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Lehrstuhl Elektrische Netze und Alternative Elektroenergiequellen
P. Bernstein
02.05.2013
Structure
Fuel Cell Modelling
Electrical modelling
Thermal modelling
Electrochemical modelling
Balance equations
Mass
Charge
Impulse
Energy
Boundary and transition conditions
Source and drain terms
Complex geometry
e-
e-
fuel
air/oxygen
ions
electrolyte
anode
cathode
Uohm = r j
Uconc =
RT
j
ln1
n F
jL
CADK
CMem
UAGF
UKGF
0
RAKonz
RAAkt
RMem
RKAkt
RKKonz
IBZ
UBZ
RLast
Cmem=0
CKDK=0
Stationary equivalent model
Fuel Cell Modelling
c= experimental constant
Fuel Cell Modelling
&
Q
cell = I cell (1.48V U cell )
IFC n Z Mi i
F zi 1000
&
&
H
H2 ,in = m H2 ,in (H B,H2 + h H2 ,in )
& air,in = m
& air,in (hair + x air,in hH2O(g) )
H
&
&
&
Q
H2O = Q cooling ( TFC ) + Q evap,H2O
&
Q
loss = A O (TO Tamb )
Fuel Cell Modelling
10
11
12
13
Helmholtz
Stern
Gouy-Chapman
E - electric field
- potential
Fuel Cell Modelling
14
anode
(1 ) z F
z F
0
0
UU
exp
j = A j0 exp
UU
R
T
R
forward
reverse
j
j0
- current density
- exchange current density
- symmetry factor
- transferred electrons
F
R
T
U
- Faraday Constant
- ideal gas constant
- temperature
- voltage
Fuel Cell Modelling
15
I0
R T
U=
ln
zF I
anode
I0
R T
U=
ln
(1 ) z F I
cathode
= symmetry factor
I0 = exchange current
16
Voltage
Single cell voltage
Stack voltage
Current density
Total current
Current density distribution across active surface
Humidity
Humidification of the membrane
Humidification of the gases (hydrogen and oxygen)
Temperature
Pressure
17
pressure
current density
current
voltage
18
single-cell measurement
2005
FC-control
2007
FC-lab
equipment
2001-2002
2003-2004
2009
material- and
probetesting
singel-cell
measurement in
Commercial FC
electrolyzer
systems
FC-APU
integration
diagnostics
2010-2011
current density
measurement
19
20
21
22
23
Measuring points
Voltage range
Solution
Sampling rate
32
1.024V
10bit
10Hz@32 cells
Interface
Voltage supply
Minima number
Display
RS232
4 26 VDC
3x Umin
4x20 symbols
24
m, n = 1...i
25
Source: T.Chikahisa
26
gas inlet
jnom>jkrit?
flow field channel
27
Masking method
Measurement of local bounded segments of the MEA
Segmentation method (modified MEA)
Sub-cells
Segmentation of the flow field and the electrodes
Usage of a constant current source
Segmentation method (non-modified MEA)
a. Magnetic loops (current collector board)
Modified flow fields
b. Ohmic resistance
Non invasive method
Fuel Cell Modelling
28
30
Absolute humidity
Relative humidity
membrane humidity
31
32
33
Con:
34
Con:
35
Dallas Sem.
DS18B20
rF/TSensor
Tair
Programming
5
9
Microcontroller
Atmega168
User input
3
8
6
1
D/A-converter
RS232
rF
2
9
TS
Tair
Tdewpoint
Current source
Display 6
I
Analog Datas
Human Interface
Digital Datas
36
37
Humidity chamber
Reference measurement
LENA-humidity device
Membrane humidifier
Salt humidifier
1
5
6
4
Fuel Cell Modelling
38
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
SHT75
Linear (SHT75)
39
Pth,FC> Pth,losses
Pth,FC< Pth,losses
at nominal power
at partial power
Air cooling
weight
high
low
volume
high
low
very good
average
high
low
Heat dissipation
Power consumption
Source: Laing
40
TFc,set
I
TFC,in
TFC,out
Adjustment
temperature
FC,in
Adjustment
temperature
FC,out
u i,L
+
+
+
:2
+
TFC,middle
eFC,L
eFC,P
dTFC
u p ,L +
u p ,L + +
u i,L
Adjustment
PWM_fan
Adjustment
PWM_pump
PWMfan
PWMpump
I
Regulation algorithm
Temperature control--dTFC,set
41
T35min=60C, at 2kWel
T10min=60C, at 4kWel
42