVRD3
A value of 2100 in this criterion will indicate that shear resistance (Vrd2) has not
11-B.6.3
Shear Checking with Seismic Action
Elements shear checking according to GB50010-2002 and GB50011-2001 follows

the steps below:
1) Capacitys adjusting factor of seismic fortification and the formulation
about the check. First, the form of the checking formulation is different from
normal checking formulation.
11-B-72
VR RE
V
V Design shear force
VR/ RE Design shear resistance
RE Capacitys adjusting factor of seismic fortification

If the combination of the case does not include the horizontal seismic action,
RE=1. Otherwise, RE=0.75 for beam being bent, RE=0.75 for column under
N
eccentric compression and
0.15 , RE=0.8 for column under eccentric
fc A
N
compression and
0.15
fc A
2) Checking whether the section dimensions meet the requirement under
the actions of seismic loads. First, we check whether the design shear (V) is
less or equal to sectional maximum possible resistance (VRd1) under the
seismic loads:
VRd1
For beam:
VRd1
0.2 c fcbh0
RE
For column:
VRd1
0.20 c fcbh0
for
0.15 c fcbh0
for
RE
VRd1
1
RE
M (Vh0 )
VRD1
VRD1 VRd1
CRVRD1
CRVRD1
V
VRd1
3) Checking whether the section needs shear reinforcement under the

actions of seismic loads
If the member is a beam, there are no axial forces (N=0), and the shear force from
concentrated load is less than 75%,
11-B-73
VRd2
0.42ftbh0
RE
If the member is an independent beam and the shear force from concentrated load is
more than 75%,
1 1.05
ftbh0
1
RE
VRd2
If the member is column and N is compressive ( N < 0)
VRd2
1
RE
1.05
ftbh0
1
0.056N
VRd2
1
RE
VRd2
1.05
ftbh0
1
0.2N

VRD2
VRD2
CRVRD2
VRd2
CRVRD2
V
VRd2

4) Checking of elements requiring shear reinforcement under the actions of
seismic loads. The shear resistance of a section with reinforcement (V Rd3) is
calculated differently according to whether the concentrated load exists or not.
Conditions below must be verified:
VRd3
where
VRd3
Vs
Vs
is the design shear load capacity of reinforcement.

Vs
cf yv
RE
11-B-74
VRd2
A sv
h0
s
for beam (N=0) in case the shear force from concentrated load is
less than 75%.
for an independent beam in case the shear force from
1.0
cf
concentrated load is more than 75%, for column or the case axial
force exists.
As v
is the cross-sectional area of the shear reinforcement.
s
is the spacing of the stirrups measured along the longitudinal
axis.
fyv
is the design tensile strength of shear reinforcement.
parameters:
cf
1.25
Vs
Shear strength of the reinforcement.
VRD3
VRD3
CRVRD3
VRd3
Ratio of the design shear force V to the shear resistance V Rd3.
CRVRD3
V
VRd3

5) Shear criterion. The shear criterion indicates the validity of the section with
respect to the solicitation (if less than 1 the section conforms to code
CRT_TOT
Max CRVRD1; CRVRD3
A value of 2100 in this criterion will indicate that shear resistance (Vrd2) has not
11-B.6.4
Torsion Checking
The torsion checking according to GB50010-2002 follows the steps below:

the material properties associated to the transverse cross section and for the
fc
ft
11-B-75
fy
design tensile strength for torsion reinforcement.

Ac
tw
thickness of a box section (TWY)

database, (see ~SECMDF command). The required data are the following ones
b
h0

BW_VY or BW_VZ of ~SECMDF command), or section inner diameter
for circular section.
height of the section, (parameter D_Y or D_Z of ~SECMDF command).,
section outer diameter for circular section.
hw
Wt

Plastic resistance of torsion moment
Acor
Core area
Ucor
Core perimeter
W t1
Plastic resistance of torsion moment for branch 1 for T and double T

section.
Acor1
Core area for branch 1 for T and double T section.
Ucor1
Core perimeter for branch 1 for T and double T section.
W t2

section.
Acor2
Core area for branch 2 for T and double T section.
Ucor2

section.
4) Obtaining the Section Reinforcement Data. The section reinforcement data
must be defined in the database of CivilFEM, (see ~RNFDEF and ~RNFMDF
commands). The necessary data are:
Transverse Reinforcement
Ast/s
transverse reinforcement area per length unit (AST/S parameter of the
Alternatively to the previous reinforcement definition, the amount of the
11-B-76
Ast
critical tensile zone, (AST parameter of the ~RNFDEF or ~RNFMDF

command).
spacing between stirrups, (ST parameter of the ~RNFDEF or

~RNFMDF command).
Or introducing the following data:

s
spacing between stirrups (ST parameter of the ~RNFDEF or ~RNFMDF

command).
diameter of the bar of the stirrup, (PHIT parameter of the ~RNFDEF or

~RNFMDF commands).
Longitudinal Reinforcement
Asl
Total area of the longitudinal reinforcement, (ASL parameter of the
the reinforcement can be indicated by means of:
t
Longitudinal bar diameter, (PHIL diameter of the ~RNFDEF or

~RNFMDF command).
N
Longitudinal bar number, (N parameter of the ~RNFDEF or ~RNFMDF
command).
l
Moment
Description
T
N
Design torsion moment

Axial force
6) Checking if the section dimensions meet the requirement.
T TRd1
If hw / b
4 or hw / t w
4 then TRd1
0.2Wt c fc
If hw / b
6 or hw / t w
6 then TRd1
0.16Wt c fc
Results are written in the CivilFEM results file for both element ends as the
parameters:
TRD1
Maximum possible resistance of torsional moment
TRD1 TRd1
CRTRD1
Ratio of the design torsional moment T to the resistance T Rd1.
CRTRD1
T
TRd1
11-B-77
7) Calculation of the maximum torsional moment that can be resisted without

reinforcements.
TRd2
where
For rectangular and circular sections
TRd2
0.35ft Wt
0.07
N
Wt
Ac
N (< 0) is the compressive axial force, if | N| 0.3fc A , assume | N| 0.3fc A .

For box sections (axial forces cannot be resisted),
TRd2
h
0.35 hft Wt
is the influence coefficient of the wall thickness of the box section.

h
2.5t w / bh , if
> 1.0, assume,
=1.0.
For T and double T sections, they are divided into rectangle sections, and proceeds
according to rectangle sections.
parameters:
TRD2 Maximum design torsional moment that can be resisted by the section without
crushing of the concrete compressive struts.
TRD2 TRd2
CRTRD2
Ratio of the design torsional moment T to the resistance TRd2.
CRTRD2
T
TRd2
8) Calculation of the maximum torsional moment that can be resisted by the

reinforcement. The design torsional moment T must be less or equal to the
maximum design torsional moment that can be resisted by concrete and the
reinforcement (TRd2); in other words, the following condition must be satisfied:
TRd3
TRd2
Ts
where
Ts
A stls
A st1ucor
11-B-78
1.2
fy
A st1Acor
s
the ratio between longitudinal reinforcement and hoop
reinforcement strength 0.6
1.7 ; if
1.7 , assume
1.7
Calculation results are written in the CivilFEM results file for both element ends
as the parameters:
Ts
Torsion strength of the reinforcement.
TRD3
Maximum design torsional moment that can be resisted by concrete

and the torsion reinforcement.
TRD3
CRTRD3
TRd3
CRTRD3
T
TRd3
If transverse reinforcement is not defined, T Rd3=T Rd2.

9) Criterion of torsion checking
CRT_TOT=MAX (CRTRD1, CRTRD3)
11-B.6.5
VR1 VRRd1
TR1 TRRd1
Where
If hw / b
4 or hw / t w
4 then VTRd1
0.25 c fc
If hw / b
6 or hw / t w
6 then VTRd1
0.2 c fc
VR1 (VTRd1
T
)bh0
0.8Wt
TR1 (VTRd1
V
)0.8Wt
bh0
Linear interpolation for 4 hw / b 6 or 4
tw / b 6
parameters:
VTD1
Maximum design torsional and shear that can be resisted by the

section without crushing of the concrete compressive struts.
11-B-79
VTD1 VTRd1
CRVRD1
Ratio of the design shear and torsion resistance VT to the shear

resistance VTRd1.
CRVRD1
CRTRD1
VR1
VTRd1
Ratio of the design shear torsion resistance VT to the torsion

resistance VTRd1.
CRTRD1
TR1
VTRd1
2) Checking if the section needs reinforcement.

If V
VRd2 where VRd2
0.35ftbh0 or VRd2
0.875ftbh0 /(
1)
No shear reinforcement is necessary.

If T
TRd2 where TRd2
0.175ft Wt or TRd2
0.175 hft Wt ,
No torsion reinforcement is necessary.

parameters:
VRD2
Design shear resistance without considering the reinforcement.
VRD2
CRVRD2
VRd2
V
VRd2
CRVRD2
For sections subjected to a tensile axial force so that V Rd2=0, then

CRVRD1 is taken as 2100.
TRD2
Maximum design torsional moment that can be resisted by the

TRD2 TRd2
CRTRD2
CRTRD2
T
TRd2
3) Calculating the maximum load that can be resisted by the reinforcement.
11-B-80
VRd3
TRd3
where
VRd3
Vc
0.7(1.5
Tc
TRd3
V c Vs
0.35
)ftbh0
f Wt
h t t
Vs
Ts
1.25fyv
A sv
h0
s
fy A st1A cor
1.2
The wall thickness influence coefficient for box

sections, h 2.5t w / bh , if h > 1. or for sections other
than box, assume

t
T c Ts
1.5
VWt
1 0.5
Tbh0
= 1.0.
Torsion reduction coefficient for elements under shear
and torsion.
If
< 0.5, assume
if
>1.0, assume
t
t
=0.5;
=1.0;
For compressed rectangle section frame columns:

Vc
(1.5
)(
1.75
ftbh0
1
Tc
0.07N)
(0.35ft
0.07
Vs
fyv
A sv
h0
s
N
)Wt
A
parameters:
VTD2
Shear strength of concrete.
VRD3
VRD3
CRVRD3
VRd3
Ratio of the design shear force (V) to the shear resistance V Rd3.
CRVRD3
V
VRd3

Tc
Torsion strength of concrete.
TRD3

torsion reinforcement.
11-B-81
TRD3
CRTRD3
TRd3
CRTRD3
T
TRd3
If transverse reinforcement is not defined, T Rd3=0, and we would

take the criterion as 2100.
4) Criterion of shear & torsion checking
This criterion comprehends pure shear, pure torsion, shear-torsion and concrete
ultimate strength condition criteria. The criterion determines whether the section is
valid or not, and it is defined as follows
CRT_TOT= MAX(CRVRD1, CRVRD3, CRTRD1, CRTRD3)
For each end, the value of this criterion is stored in the CivilFEM results file as the
parameter CRT_TOT.
11-B.6.6
Shear Design
Elements shear design according to GB50010-2002 follows the steps below:

fc
ft
fyv
design tensile strength for of shear reinforcement.

Ac

b
h0

BW_VY or BW_VZ of ~SECMDF command)
command).
hw
element section must be included within CivilFEM database. (See ~RNFDEF and
11-B-82
As/s

or ~RNFMDF commands).
member (parameter ALPHA of ~RNFDEF or ~RNFMDF commands).
5) Obtaining the section internal forces and moments. The shear force that acts
on the section, as well as the concomitant axial force and bending moment, are
obtained from the CivilFEM results file (.RCV).
Force
Description
V
N
Design shear force

Axial force
11-B.6.7
Shear Designing without Seismic Action
1) Checking whether the section dimensions meet the requirement. First, we

check whether the design shear (V) is less or equal to sectional maximum
possible resistance (VRd1):
where
c is
VRd1
If hw/b
4 , VRd1
0.25 c fcbh0
If hw/b
6 , VRd1
0.2 c fcbh0
a coefficient depending on the concrete strength:
For concrete C50 (fc= 23.1 N/mm2) or under,

c =1. 0;
2
For concrete C80 (fc= 35.9 N/mm ), c =0.8,
For concrete C55-75, a linear interpolation is made for c according to the
values of fc.
parameters:
VRD1
VRD1 VRd1
CRVRD1
CRVRD1
V
VRd1
2) Maximum shear force that can be resisted without shear reinforcements

If shear reinforcement has not been defined in the section, it is checked that design
shear force V is less than the maximum design shear force that can be carried by
plain concrete without reinforcements (VRd2):
VRd2
Where
11-B-83
VRd2
0.7 hftbh0
800 1/ 4
) is the section height factor,
h0
If h0 < 800 mm, assume h0 =800 mm;

if h0 > 2000 mm, assume h0 = 2000 mm.
If reinforcement has been defined, there are no axial forces (N=0), and the shear
force from concentrated load for an independent beam is less than 75%,
VRd2
0.7ftbh0
If N is compressive (N < 0)
VRd2
1.75
ftbh0
1
0.07N
VRd2
1.75
ftbh0
1
0.2N

VRD2

VRD2
CRVRD2
VRd2
CRVRD2
V
VRd2

If design shear force is greater than the one due to crushing of concrete
compressive struts, the reinforcement design will not be feasible, so the
parameter containing this datum will be marked with 1. It will be:
ASSH
Asv
s
2100
In this case, the element will be marked as not designed, advancing to the
following element.
If there is no crushing by oblique compression, the calculating process
continues.
11-B-84
3) Contribution of the required transverse reinforcement. The section validity

condition concerning shear force is:
V
Vs
VRd3
VRd2
Vs
shear reinforcement contribution.
Therefore, the reinforcement contribution should be:
Vs
VRd3
VRd2
V VRd2
For each element end, the Vs value is included in the CivilFEM results file as the
parameter:
VRD3
Vs
4) Required transverse reinforcement ratio. Once the shear force that must be
carried by the reinforcement has been obtained, the reinforcement can be
calculated from the equation below:
A sv
s
V VRd2
cf fyv h0
where:
cf
1.25
in case of concentrated load is more than 75%, or

N 0,
Asv
s
cf
1.0
cross-sectional area of the shear reinforcement.

spacing of the stirrups measured along the longitudinal axis.
results file as the parameter:
ASSH
A sv
s
In this case, the element will be marked as designed (provided that design
If it is not possible the design, the reinforcement will be marked as 2100 and the
element will not be designed.
11-B.6.8
Shear Designing with Seismic Action
Elements shear checking according to GB50010-2002 and GB50011-2001 follows

the steps below:
11-B-85
1) Capacitys adjusting factor of seismic fortification and the formulation

about the check. First, the form of the checking formulation is different from
normal checking formulation
VR RE
V Design shear force

VR/ RE Design shear resistance
RE
Capacitys adjusting factor of seismic fortification. If the combination

of the cases does not include the horizontal seismic action, RE=1.
Otherwise, it is chosen through following table
Member
Beam
RE
Status
Bending
Column
0.75
Eccentric compression and
N
fc A
0.15
Eccentric compression and
N
fc A
0.15
0.75
0.8
Shear wall
Eccentric compression
0.85
Other
Shear
0.85
Eccentric tension
1) Checking whether the section dimensions meet the requirement under the
actions of seismic loads. First, we check whether the design shear (V) is less or
equal to sectional maximum possible resistance (VRd1) under the seismic loads:
VRd1
For beam:
VRd1
0.2 c fcbh0
RE
For column:
VRd1
0.20 c fcbh0
for
0.15 c fcbh0
for
RE
VRd1
1
RE
M (Vh0 )
11-B-86
VRD1
VRD1 VRd1
CRVRD1
CRVRD1
V
VRd1
The design process stops if CRVRD1>1.0

2) Maximum shear force that can be resisted without shear reinforcements
under the actions of seismic loads.
If the member is a beam, there is no axial forces (N=0), and the shear force from
concentrated load is less than 75%,
VRd2
0.42ftbh0
RE
If the member is an independent beam and the shear force from concentrated load is
more than 75%,
VRd2
1 1.05
ftbh0
1
RE
If the member is column and N is compressive (N < 0)
VRd2
1
RE
1.05
ftbh0
1
0.056N
VRd2
1
RE
VRd2
1.05
ftbh0
1
0.2N

VRD2
VRD2
CRVRD2
VRd2
CRVRD2
V
VRd2
For sections subjected to an applied tensile axial force so that VRd2=0, CRVRD2 is
taken as 2100.
11-B-87
The design process stops if CRVRD2=1.0, because the reinforcement is not needed
for the resistance (minimum reinforcements are still needed).
V
Vs
VRd3
VRd2
Vs
shear reinforcement contribution.
Vs
VRd3
VRd2
V VRd2
For each element end, the Vs value is included in the CivilFEM results file as the
parameter:
VRD3
Vs
4) Required transverse reinforcement ratio. Once the shear force that must be
carried by the reinforcement has been obtained, the reinforcement can be
calculated from the equation below:
A sv
s
V VRd2
cf fyv h0
RE
where:
cf
cf
Asv
s
1.25 for beam (N=0) in case the shear force from concentrated load is less
than 75%.
1.0 for an independent beam in case the shear force from concentrated
load is more than 75%, for column or the case axial force exists.
ASSH
A sv
s
If it is not possible the design, the reinforcement will be marked as 2 100 and the
11-B.6.9
Torsion Design
The torsion checking according to GB50010-2002 follows the steps below:
11-B-88

active time, (see ~SECMDF command).
fc
ft
fy
design tensile strength for torsion reinforcement.

Ac
tw
thickness of a box section (TWY)

database, (see ~SECMDF command). The required data are the following ones
b
h0

height of the section, (parameter D_Y or D_Z of ~SECMDF command).,
section outer diameter for circular section.
hw
Wt

Plastic resistance of torsion moment
Acor
Core area
Ucor
Core perimeter
W t1

section.
Acor1
Ucor1
W t2

section.
Acor2
Ucor2

section.
11-B-89

Ast1/s Area of transverse reinforcement per unit of length, (parameter AST/S
of ~RNFDEF and ~RNFMDF commands).
Asl
~RNFDEF and ~RNFMDF commands).
Moment
Description
T
N

Axial force
T TRd1
If hw / b
If hw / b
4 (or hw / t w
4 ) then TRd1
0.2Wt c fc
6 (or hw / t w
6 ) then TRd1
0.16Wt c fc
parameters:
TRD1
Maximum possible resistance of torsional moment
TRD1 TRd1
CRTRD1
CRTRD1
T
TRd1
7) Calculation of the maximum torsional moment that can be resisted without

reinforcements.
TRd2
where
For rectangular and circular sections
11-B-90
TRd2
N (< 0)
0.35ft Wt
0.07
N
Wt
Ac
compressive axial force, if | N| 0.3fc A , assume | N| 0.3fc A .
For box section (no axial force resistance),
TRd2
0.35 hft Wt
The influence coefficient of the wall thickness of the box section.
2.5t w / bh , if
> 1.0, assume,
=1.0
For T and double T sections, they are divided into rectangle sections, and proceeds
according to rectangle sections.
parameters:
TRD2

TRD2 TRd2
CRTRD2
CRTRD2
T
TRd2
8) Required transverse reinforcement ratio. The design torsional moment T must

be less or equal to the maximum design torsional moment that can be resisted by
concrete and the reinforcement (TRd2); in other words, the following condition
must be satisfied:
TRd3
TRd2
Ts
where
Ts
1.2
fy
A st1Acor
s
A stls
is the ratio between longitudinal reinforcement and hoop reinforcement
A st1ucor
1.7 ; if
1.7 , assume
1.7
strength 0.6
The required transverse reinforcement is given by this expression:
A st1
s
T TRd2
1.2
f y A cor
The area of designed transverse reinforcement per unit of length is stored in the
CivilFEM results file as the parameter:
11-B-91
A st
s
ASTT
9) Required longitudinal reinforcement ratio. The longitudinal reinforcement is

calculated from:
A stl
A st1ucor
s
where:
Astl
area of the designed longitudinal reinforcement.
fyv
hoop reinforcements
ASLT
Astl
If both transverse and longitudinal reinforcements are designed for both element
sections, this element will be marked as designed.
11-B.6.10 Combined Shear and Torsion Design

fc
ft
fy
design tensile strength for torsion reinforcements
fyv
design tensile strength for shear hoop reinforcements

Ac

b
h0
11-B-92

command)., section outer diameter for circular section.
hw
W t1

section.
Acor1
Ucor1
W t2

section.
Acor2
Ucor2

Shear reinforcement
Asv/s

Transverse torsion reinforcement
Ast1/s

Torsion longitudinal reinforcement
Astl
Force
Description
V
N
T
Design shear force

Axial force
VR1 VRRd1
TR1 TRRd1
where
If hw / b
4 (or hw / t w
If hw / b
6 (or hw / t w
4 ) then VTRd1
6 ) then VTRd1
0.25 c fc
0.2 c fc
11-B-93
VR1 (VTRd1
T
)bh0
0.8Wt
TR1 (VTRd1
V
)0.8Wt
bh0
Linear interpolation for 4 hw / b 6 or 4
tw / b 6
parameters:
VTD1
Maximum design torsional and shear that can be resisted by the

VTD1 VTRd1
CRVRD1
Ratio of the design shear and torsion resistance VT to the

resistance VTRd1.
CRVRD1
CRTRD1
VR1
VTRd1
Ratio of the design shear and torsion resistance VT to the

resistance VTRd1.
CRTRD1
TR1
VTRd1
7) Checking if the section needs reinforcement.

If V VRd2 where VRd2 0.35ftbh0 or VRd2 0.875ftbh0 /( 1) , then no shear
reinforcement is necessary.
If T TRd2 where TRd2 0.175ft Wt or TRd2 0.175 hft Wt , then no torsion
reinforcement is necessary.
parameters:
VRD2
Design shear resistance without considering the reinforcement.
VRD2
CRVRD2
VRd2
CRVRD2
V
VRd2
For sections subjected to a tensile axial force so that VRd2=0, then

CRVRD1 is taken as 2100.
TRD2
11-B-94

TRD2 TRd2
CRTRD2
T
TRd2
CRTRD2
8) Calculating the maximum load that can be resisted by the reinforcement.
VRd3
TRd3
where
VRd3
V c Vs
TRd3
T c Ts
Vc
Vs
0.7(1.5
Tc
If
)ftbh0
A sv
h0 (No axial forces)
s
1.25fyv
Ts
0.35
f Wt
h t t
fy A st1A cor
1.2
The wall thickness influence coefficient for box sections,

h > 1 or for sections other than box, assume
h = 1.0.
1.5
VWt
1 0.5
Tbh0
< 0.5, assume
2.5t w / bh , if
Torsion reduction coefficient for elements under shear and
torsion.
t =0.5; if
>1.0, assume
=1.0;
For compressed rectangle section frame columns:

Vc
(1.5
Vs
Tc
)(
1.75
ftbh0
1
fyv
0.07N)
A sv
h0
s
(0.35ft
0.07
N
)Wt
A
11-B-95
parameters:
VRD2
Shear strength of concrete.
VRD2
VRD3
VRD3
CRVRD3
Vc
VRd3
Ratio of the design shear force (V) to the shear resistance V Rd3.
V
VRd3
CRVRD3

Tc
Torsion strength of concrete.
TRD3

torsion reinforcement.
TRD3
CRTRD3
TRd3
CRTRD3
T
TRd3
If transverse reinforcement is not defined, T Rd3=0, and we would

take the criterion as 2100.
9) Obtaining required shear and torsion reinforcement ratios.
Shear:
A sv
s
V VRd2
cf fyv h0
Torsion:
A st1
s
T TRd2
1.2
f y A cor
where
Asv
cf
11-B-96

coefficient factor of axial forces, cf =1.25; if shear force from
concentrated loads is more than 75%, cf
Ast1
cross-sectional area of the bars used as closed-stirrups.
spacing of the closed stirrups of the transverse reinforcement.
fyv
design yield strength of torsion reinforcement.

A stls
A st1ucor
the ratio between longitudinal reinforcement and hoop

reinforcement strength 0.6
1.7 ; if
1.7 , assume
1.7
ASSH
A sv
s
ASTT
A st1
s
10) Required longitudinal requirement ratio
A stl
A st1ucor
s

ASLT
Astl
11-B-97

NBR6118
11-B.7.1
Shear Checking
The checking for shear according to NBR6118 follows these steps:

active time.
fck
fyk

Ac

bw
d

command).
30
45

As/s
11-B-98
11-B.7 Shear and Torsion according to NBR6118
As
s

~RNFMDF command).
command).

s

command).
command).

command).
Force
Description
VSd
Design shear force

shear force (VSd) is less or equal to the oblique compression resistance of
concrete in the web (VRd2). VRd2 is calculated with model I if = 45 and with
model II if
45:
VSd
VRd2
Model I
VRd2
0.27
f b d
v2 cd w
Where
v2
fck
(fck in MPa).
250
Model II
VRd2
0.54
f b d sin2
v2 cd w
(cot an
cot an )
Where
v2
fck
(fck in MPa).
250
VRD2

in web.
11-B-99
VRD2 = VRd2
CRTVRD2
Ratio of the design shear (Vsd) to the resistance VRd2.

CRTVRD2
VSd
VRd2
(Vsd) is less or equal to the shear force due to tension in the web (V Rd3). VRd3 is
calculated with model I if = 45 and with model II if
45:
VSd
VRd3
Vsw
VRd3
Vc
Vsw

strength.
Vc
Model I
Vsw
A sw
0.9 d fywd (sin
s
cos )
Where
Asw/s
fywd
shear reinforcement area per unit of length.

design strength of reinforcement limited to 435 MPa.
Vc
0
Vc0
Only tension in the section

Tension and compression in the section
Vc0
0.6 fctd bw d
Model II
Vsw
A sw
0.9 d fywd (cot an
s
cot an ) sin
Where
Asw/s
fywd

Vc
Vc1
11-B-100
Vc0
0
0
Vc1 Tension and compression in the section
VSd Vc0
Interpolating linearly in between these values.
VSd VRd2
Where
Vc0
0.6 fctd bw d
VSW

VSW = Vsw
VC

VC = Vc
VRD3

VRD3 = VRd3 = Vc + Vsw
CRTVRD3
Ratio of the design shear force (Vsd) to the resistance VRd3.

CRTVRD3
VSd
VRd3
If VRd3 = 0, the CTRVRD3 criterion is taken as 2100.

CRTSHR Max
VSd VSd
;
VRd2 VRd3
CRTSHR.
web (VRd3) is equal to zero, as was indicated in the previous point.
11-B.7.2
Torsion Checking
The torsion checking according to NBR6118 follows the steps below:

fck
fyk
c
s

11-B-101

he
Ae
ue

30
45

section.
Ast/s
Ast

~RNFMDF command).

command).

s
t

command).
~RNFMDF command).
Asl
~RNFMDF command).
N
command).
11-B-102
Moment
Description
TSd

design torsional moment (TSd) is less or equal to the ultimate torsional moment
by compression in concrete (TRd2); in other words, the following condition must
be satisfied:
TSd
TRd2
0.50
v2
TRd2
fcd Ae he sin2
Where:
v2
fck
(fck in MPa).
250

TRD2

struts.
TRD2 = TRd2
CRTTRD2
Ratio of the design torsional moment (T Sd) to the resistance TRd2.

CRTTRD2
TSd
TRd2

transverse reinforcement of a section when a torsional moment TSd is applied is:
TSd
TRd3
TRd3
(A st / s) fywd 2A e cot an
where:
Ast

reinforcement.
s
fywd
TRD3

TRD3 = TRd3
CRTTRD3
11-B-103
CRTTRD3
TSd
TRd3

of longitudinal reinforcement of a section when a torsional moment TSd is applied
is:
TSd
TRd4
TRd4
(A sl / ue ) fywd 2A e tan
where:
Asl
area of the longitudinal torsion reinforcement.
fywd
TRD4

TRD4 = TRd4
CRTTRD4
Ratio of the design torsional moment (TSd) to the resistance TRd3.

CRTTRD4
TSd
TRd4

taken as 2100.
CRTTRS Max
TSd TSd TSd

;
;
TRd2 TRd3 TRd4
11-B.7.3
11-B-104

accomplished following the same steps as for the checking of elements
subjected to pure torsion according to NBR6118.
NBR6118.
design torsional moment (TSd) and the design shear force (VSd) must satisfy the
VSd
VRd2
TSd
TRd2
where:
VRd2
ultimate shear force by compression of concrete.
TRd2
ultimate torsional moment due to compression of concrete.
CRTCST.
defined as follows:
CRTTST
Max
VSd VSd TSd TSd TSd

V
;
;
;
;
; Sd
VRd2 VRd3 TRd2 TRd3 TRd4 VRd2
TSd
TRd2
CRTTST.
11-B.7.4
Shear Design
The shear designing according to NBR6118 follows these steps:

fck
fyk
c
s
11-B-105

Ac

bw
d

command).
30
45

are ignored.
Force
Description
VSd
Design shear force

shear force (VSd) is less or equal to the oblique compression resistance of
concrete in the web (VRd2). VRd2 is calculated with model I if = 45 and with
model II if
45:
VSd
VRd2
Model I
VRd2
0.27
f b d
v2 cd w
Where
v2
11-B-106
fck
(fck in MPa).
250
Model II
VRd2
0.54
f b d sin2
(cot an
v2 cd w
cot an )
Where
fck
(fck in MPa).
250
v2
as:
VRD2

in web.
VRD2 = VRd2
CRTVRD2
Ratio of the design shear (Vsd) to the resistance VRd2.

VSd
VRd2
CRTVRD2
2100.
ASSH
A sw
s
2100
element.
continues.
shear force (Vsd) is less than the strength provided by concrete in members
without shear reinforcement (Vc). VRd3 is calculated with model I if = 45 and
with model II if
45:
VSd
VRd3
VRd3
Vc
Model I
Vc
0
Vc0

Tension and compression in the section
Vc0
0.6 fctd bw d
11-B-107
Model II
Vc
Vc1
Vc0
0
0
Vc1 Tension and compression in the section
VSd Vc0
Interpolating linearly in between these values.
VSd VRd2
Where
Vc0
0.6 fctd bw d
VC = Vc
VRD3 = VRd3 = Vc
VSW = 0
ASSH
A sw
s
If the section requires shear reinforcement the calculation process continues.

following one:
VSd
VRd3
Vsw
Vc
VRd3
Vc
Vsw

strength.
Vsw is calculated with model I if
= 45 and with model II if
Model I
Vsw
A sw
0.9 d fywd (sin
s
cos )
Where
Asw/s
fywd
11-B-108

45:
Model II
Vsw
A sw
0.9 d fywd (cot an
s
cot an ) sin
Where
Asw/s
fywd


Vsw = VRd3 Vc
For each element end, the value of Vc and Vsw is stored in the CivilFEM results
file:
VC = Vc
VSW = Vsw
below:
A sw
s
A sw
s
Vsw
0.9 d fywd (sin
cos )
for Model I
Vsw
0.9 d fywd (cot an
cot an ) sin
for Model II
Where:
Asw s

length.
fywd
ASSH
A sw
s
11-B-109
11-B.7.5
Torsion Design
Torsion reinforcement design according to NBR6118 follows the following steps:

fck
fyk

c
s
Ae
ue

30
45

Moment
Description
TSd

design torsional moment (TSd) is less or equal to the ultimate torsional moment
by compression in concrete (TRd2); in other words, the following condition must
be satisfied:
TSd
TRd2
0.50
v2
TRd2
fcd Ae he sin2
Where:
v2
11-B-110
fck
(fck in MPa).
250

TRD2

struts.
TRD2 = TRd2
CRTTRD2

CRTTRD2
TSd
TRd2
ASTT
A st
s
ASLT
A sl
element.
continues.
TSd
TRd3
(A st / s) fywd 2A e cot an
where:
Ast
s
fywd

reinforcement.
A st
s
TSd
tan
fywd 2A e
ASTT
A st
s
11-B-111

TSd
TRd4
(A sl / ue ) fywd 2A e tan
where:
Asl
area of the longitudinal torsion reinforcement.
fywd
A sl
ue
TSd cot an
fywd 2A e

ASLT = Asl
11-B.7.6

subjected to pure torsion according to NBR6118.
subject only to shear force according to NBR6118.
torsional moment (TSd) and the design shear force (VSd) need to satisfy the
VSd
VRd2
TSd
TRd2
where:
VRd2
ultimate shear force by compression of concrete.
TRd2
ultimate torsional moment due to compression of concrete.
CRTCST.
11-B-112

shear and torsion action), the reinforcements calculated are taken as the
designed reinforcements. The element is marked as designed.
11-B-113
11-B.8 Shear and Torsion according to AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges

AASHTO Standard
Specifications for Highway
Bridges
11-B.8.1
Shear Checking
The shear checking according to AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway

Bridges follows these steps:
time (see ~CFMP command).
fc
specified compressive strength of concrete.
fyk
specified yield strength of reinforcement.
Ag
area of concrete section.

database, (see ~SECMDF command). The required data are the following ones:
bw
d
web width or diameter of circular section, (parameter BW_VY or

BW_VZ of ~SECMDF command).
distance from the extreme compressed fiber to the centroid of the
longitudinal tension reinforcement in the Y direction, (for circular
sections it must not be less than the distance from the extreme
compressed fiber to the centroid of the tension reinforcement in the
opposite half of the member), (parameter D_Y or D_Z of ~SECMDF
command).
In the Previous Considerations section detailed information can be found about

section must be included within CivilFEM database. (See ~RNFDEF and
member section, (parameter ALPHA of ~RNFDEF or ~RNFMDF
commands).
11-B-115
As/s

As

~RNFMDF commands).
s
commands).
or with the following ones:
s

commands).
commands).
N
commands).
acts on the section, as well as the concomitant axial force, is obtained from the
Force
Description
Vu
Design shear force in Y in I section
6) Calculation of the shear strength provided by concrete. First, we calculate the

shear strength provided by concrete (Vc) with the following expression:
Vc
2 f'c b w d
where:
f 'c
square root of specified compressive strength of concrete, in psi (it is
always taken less than 100 psi).

For sections subject to a compressive axial force,
Vc
2 1
Nu
2000 A g
f'c bw d
Where Nu/Ag is expressed in psi.

If section is subjected to a tensile force so that the tensile stress is less than 500
psi,
Vc
2 1
Nu
500 A g
f'c bw d
If section is subjected to a tensile force so that the tensile stress exceeds 500
psi, it is assumed Vc=0.
11-B-116
The calculation result for both element ends is stored in the CivilFEM results file
as the parameter VC:
VC
Shear strength provided by concrete.
VC
Vc
7) Calculation of the shear strength provided by shear reinforcement. The

strength provided by shear reinforcement (Vs) is calculated with the following
expression:
Vs
Av
fy (sin cos) d
s
8 f'c bw d
where:
Av
area of the cross-section of shear reinforcement.
s
The calculation result for both element ends is stored in the CivilFEM results file
as the parameter VS:
VS
Shear strength provided by transverse reinforcement.
VS
Vs
8) Nominal shear strength of section. The nominal shear strength (Vn) is the sum
of the provided by concrete and by the shear reinforcement:
Vn
Vc
Vs
This nominal strength, as well as its ratio to the design shear, are stored in the
CivilFEM results file as the parameters:
VN
Nominal shear strength.
VN Vn
CRTVN
Ratio of the design shear force (Vu) to the resistance Vn.

CRTVN
Vu
Vn
If the strength provided by concrete is null, and the shear

reinforcement is not defined in the section, then V n=0, and the
criterion is equal to 1.
9) Obtaining shear criterion. The section will be valid for shear if the following
condition is satisfied
Vu
Vn
Vc
Vs
strength reduction factor of the section, (0.85 for shear and torsion).
11-B-117
Therefore, the validity shear criterion is defined as follows:

CRTSHR
Vu
Vn
For each element, this value is stored in the CivilFEM results file as the
parameter CRTSHR.
In case the strength provided by concrete is null and the shear reinforcement is
not defined in the section, then Vn=0, and the criterion is equal to 2100.
The Vn value is stored in CivilFEM results file as the parameter VFI.
11-B.8.2
Torsion Checking
The torsion checking of elements is done according to ACI-318, with =0.85.
11-B.8.3
the same procedure as for the ACI-318 code is followed, with =0.85.
11-B.8.4
Shear Design
The shear designing according to AASHTO Specific Standards for Highway Bridges
follows these steps:
fc
specified compressive strength of concrete.
fyk
specified yield strength of reinforcement.
Ag
area of concrete section.
(see ~SECMDF command). The required data are the following ones:
bw
d
11-B-118
web width or diameter of the circular section, (parameter BW_VY or

BW_VZ of ~SECMDF command).
distance from the extreme compressed fiber to the centroid of the
longitudinal tension reinforcement in Y, (for circular sections it must not
be less than the distance from the extreme compressed fiber to the
centroid of the tension reinforcement in the opposite half of the

member), (parameter D_Y or D_Z of ~SECMDF command).
4) Obtaining section reinforcement data. In shear reinforcement designing, it is
the member. This angle must be stored in the shear reinforcement data of each
element, (parameter ALPHA of ~RNFDEF and ~RNFMDF commands). If this
angle is equal to zero or it is not defined, =90 is taken. The other data
concerning to reinforcements are ignored.
acts on the section, as well as the concomitant axial force, is obtained from the
Force
Description
Vu
6) Calculation of the shear strength provided by concrete. First, we calculate the

shear strength provided by concrete (Vc) with the following expression:
Vc
2 f'c b w d
where:
f'c
square root of specified compressive strength of concrete, in psi (it is
always taken less than 100 psi).

For sections subject to a compressive axial force,
Vc
2 1
Nu
2000 A g
f'c bw d
Where Nu/Ag is expressed in psi.

If section is subjected to a tensile force so that the tensile stress is less than 500
psi,
Vc
2 1
Nu
500 A g
f'c bw d
If section is subjected to a tensile force so that the tensile stress exceeds 500
psi, it is assumed Vc=0.
The calculation result is stored in the CivilFEM results file for both element ends
as the parameter:
VC
Shear strength provided by concrete.
VC
Vc
11-B-119
7) Required reinforcement contribution. The section must satisfy the following

condition to resist the shear force:
Vu
Vn
Vc
Vs
Therefore, the shear force the reinforcement must support should be:
Vu
Vs
Vc
8 f'c bw d
If the shear force the reinforcement must support does not satisfy the expression
above, the section could not be designed, so the parameters where the
reinforcement is stored would be marked with 2100. Then:
As
s
AS/SSH
2100
In this case, the element will be marked as not designed, advancing then to the
following element.
Calculation results are stored in the CivilFEM results file for both element ends
as the parameter:
VS
Shear resistance provided by the transverse reinforcement.

VS
Vs
8 f'c b w d
8) Required reinforcement ratio. Once the shear force that the shear
reinforcement must support has been obtained, the reinforcement can be
calculated with the following expression:
Av
s
Vs
fy (sen cos) d
Where:
Av
area of the cross-section of the shear reinforcement.
s
The area of the designed reinforcement per unit of length is stored in the
CivilFEM results file for both element ends:
ASSH
Av
s
In this case, the element will be marked as designed (providing the design
11-B.8.5
Torsion Design
Torsion reinforcements designing is done according to ACI-318.
11-B-120
11-B.8.6

moment, follows the method used for the ACI-318 code.
11-B-121

Code of Rules 52-101-03
(Russian Code 52-101-03)
11-B.9.1
Shear Checking
Shear checking according to 52-101-03 follows the steps below:

Rb
Rbt
Rs
design yield strength of longitudinal reinforcement.
Rsw
design yield strength of shear reinforcement.
2) Obtaining geometrical parameters depending on code. The needed

parameters used for shear calculations must be defined within CivilFEM database
b

B_VY or B_VZ of ~SECMDF command).
h0
command).
default calculation of each one of the parameters for each valid code and
section.
3) Obtaining code parameters and coefficients. Specific code used for shear
calculations must be defined within CivilFEM database (see ~SECMDF
command). Required data are the following ones:
calculation on a concrete band coefficient (parameter PHIB1 of
~SECMDF command). By default b1 = 0.3
b1
Asw/sw
area of reinforcement per unit of length, (parameters ASSY or ASSZ of

~RNFDEF or ~RNFMDF commands).
Asw
11-B-122
total area of the reinforcement legs, (parameters ASY or ASZ of

11-B.9 Shear and Torsion according to Code of Rules 52-101-03 (Russian Code 52-101-03)
sw

commands).
sw

commands).
commands).
N
number of reinforcement legs, (parameters NY or NZ of ~RNFDEF or
~RNFMDF commands).
Force
Description
Q
Design shear force
N
Design axial force
M
Design bending moment
6) Checking of a concrete band between inclined sections. The design shear
(Q) must be less or equal to the design shear resistance:
b1
Rb b h0
parameters:
Q1
Design shear resistance on a concrete band.
Q1
CRTQ1
b1
Rb b h0
Ratio of the design shear force (Q) to the resistance Q1.
CRTQ1
Q
Q1
7) Checking of bended elements on inclined section. The following condition

must be verified:
Q Qb1 Qsw,1
Qb1
Qsw,1
is the shear strength of concrete.

is the shear strength of longitudinal reinforcement.
The shear reinforcement contribution is given by the following equation:
Qb1
0.5 Rbt b h0
Qsw,1
Rsw A sw
h0
sw
11-B-123
Results obtained are written for each end in the CivilFEM results file as the
following parameters:
QB
Shear strength of concrete
QB Qb1
QSW
Shear strength of stirrups.
QSW
Q2
Qsw,1
Shear strength on inclined section.
Q2 Qb1 Qsw,1
CRTQ2
Ratio of the design shear force (Q) to the shear strength Q2.
CRTQ2
Q
Q2
If Q2=0, CRTQ2 is taken as 2100.

CRT_TOT
Max
Q Q
;
Q1 Q2
For each end, this value is stored in the CivilFEM results file as the parameter
CRT_TOT.
11-B.9.2
Torsion Checking
The torsion checking according to 52-101-03 follows the steps below:

active time, (see ~CFMP command). The required data are the following ones:
Rb
Rs
Rsw

ZA
ZB
11-B-124
First length of the effective torsional section.

Second length of the effective torsional section.
The formulation uses Z1 and Z2 which refer to the lengths of the effective
torsional section. These lengths will be taken as the most unfavorable case
between:
Z1
Z2
ZA
ZB
or
Z1
Z2
ZB
ZA

section.
Ast/s
As
closed stirrups area for torsion, (parameter AST of ~RNFDEF and

~RNFMDF commands).
spacing of closed stirrups, (parameter ST of ~RNFDEF and ~RNFMDF

commands).

s
t

commands).
diameter of the closed stirrups, (parameter PHIT of ~RNFDEF and
~RNFMDF commands).
Asl
l
diameter of longitudinal bars, (parameter PHIL of ~RNFDEF and

~RNFMDF commands).
number of longitudinal bars, (parameter N of ~RNFDEF and ~RNFMDF
commands).
Moment
Description
Tsd
5) Calculation of the maximum torsional moment that can be resisted by the

torsional reinforcements. The design torsional moment (T) must be is less or
equal to the design torsional resistance:
11-B-125
T
Tsw,1
Tsw,1 Ts,1
Rsw
Ts,1
Ast / s Z12 Z2
2
2 Z2 Z1
0.5 Rs A s,1 Z2
where:
As,1
Area of the longitudinal reinforcement that lays on the side of length Z 1.

It is assumed that the longitudinal torsional reinforcement is distributed
uniformly, therefore:
A s,1
Asl
Z1
2 Z1 2 Z2
Its value must also fulfill the following condition:

0.667
Rsw Ast / s
Z1
Rs
A s,1
2.0
Rsw Ast / s
Z1
Rs
parameters:
TSW1

stirrups.
TSW1 = Tsw,1
TS1

longitudinal torsional reinforcement.
TS1 = Ts,1
TR
Resistance torsional moment.

TR= Tsw,1 + Ts,1
CRT_TOT
Ratio of the design torsional moment to the resistance.

CRT_TOT
11-B.9.3
T
Tsw,1 Ts,1
to pure torsion.
2) Shear checking assuming a null torsional moment. Follows the same
procedure as for the checking of elements subject only to shear.
11-B-126
3) Combined shear and torsion checking. Shear checking is performed following

the procedure explained before:
b1
Rb b h0 and Q Qb1 Qsw,1
The design torsional moment (T) must verify the following condition:
T
(Tsw,1 Ts,1 ) 1
Qb1
Q
Qsw,1
Results obtained are written for each element end in the CivilFEM results file as
QB
QB Qb1
QSW
QSW
Q2
Qsw,1
Q2 Qb1 Qsw,1
CRTQ2
Ratio of the design shear force (Q) to the shear strength Q2.
CRTQ2
Q
Q2
If Q2=0, CRTQ2 is taken as 2100.

TSW1

stirrups.
TSW1 = Tsw,1
TS1

TS1 = Ts,1
TR

TR= Tsw,1+ Ts,1
CRTTOR

CRTTOR
CRT_TOT
T
Tsw,1 Ts,1
Total criterion.
11-B-127
CRT_TOT
Tsw,1 Ts,1
Qb1
Q
Qsw,1
If Q2=0, CRT_TOT is taken as 2100.
11-B.9.4
Shear Design
Shear reinforcement design according to 52-101-03 follows the steps below:

material properties associated to the transverse cross section and for the active
time. Those material properties should be previously defined, (see ~CFMP
command). The required data are the following ones:
Rb
Rbt
Rs
Rsw

see ~SECMDF command. Required data are the following ones:
b
h0

B_VY or B_VZ of ~SECMDF command).
command).
3) Obtaining code parameters and coefficients. Specific code used for shear
designing must be defined within CivilFEM database (see ~SECMDF command).
Required data are the following ones:
b1
calculation on a concrete band coefficient (parameter PHIB1 of

~SECMDF command). By default b1 = 0.3
Force
Description
Q
Design shear force
5) Checking whether the section requires shear reinforcement or not. First, we
check whether the design shear (Q) is less or equal to the design shear
resistance of a concrete band between inclined sections (Q1):
Q Q1
Q1
11-B-128
b1
Rb b h0
parameters:
Q1
Design shear resistance on a concrete band.
Q1
CRTQ1
b1
Rb b h0
Ratio of the design shear force (Q) to the resistance Q1.
CRTQ1
Q
Q1
If design shear force is greater than the design shear resistance on a concrete
band, the reinforcement design will not be feasible, so the parameter containing
this datum will be marked with 1. It will be:
ASSH
As
s
2100
In this case, the element will be marked as not designed, advancing to the
following element.
6) Maximum shear force that can be resisted by the concrete. The shear
strength of concrete is determined by the following formula:
Qb1
Qb1
0.5 Rbt b h0
is the shear strength of concrete.
QB
QB Qb1
Q Qb1 Qsw,1
Qb1
Qsw,1
is the shear strength of concrete, calculated in the previous point.

is the shear strength of transverse reinforcement.
The shear reinforcement contribution is given by the following equation:
Qb1
0.5 Rbt b h0
Qsw,1
Rsw A sw
h0
sw
11-B-129
Qsw,1
Q Qb1
QSW
QSW
Q2
Qsw,1
Q2 Qb1 Qsw,1
reinforcement has been obtained, the reinforcement can be calculated from the
equation below:
A sw
sw
Qsw,1
R sw h0
where:
Asw/sw area of the shear reinforcement per unit of length.
ASSH
Asw
s
If it is not possible the design, the reinforcement will be marked as 2100 and the
DSG_CRT
Design criterion (Ok the element is designed and NoOk the

element is not designed).
DSG_CRT=DSG_CRT
11-B.9.5
Torsion Design
Torsion reinforcement design according to 52-101-03 follows the following steps:

active time, (see ~CFMP command). The required data are the following ones:
Rb
Rs
11-B-130
Rsw
design yield strength of shear reinforcement

ZA
First length of the effective torsional section.
ZB
Second length of the effective torsional section.
The formulation uses Z1 and Z2 which refer to the lengths of the effective
torsional section. These lengths will be taken as the most unfavorable case
between:
Z1
Z2
ZA
ZB
or
Z1
Z2
ZB
ZA

section.
3) Obtaining section reinforcement data. Longitudinal reinforcement data of the
section are used for torsion design. Required data are the following ones:
Asl
l
diameter of longitudinal bars, (parameter PHIL of ~RNFDEF and

~RNFMDF commands).
number of longitudinal bars, (parameter N of ~RNFDEF and ~RNFMDF
commands).
that acts on the section is obtained from the CivilFEM results file.
Moment
Description
Tsd
5) Required transverse reinforcement ratio. The design torsional moment (T)
must be less or equal to the design torsional resistance:
Tsw,1 Ts,1
where:
Tsw,1

transverse reinforcement.
Ts,1

The longitudinal torsional reinforcement contribution is given by the following

equation:
11-B-131
Ts,1
0.5 Rs A s,1 Z2
where:
As,1
Area of the longitudinal reinforcement that lays on the side of length Z1.
A s,1
Asl
Z1
2 Z1 2 Z2
This longitudinal torsional reinforcement contribution is calculated from the

defined longitudinal reinforcement. Therefore, the transverse reinforcement
contribution should be:
Tsw,1
T Ts,1
where:
Tsw,1
Ast / s Z12 Z2
2
2 Z2 Z1
Rsw
So the required transverse reinforcement is given by this expression:

Ast / s
2 Tsw,1 2 Z 2 Z1
R sw
Z12 Z1

0.667
Rsw Ast / s
Z1
Rs
0.667
A s,1
2.0
A s,1 Rs
Rsw Ast / s Z1
Rsw Ast / s
Z1
Rs
2.0
parameters:
ASTTNEC
Necessary transverse reinforcement to support the design torsional

moment (T)
ASTT
RNFRAT
A sw
s
Reinforcements ratio:
RNFRAT
A s,1 Rs
Rsw Ast / s Z1
If Ast/s=0, CRTRNF is taken as 2100.

6) Required longitudinal and transverse reinforcement ratio. In the previous
point, the transverse reinforcement calculation starts from the defined
11-B-132
longitudinal reinforcement. The longitudinal and transverse reinforcements are

calculated from the following equations:
T
Tsw,1
Tsw,1 Ts,1
Rsw
Ts,1
Ast / s Z12 Z2
2
2 Z2 Z1
0.5 Rs A s,1 Z2
where:
As,1
Area of the longitudinal reinforcement that lays on the side of length Z 1.

A s,1
Asl
Z1
2 Z1 2 Z2

0.667
Rsw Ast / s
Z1
Rs
A s,1
2.0
Rsw Ast / s
Z1
Rs
So the section reinforcements are obtaining from the following equation:

A s,1
1.0
Rsw Ast / s
Z1
Rs
These section reinforcements are calculated for the possible values of Z 1 and Z2:
Z1
Z2
ZA
ZB
or
Z1
Z2
ZB
ZA
The section reinforcements calculated on each case are checked for the
possible values of Z1 and Z2. So, CivilFEM obtains the neccessary
reinforcements for the most unfavorable case.
Results of the designed longitudinal and transverse reinforcements are stored in
the CivilFEM results file as the parameters:
TSW1
Maximum torsional moment that can be resisted by the design

stirrups.
TSW1 = Tsw,1
TS1
Maximum torsional moment that can be resisted by the design

TS1 = Ts,1
TR

TR= Tsw,1+ Ts,1
11-B-133
CRTTOR

CRTTOR
ASTT
Tsw,1 Ts,1
Area of the designed transverse reinforcement
ASTT
ASLT
A sw
s
Area of the designed longitudinal reinforcement
ASLT
Asl
If it is not possible the design, the reinforcement will be marked as 2 100 and the
DSG_CRT
Design criterion (Ok the element is designed and NoOk the

DSG_CRT=DSG_CRT
11-B-134
11-B.10 Shear and Torsion according to IS 456

IS 456
11-B.10.1 Shear Checking
Elements shear checking according to IS 456 follows the steps below:
fck
fy
partial safety factor for concrete.
partial safety factor for reinforcement.

Ac

bw
d
1
effective width of the section, (parameter BW_VY or BW_VZ of

~SECMDF command).
command).
ratio of the tension longitudinal reinforcement extending beyond the
effective depth of the considered section, except in supports where the
total area of the tension reinforcement is used. (parameter RHO1 of
~SECMDF command):
1
A sl
bw d

section.
11-B-135

commands).
As/s
area of reinforcement per unit of length, (parameters AS/S of
As

~RNFMDF commands).
s
commands).
s

commands).
commands).
N
commands).
on the section, as well as the concomitant axial force, are obtained from the
Force
Description
Vu
Pu
Design shear force

6) Calculation of the nominal shear stress. We calculate the nominal shear stress
with the following expression:
Vu
v
bw d
This stress is written for each end in the CivilFEM results file as:
TAOV
Shear strength
TAOV
7) Checking of the maximum shear stress. We check that the nominal shear
stress is less or equal than the maximum shear stress:
v
where
11-B-136
c max
c max
is given in Table 20 according to the concrete type:
Results are stored for each end in the CivilFEM results file as the following
parameters:
TCMAX
Maximum shear stress.

TCMAX =
c max
CRTCMAX Ratio of the nominal shear stress to the shear maximum stress.
v
CRTCMAX
c max
8) Calculation of the shear resistance of the section. The shear resistance is

calculated as the sum of the resistance provided by the concrete and the
resistance provided by the shear reinforcement:
Vut = Vuc + Vus
where:
Vut
is shear resistance of the section
Vuc
is the concrete contribution
Vus
is the shear reinforcement contribution
The concrete contribution to resistance is:
Vuc
bw d
where c is given in Table 19 according to the concrete type and the amount of
the longitudinal tension reinforcement:
11-B-137
For members subjected to axial compression Pu, the design shear strength of
concrete, given in Table 19, shall be multiplied by the following factor:
1
3 Pu
A c fck
1.5
The reinforcement contribution towards shear resistance shall be calculated as

below:
Vus
0.87 fy
A sw
d (sin
s
cos )
Asw
total cross sectional area of the shear reinforcement
spacing of the stirrups along the axis of the member
parameters:
TC
Design shear stress.

TC =
VUC
Contribution of concrete to the shear resistance.

VUC = Vuc
11-B-138
VUS
Contribution of shear reinforcement to the shear resistance.

VUS = Vus
VUT
Design shear resistance of the section.

VUT = Vut + Vus
CRVUT
Ratio of the design shear force (Vu) to the shear resistance Vut.
CRVUT
Vu
Vut
If Vut = 0, CRVUT is taken as 2100.
CRT_TOT
Max
v
c max
Vu
Vut
For each end, this value is stored in the CivilFEM results file as the parameter
CRT_TOT.
A value of 2100 for this criterion would mean that Vut are equal to zero.
11-B.10.2 Axial and Bending with combined Shear and

Torsion Checking
The axial and bending with combined shear and torsion checking according to IS 456
follows the steps below:
active time, (see ~SECMDF command).
2) Obtaining of the geometrical parameters of the section. Geometrical
parameters of the section must be defined within CivilFEM database, (see
~SECDMS command).
bw

~SECMDF command).
11-B-139
d
1

command).
ratio of the tension longitudinal reinforcement extending beyond the
effective depth of the considered section, except in supports where the
total area of the tension reinforcement is used. (parameter RHO1 of
~SECMDF command):
1
b1, d1
A sl
bw d
centre to centre distances between corner bars situated between

transversal stirrups, measured along the width and the flange of the
section respectively (Y1 and Z1 parameters of the ~SECMDF
command).

section.
Bending longitudinal reinforcement
It is obtained from the bending reinforcement distribution of the section (see
~RNFDEF and ~RNFMDF commands)
Shear transverse reinforcement
commands).
As/s
area of transverse reinforcement per unit of length, (parameter AS/S of
As

~RNFMDF commands).
s
commands).
s

commands).
commands).
N
number of reinforcement legs, (parameters NY or NZ) of ~RNFDEF or
~RNFMDF commands).
Torsional transverse reinforcement
11-B-140
Ast/s

As
closed stirrups area for torsion, (parameter AST of ~RNFDEF and

~RNFMDF commands).

commands).

s
t

commands).
diameter of the closed stirrups, (parameter PHIT of ~RNFDEF and
~RNFMDF commands).
Shear longitudinal reinforcement

Ignored.
5) Obtaining section internal forces and moments. The forces and moments that
acts on the section are obtained from the CivilFEM results file (.RCV).
Force/Moment
Description
Vu
Tu
Pu
Mu
Design shear force

6) Calculation of the equivalent shear. Equivalent shear shall be calculated from

the following formula:
Ve
Vu 1.6
Tu
bw
Where Ve is the equivalent shear force

7) Calculation of the equivalent nominal shear stress. The equivalent nominal
shear stress shall be calculated from the following formula:
Ve
bw d
parameters:
ve
TAOVE
Nominal shear stress

TAOVE =
ve
11-B-141
8) Checking of the maximum shear stress. We check that the equivalent nominal
shear stress is less or equal than the maximum shear stress:
v
where
c max
c max
is given in Table 20 according to the type of concrete:
parameters:
TCMAX

TCMAX =
c max
ve
CRTCMAX
c max
9) Checking whether the section requires transverse reinforcement or not.

This reinforcement is not required if the equivalent nominal shear stress is less or
equal than the maximum shear stress:
ve
11-B-142
parameters:
ATT
Area of the necessary transverse reinforcement.
ATT
CRTATT
A sv
sv
0
nec
Ratio of the area of the necessary transverse reinforcement to the

area of the defined transverse reinforcement (sum of shear and
torsional transverse reinforcement).
CRTATT
A sv
sv nec
A ss A st
s
s
10) Calculation of necessary transverse reinforcement. If the equivalent nominal

stress exceeds the maximum shear stress, the necessary transverse
reinforcement will be calculated with the following expression:
A sv
sv
ATT
Tu
b1 d1 (0.87fy )
Vu
2.5 d1 (0.87fy )
Area of the necessary transverse reinforcement
11-B-143
A sv
sv
ATT
CRTATT
nec
Ratio of the area of the necessary transverse reinforcement to the

area of the defined transverse reinforcement (sum of shear and
torsional transverse reinforcement).
CRTATT
A sv
sv nec
A ss A st
s
s
If the shear and torsional transverse reinforcement is zero,

Ass/s+Ast/s=0, the criterion is taken as 2100.
11) Checking of the longitudinal reinforcement. We check if the defined
longitudinal bending reinforcement resists an equivalent bending moment given
by the formula:
Mel = Mu + Mt
where
Mel
equivalent bending moment
Mt
increment due to torsional moment:

1 D
Mt
Tu
bw
1.7
overall depth
This equivalent moment is used in the axial bending checking (in the direction
defined in the command argument). For further information about this calculation
procedure, see chapters about axial load and biaxial bending of the Theory
Manual.
The calculation results are stored in the CivilFEM results file for both element ends
as the parameters:
MT
increment of the bending moment due to torsional moment

MT = Mt
MEL

MEL = Mel
CRTASL
11-B-144
Ratio of the forces and moments that acts on the section to the
ultimate forces and moments.
CRTASL
(Nu ,Mel )
(Nh ,Mh )
12) Obtaining total criterion. The criterion of the combined axial, bending, shear
and torsional checking is obtained from the enveloping of the partial criterions. if it
is less than 1, the section is valid, whereas if it exceeds 1, the section is not valid:
CRT_TOT = Max {CRTCMAX; CRTATT; CRTASL)
This value is stored in the CivilFEM results file for both element ends as the
parameter CRT_TOT.
A value 2100 for this criterion means the non-definition of the shear and torsion
transverse reinforcements.
11-B.10.3 Shear Design

Shear reinforcement design according to IS 456 follows the steps below:
active time (see ~CFMP command). The required data are the following ones:
fck
fy

Ac

see ~SECMDF command. Required data are the following ones:
bw
d
1

~SECMDF command).
command).
ratio of the tension reinforcement extending beyond the effective depth
of the considered section, except in supports where the total area of the
tension reinforcement is used. (parameter RHO1 of ~SECMDF
command):
A sl
bw d
11-B-145

section.
4) Obtaining section reinforcement data. In shear reinforcement designing, the
angle of the reinforcement with the longitudinal axis of member can be
indicated. This angle should be included in the reinforcement definition of each
element, (parameter ALPHA of ~RNFDEF and ~RNFMDF commands). If this
angle is null or it is not defined, =90 is used. The other reinforcement data are
ignored.
Force
Description
Vu
Design shear force
Pu
6) Calculation of the nominal shear stress. The nominal shear stress is
calculated from the following expression:
Vu
v
bw d
This stress is written for each end in the CivilFEM results file as:
TAOV
Shear strength
TAOV
7) Checking of the maximum shear stress. We check that the nominal shear
stress is less or equal than the maximum shear stress:
v
where
c max
c max
is given in Table 20 according to the concrete type:
parameters:
TCMAX

TCMAX =
11-B-146
c max
v
CRTCMAX
c max
If the nominal shear stress is higher than the maximum shear stress the
reinforcement design will not be possible, therefore the parameter where this
value is stored is taken as 2100.
As
2100
s
In this case, the element will be marked as not designed, advancing then to the
following element end.
ASSH
8) Contribution of the required transverse reinforcement. The shear resistance

is calculated as the sum of the resistance provided by the concrete and the
resistance provided by the shear reinforcement:
Vu
Vut
Vuc
Vus
where:
Vu
is the design shear force
Vut
is shear resistance of the section
Vuc
is the concrete contribution
Vus
is the shear reinforcement contribution
Therefore, the shear reinforcement contribution shall be:
Vus
Vu
Vuc
The concrete contribution to resistance is:
Vuc
bw d
11-B-147
For members subjected to axial compression Pu, the design shear strength of
concrete, given in Table 19, shall be multiplied by the following factor:
3 Pu
A c fck
1.5
For each element end, the Vus value is included in the CivilFEM results file as the
parameter:
VUS
reinforcement design shear force
VUS
VUS
9) Required reinforcement ratio. The resistance contribution of the shear

reinforcement is calculated with the following expression:
Vus
0.87 fy
A sw
d (sin
s
cos )
Asw
area of the cross-section of the shear reinforcement
spacing of the stirrups measured along the longitudinal axis
Therefore:
A sw
s
11-B-148
Vus
0.87 fy d (sin
cos )
The area of the designed reinforcement per unit of length is stored in the
CivilFEM results file for both element ends:
ASSH
Asw
s
In this case, the element will be marked as designed (providing the design
If the reinforcement design is not possible, the reinforcement value is taken as
2100 and the element will be stored as not designed.
DSG_CRT
Design criterion (Ok the element is designed and NotOk the

11-B.10.4 Axial and Bending with combined Shear and

Torsion Design
Axial and bending with shear and torsion longitudinal and transverse reinforcement
design according to IS 456 follows the following steps:
fck
fy
2) Obtaining geometrical parameters. Geometrical parameters must be defined

within CivilFEM database (see ~SECMDF command).
Ac
gross area of the concrete section.

parameters used for torsion designing must be defined within CivilFEM database,
(see ~SECMDF command). The required data are the following ones:
bw
~SECMDF command).
d
effective depth, (parameter D_Y or D_Z of ~SECMDF command).
ratio of the tension reinforcement extending beyond the effective depth
1
of the considered section, except in supports where the total area of the
tension reinforcement is used. (parameter RHO1 of ~SECMDF
command):
11-B-149
A sl
bw d

section.
4) Obtaining section reinforcement data. In longitudinal reinforcement designing it
is necessary to define the bending reinforcement distribution. In transversal
reinforcement designing the angle of the reinforcement with the longitudinal
axis of member can be indicated. This angle should be stored in the section data
of each element, (parameter ALPHA of ~RNFDEF and ~RNFMDF commands). If
this angle is null or it is not defined, =90 is used. The other reinforcement data
are ignored.
5) Obtaining forces and moments acting on the section. The forces and
moments that acts on the section is obtained from the CivilFEM results file
(.RCV):
Force/Moment
Description
Vu
Tu
Pu
Mu
Design shear force

6) Calculation of the equivalent shear. Equivalent shear shall be calculated from

the following formula:
Ve
Vu 1.6
Tu
bw
Where Ve is the equivalent shear force

7) Calculation of the equivalent nominal shear stress. The equivalent nominal
shear stress shall be calculated from the following formula:
Ve
bw d
parameters:
ve
TAOVE
Nominal shear stress

TAOVE =
ve
8) Checking of the maximum shear stress. We check that the equivalent nominal
shear stress is less or equal than the maximum shear stress:
11-B-150
ve
where
c max
c max
is given in Table 20 according to the type of concrete:
parameters:
TCMAX

TCMAX =
c max
ve
CRTCMAX
c max
If the nominal shear stress is higher than the maximum shear stress, the
reinforcement design will not be possible, therefore the parameter where this
value is stored is taken as 2100.
As
s
ASSH
2100
9) Checking whether the section requires transverse reinforcement or not.

This reinforcement is not required if the equivalent nominal shear stress is less or
equal than the maximum shear stress:
ve
11-B-151
parameters:
ATT
Area of the necessary transverse reinforcement.

ATT
A sv
sv
10) Calculation of necessary transverse reinforcement. If the equivalent nominal

stress exceeds the maximum shear stress, the necessary transverse
reinforcement will be calculated with the following expression:
A sv
sv
ATT
Tu
bw d1 (0.87fy )
Vu
2.5 d1 (0.87fy )
Area of the necessary transverse reinforcement
ATT
A sv
sv
nec
11) Calculation of the longitudinal reinforcement. We check if the defined

longitudinal bending reinforcement resists an equivalent bending moment given
by the formula:
Mel = Mu + Mt
where
11-B-152
Mel
Mt
increment due to torsional moment:

1 D
Mt
Tu
bw
1.7
overall depth
This equivalent moment is used in the axial bending design (in the direction
defined in the command argument). For further information about this calculation
procedure, see chapters 11-A.3 and 11-A.4 of the Theory Manual.
The calculation results are stored in the CivilFEM results file for both element ends
as the parameters:
MT
increment of the bending moment due to torsional moment

MT = Mt
MEL

MEL = Mel
REINFACT Factor to multiply the scalable longitudinal bending reinforcement to

satisfy the code provisions.
If the reinforcement factor is higher than the upper reinforcement limit
established by the command, the design will not be possible, therefore the
reinforcement factor is taken as 2100.
REINFACT = 2100
If the reinforcement design is not possible at both ends, the reinforcement value
100
is taken as 2 and the element will be stored as not designed.
DSG_CRT
Design criterion (Ok the element is designed and NotOk the

11-B-153

T11BENG

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Chapter 11-B

Reinforced Concrete Beams (part II)

CivilFEM Theory Manual 300609. Ingeciber, S.A.

CivilFEM Theory Manual

Shear and Torsion according to EHE-98 ................................................... 3

Shear and Torsion according to EHE-08 ................................................. 20

Shear and Torsion according to BS8110 ................................................. 39

Shear and Torsion according to AS3600 ................................................. 53

CivilFEM Theory Manual 300609. Ingeciber, S.A.

Chapter 11-B Reinforced Concrete Beams

11-B.5.6 Combined Shear and Torsion Design ..................................... 66

Shear and Torsion according to GB50010 .............................................. 69

Shear and Torsion according to NBR6118 .............................................. 98

Shear and Torsion according to AASHTO Standard Specifications for

Shear and Torsion according to Code of Rules 52-101-03 (Russian Code

CivilFEM Theory Manual 300609. Ingeciber, S.A.

11-B.9.5 Torsion Design ...................................................................... 130

Shear and Torsion according to IS 456 ................................................. 135

CivilFEM Theory Manual 300609. Ingeciber, S.A.

CivilFEM Theory Manual 300609. Ingeciber, S.A.

11-B.2 Shear and Torsion according to EHE-98

11-B.2 Shear and Torsion according to

characteristic yield strength of reinforcement.

mean tensile strength of concrete.

concrete partial safety factor.

steel partial safety factor.

2) Obtaining section geometrical data. Section geometrical requirements must be

total area of the concrete section.

3) Obtaining geometrical parameters depending on code. Geometrical

minimum width of the section in a height equal to the effective depth,

Angle of the concrete compressive struts with the longitudinal axis of

In Previous Considerations section can be found detailed information about

CivilFEM Theory Manual 300609. Ingeciber, S.A.

Chapter 11-B Reinforced Concrete Beams

4) Obtaining section reinforcement data. Data concerning reinforcements of the

total area of the reinforcement legs, (parameter AS of ~RNFDEF or

Or with the following ones:

spacing of the stirrups, (parameter S of ~RNFDEF or ~RNFMDF

number of reinforcement legs, (parameter N of ~RNFDEF or ~RNFMDF

Design shear force in Y

6) Checking failure by compression in the web. First, it is checked if the design

design compressive strength of concrete.

CivilFEM Theory Manual 300609. Ingeciber, S.A.

11-B.2 Shear and Torsion according to EHE-98

effective axial stress in the section (tension positive)

Ultimate shear strength due to oblique compression of the concrete

Ratio of the design shear (Vrd) to the resistance Vu1.

contribution of web shear transverse reinforcement to the shear

Members without shear reinforcement

Member with shear reinforcement

0.9 d sen (cotg

shear reinforcement area per unit of length

design strength of reinforcement (fyd

CivilFEM Theory Manual 300609. Ingeciber, S.A.

Chapter 11-B Reinforced Concrete Beams

In this case, the concrete contribution to shear strength is:

reference angle of cracks inclination, obtained from:

design normal stresses, at section gravity center, parallel to the

Contribution of the shear reinforcement to the shear strength.

Contribution of concrete to the shear strength.

Ultimate shear strength by tension in the web.

Ratio of the design shear force (Vrd) to the resistance Vu2 .

If Vu2 = 0, the CTRVU2 criterion is taken as 2100.

CivilFEM Theory Manual 300609. Ingeciber, S.A.