Z matrix

Lecture 5: Transmission Line Series

Impedance and Shunt Admittance

Z matrix has series impedances

(r+jx) of line in units of ohm/m
Earth model due to Carson
(simplified by Wagner and Evans)
uses earth return conductors
located under the line

P phase line with N grounded

P-phase
conductors with earth return

ELCT 751 Lecture 5

Transmission line parameters

a (1)

[m]
f
R k ' 9.869 10 7 f [ / m]

c (3)

where

Earth surface

earth resistivity in [ m]
f frequency in [Hz]

Dkk
g1
a

ELCT 751 Lecture 5

g2
b

case shows P=3

and N=2

Default value 100 [ m]

gives Dkk' 850 [m] at f 60 [Hz]

Transmission line parameters

Total number of conductors is 2(P N), so KCL :

2 P N

Ik 0

k 1

P N
D
k 2 10 7 Im ln km'
m1
Dkm
1

L11 L12

2
L 21 L 22
3 L I L 31 L 32

4
L 41 L 42
5
L 51 L 52
ELCT 751 Lecture 5

Dkk ' 658.5

g2 (5)
b (2)

Transmission line parameters

Dk 'k ' Dkk k th conductor GMR in [m]

Carson earth return conductors

g1 (4)

ELCT 751 Lecture 5

[Wb / m]
L13

L14

L 23 L 24
L 33 L 34
L 43 L 44
L 53

Transmission line parameters

L 54

ELCT 751 Lecture 5

Transmission line parameters

D
L km 2 10 7 ln km' [H / m]
Dkm
When k m then Dkk conductor k GMR.
When k m then Dkm distance between
conductors k and m.

L15 I1

L 25 I2
L 35 I3

L 45 I 4
L 55 I5

Single conductor GMRs are listed in Tables A.3 and

A.4 under conductor geometric mean radius (note that
they are listed in feet). Put all the Ds in the same
units. See section 4-6 of text to handle bundled
conductors by computing the bundle GMR.
5

ELCT 751 Lecture 5

Transmission line parameters

VAa
Ra

Laa

Rb Lab Lbb
Rc

Rbeq Labeq Lbbeq

Rg1

Lg1g1

Rg2

Lg2g2

b
Rceq Lbceq Lcceq Laceq
c

Lbc Lcc

R k'
Rk'
Rk'
Rk'
R a R k '

R a R k'
Rk'
Rk'
Rk'
Rk'
R Rk'
R k'
R a Rk'
Rk'
Rk'

R
R
R
R

R
Rk'
k'
k'
k'
a
k'

R k '
R k'
Rk'
Rk'
R a R k '

Laaeq

Raeq

Reduce

Perform Loop Analysis: Use the earth return conductors

to close the loops. So all currents return through Rk
(inductive drop of return is already included)
ELCT 751 Lecture 5

Transmission line parameters

ZA

VP

VAa Z11
Z
VBb 12
VCc Z13

0 Z14
0 Z15

Z km R k ' jL km

ELCT 751 Lecture 5

Z12

Z13

Z14

Z 22

Z 23

Z 24

Z 23
Z 24

Z 33
Z 34

Z 34
Z 44

Z 25

Z 35

Z 45

Z15

Z 25
Z 35

Z 45
Z 55

Ia

Ib
Ic

I g1
I g2

IP

solve
I G Z D1Z C IP

IG

Z P Z A Z B Z D1Z C
9

ELCT 751 Lecture 5

VP Z P IP
Z abeq
Z bbeq
Z bceq

Z aceq

Z bceq
Z cceq

10

Y matrix has shunt admittances

(0+jb) of line in units of siemens/m
Earth
E th return
t
iis modeled
d l d using
i ideal
id l
conductor earth (image theory as
in electrostatics), with image
charges below line

s 1 Z aaeq Z bbeq Z cceq

Z
3
m 1 Z abaeq Z bceq Z aceq
Z
3
Transmission line parameters

Transmission line parameters

Y matrix

If transposed, use average self-impedance

and average mutual impedance:

ELCT 751 Lecture 5

VP Z A Z B Z D1Z C IP Z P IP

Z P Z A Z B Z D1Z C
Z aaeq

Z P Z abeq
Z aceq

0 Z C IP Z D I G

ZD

Transmission line parameters

Transmission line parameters

VP Z A Z B IP
Z Z I
0 C
D G
VP Z A IP Z B I G

ZB

ZC
ELCT 751 Lecture 5

/ m
/ m

Z kk R k R k ' jL kk

11

ELCT 751 Lecture 5

Transmission line parameters

12

Dkk rk k th conductor radius in [m]

Capacitive image conductors

g1 (4)

b (2)

a (1)

Hkm distance from cond k to image m in [m]

Vkk' voltage drop from cond k to image

c (3)

Dbc

Hab

Haa

Dkm distance from cond k to cond m in [m]

g2 (5)

Dbg1

Earth surface

Vkk'

H P N
D
1 P N
l km qm ln
l km
qm ln
2 m1
Dkm m1
Hkm

case shows P=3

and N=2

Vkk'

H
2 P N
qm ln km
2 m1
Dkm

Hcg2

g1

c
b
g2

ELCT 751 Lecture 5

Transmission line parameters

13

ELCT 751 Lecture 5

Transmission line parameters

PA

Dkk rk k th conductor radius in [m]

Dkm distance from cond k to cond m in [m]
Hkm distance from cond k to image m in [m]
Vkg voltage drop from cond k to ground
Vkg

H
1 P N
qm ln km
2 m1
Dkm

1
Vkk '
2

[V / m]

VP

[V / m]

PB

Vag P11 P12 P13 P14 P15 qa

q
P
Vbg 12 P22 P23 P24 P25 b
Vcg P13 P23 P33 P34 P35 qc


0 P14 P24 P34 P44 P45 qg1

0 P15 P25 P35 P45 P55 qg2
PC

ELCT 751 Lecture 5

Transmission line parameters

1 Hkm

ln
2 Dkm

Pkm

15

CP PA PBPD1PC
ELCT 751 Lecture 5

Transmission line parameters

16

C abeq
C bbeq
Cbceq
C abeq

C aceq

C bceq
C cceq
0

[F / m]

If transposed, use average self-capacitance

and average mutual capacitance:

V P PA P P P qP
or
qP CP V P

qG

PD

Transmission line parameters

C aaeq

CP C abeq
C aceq

C aaeq 0

0 PC qP PD qG
1
B D
C

ELCT 751 Lecture 5

qP

qP CP VP

[m / F]

V P PA qP PB qG
solve

14

s 1 C aaeq C bbeq C cceq

C
3
m 1 C abaeq C bceq C aceq
C
3

[F / m]
17

ELCT 751 Lecture 5

Transmission line parameters

18

I cP YP VP

charging current

YP jCP

shunt admittances

Yaaeq

YP Yabeq
Yaceq

Yabeq
Ybbeq
Ybceq

Yaceq

Ybceq
Ycceq

Special case: Balanced three phase

If the system is balanced three phase,
and if line is transposed, then:

[S / m]

I a Ib I c 0
IG 0

If ttransposed,
d use average values:
l

P
P jC
Y

C
s
m
P C
C
C

m
ELCT 751 Lecture 5

[S / m]
m
C
s
C

m
C

m
C
s
C

m
C

aa
VAa Z
V Z

Bb ab

VCc Z
ab

[F / m]

Transmission line parameters

19

aaIa Z
ab Ib I c
VAa Z

aa Z
ab Ia
VAa Z
VAa

ELCT 751 Lecture 5

Van Vbn Vcn 0

Ib I c I a

and
d
ab
Z
aa
Z
ab
Z

ab
Z

ab
Z
aa
Z

I a
I
b
Ic

Transmission line parameters

20

VAa R a jL I a

D
L 2 10 7 ln eqL
D s
L
D s conductor (or bundle) GMR

j Laa Lab Ia

D
D
Laa Lab 2 10 7 ln kk ' ln kk '
D
D s
eq
D
L Laa Lab 2 10 7 ln eq
D s

D eq 3 D abDbcD ca GMD of spacings

equivalent spacing
z R a jL impedance per phase in /m

Inductance per phase in H/m

ELCT 751 Lecture 5

Transmission line parameters

21

ELCT 751 Lecture 5

Transmission line parameters

22

similarly :
2
C
D eq
ln C
Ds
D Cs conductor radius
(or GMR of bundle using cond radius)
D eq 3 D abDbcD ca GMD of spacings
equivalent spacing
y 0 jC shunt admittance per phase in S/m
ELCT 751 Lecture 5

Transmission line parameters

23