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Chapter 8
Viscous Flows in Closed Conduits
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We will only study the flows in which the closed conduit is completely filled. The other case is
referred to as open channel flows.
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In turbulent flow, the dominant velocity component is also along the pipe. But there are also random
components in the radial direction.
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In pipes, the critical Reynolds number at which the transition from laminar to turbulent flow
occurs is
Recr = 2300.
For carefully controlled experiments in very smooth pipes, Recr goes upto 60000.
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At the entrance of the pipe (point 1), the flow has not been subjected to the action of viscosity yet.
The velocity is almost uniform at the entrance.
In the pipe, fluid particles in contact with the pipe wall will stop and particles adjacent to them will
decerate.
The region where the viscous affects are important is called the boundary layer region.
In the inviscid core surrounding the centerline, viscous affects are not important.
The length at which the thickness of the boundary layer becomes equal to the pipe radius is known
as the entrance length (Le).
In the entrance region, some fluid particles accelerate and some others decelerate. Pressure forces
are balanced with viscous and inertia forces.
In the fully developed region, there is no acceleration. Pressure forces are balanced with viscous
forces only. dp/dx is constant.
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Bernoulli is enough
L
f
D
V2
2
64
ReD
64
VD
6
hf
Darcy-Weisbach Equation
p = p (D, L, , V, , )
F ( Re D ,
L
,
)
D
D
or using hf = p/ g
2gh f
V2
hf
F ( Re D ,
L
,
)
D
D
L V2
f ( ReD , )
D D 2g
f is the Darcy friction factor. It depends on ReD and /D (relative surface roughness).
f can be determined by curve fitting equations through experimental data. There are many different
formulations for f.
Haaland Equation:
Miller Equation:
f
f
0.3164 ReD-0.25
1
f
- 2 log
- 1.8 log
/D
0.25 log
3.7
/D
3.7
1.1
5.74
Re D0.2
/D
3.7
2.51
ReD f
6.9
ReD
2
But the most convenient way to get the friction factor for a turbulent pipe flow is to use the Moody
diagram (page 652. Also shown in the next slide).
It is the graphical representation of the Colebrook equation.
You need ReD and /D to read the f value.
/D for several commercial pipes are given in page 651.
Note that the laminar friction factor (f = 64/ReD) is also shown in the Moody diagram as a straight
line.
Moddy diagram has log-log axes. You need to know how to read values from a log axis.
V2
k
2g
Le V2
f
D 2g
where Le is the equivalent length, defined as the length of a straight pipe which would produce the
same total head loss as a device such as valve, fitting or bend.
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Problem 8.16
The pump, shown in the figure, is used to deliver water to a distribution system. There is no flow to or
from reservoir A, but it is used to damp the pressure and protect the pump. The length of the suction
and dischage pipes are 100 m and 150 m, respectively. The diameter and roughness of all pipes are
0.1 m and 0.5 mm, respectively. The head loss coefficient for the inlet to the pipe is 0.5. The gate
valves are fully open and 90o standard elbows are used. The volumetric flow rate of water to reservoir
B is 0.02 m3/s. Determine the
Reservoir A
Reservoir B
20 m
h
Pump
Elbow
Elbow
3m
Gate valves
water
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