Matv Smatv Project

Contract Title:
Digital Television Project:

Provision of Technical Assistance
Contracting Authority:
Department of Trade and Industry
Action Plan Task 5.9

Title: Survey of MATV and SMATV systems
DECEMBER 2003
DIGITAL TELEVISION PROJECT

PROVISION OF TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
Survey of MATV and SMATV Systems
1st December 2003
Final Report
Release 1.0
Project Team: John Ross and Peter Barnett
DTG Management Services Ltd 2003
Document Status:
The preparation of this report has been facilitated by DTG Management
Services Ltd a wholly owned subsidiary company of the Digital TV Group.
HLJHIKJIL
The report has been compiled by acknowledged industry experts with the
aim of providing answers to specific questions posed by the UK
Department of Trade and Industry. While every effort has been made to
ensure accuracy and to provide a consensus view when required, it should
not be assumed that all member organisations of the Digital TV Group
support all aspects of the report. The views expressed in the report are
those of the authors and not the collective views of DTG Council.
Prepared for:
Ian Dixon
Department of Trade & Industry
Facilitated by:
DTG Management Services Ltd
7 Old Lodge Place
Twickenham
TW1 1RQ
Tel: +44 20 8891 1830
Fax: +44 20 8891 1999
0. Index
0.1. Index of Headings
0.
Index .....................................................................................................................3
0.1. Index of Headings..........................................................................................3
0.2. Index of Figures .............................................................................................4
0.3. Index of Tables ..............................................................................................4
1. Executive summary...............................................................................................5
2. General introduction..............................................................................................7
3. Technical characteristics of existing systems .......................................................8
3.1. Introduction to MATV systems.......................................................................8
3.1.1. System design requirements.................................................................. 8
3.1.1.1.
Signal levels ....................................................................................8
3.1.1.2.
Noise levels .....................................................................................9
3.1.2. Impulsive interference ............................................................................ 9
3.1.3. System architectures and components .................................................. 9
3.1.4. Aerials .................................................................................................. 10
3.1.5. Masthead amplifiers ............................................................................. 10
3.1.6. Additional services ............................................................................... 11
3.1.7. Processed systems .............................................................................. 13
3.1.7.1.
Equalisers......................................................................................13
3.1.7.2.
Channel changers .........................................................................14
3.1.8. Launch amplifiers ................................................................................. 16
3.1.8.1.
Noise .............................................................................................16
3.1.8.2.
Intermodulation distortion ..............................................................17
3.1.9. Distribution networks ............................................................................ 18
3.1.9.1.
Loop networks ...............................................................................18
3.1.9.2.
Tree and branch networks.............................................................18
3.1.9.3.
General considerations .................................................................19
3.2. SMATV-TM systems....................................................................................20
3.3. SMATV-IRS: Integrated Reception Systems ...............................................21
3.3.1. Satellite reception................................................................................. 21
3.3.2. IRS architecture.................................................................................... 22
3.3.2.1.
Satellite dish aerials ......................................................................23
3.3.2.2.
LNBs..............................................................................................24
3.3.2.3.
Adding orbit locations ....................................................................24
3.3.3. Typical IRS installation ......................................................................... 24
4. Upgrading Systems for DTT ...............................................................................26
4.1. Introduction ..................................................................................................26
4.2. Upgrading MATV systems to carry DTT ......................................................26
4.2.1. Wideband systems ............................................................................... 26
4.2.2. Frequency selective systems ............................................................... 26
4.2.3. Distribution networks ............................................................................ 26
4.3. Upgrading SMATV-TM systems to carry DTT .............................................28
4.4. Upgrading to IRS .........................................................................................28
4.5. Upgrade resources ......................................................................................28
4.6. Conclusions and Recommendations ...........................................................29
5. Issues towards switchover ..................................................................................31
5.1. Equipment advances ...................................................................................31
5.2. Internet access ............................................................................................31
5.3. Recommendations.......................................................................................32
6. Implications of switch-over..................................................................................33
6.1. Assumptions about switch-over ...................................................................33
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Release 1.0, December 2003
6.2. Effects of frequency changes ......................................................................34

6.2.1. MATV systems ..................................................................................... 34
6.2.2. IRS systems ......................................................................................... 35
6.3. Effects of power level changes ....................................................................35
6.3.1. MATV systems ..................................................................................... 35
6.3.1.1.
Delivered signal levels...................................................................35
6.3.1.2.
Intermodulation product levels ......................................................35
6.3.2. IRS systems ......................................................................................... 36
6.4. Conclusions .................................................................................................36
7. Introduction of new services after switchover .....................................................38
8. Commercial issues..............................................................................................40
8.1. General issues.............................................................................................40
8.2. Tenant demand............................................................................................40
8.3. Costs............................................................................................................41
8.3.1. MATV Systems..................................................................................... 41
8.3.2. Integrated Reception Systems ............................................................. 41
8.3.2.1.
IRS with Internet access................................................................42
8.3.3. Maintenance costs ............................................................................... 42
8.3.4. Total investment ................................................................................... 42
9. Summary of conclusions.....................................................................................43
10.
Acknowledgements .........................................................................................44
0.2. Index of Figures

Figure 1: Distribution of communal aerial system sizes ..............................................7
Figure 2: Wideband MATV system structure ............................................................10
Figure 3: MATV system with mast head amplifier.....................................................11
Figure 4: Dual-band MATV system ...........................................................................11
Figure 5: Dual-band system with dual launch amplifier.............................................12
Figure 6: Typical use of 4-input launch amplifier.......................................................13
Figure 7: Typical cluster equaliser response.............................................................14
Figure 8: Two reception paths causing pre-echoes on analogue signals .................15
Figure 9: Use of a 5-channel analogue channel changer .........................................15
Figure 10: Conventional amplifier preceded by attenuator .......................................17
Figure 11: Inter-stage amplifier .................................................................................17
Figure 12: Loop network topology.............................................................................18
Figure 13: Tree and branch topology ........................................................................19
Figure 14: Typical SMATV-TM architecture ..............................................................20
Figure 15: Typical 5-wire IRS architecture ................................................................23
Figure 16: An example of a well designed IRS headend ..........................................25
Figure 17: Typical modification to an MATV distribution network .............................27
0.3. Index of Tables

Table 1: Recommended signal level ranges at outlets ...............................................9
Table 2: Example of noise levels with conventional and inter-stage amplifiers ........17
Table 3: Band segment selection criteria ..................................................................22
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1. Executive summary
About 20% of households in the UK obtain their television signals via communal
aerial systems. Of this population, only about 20% have so far been converted to
receive digital signals. Current rates of conversion will have to rise sharply if the goal
of converting all communal aerial systems is to be achieved before switch-over to
exclusively digital transmission.
This report examines the technical characteristics of the various types of existing
systems, the implications of upgrading to carry digital signals, the likely effects of
switch-over, and some of the consequences of introducing new services after switchover. It also examines some commercial issues, such as ownership and motivation,
tenant demand and system costs.
There are three principal categories of communal aerial systems:
MATV (Master Antenna TV) systems, which primarily provide access to UHF
terrestrial analogue and digital signals;
SMATV-TM (Satellite Master Antenna TV: TransModulation) systems, which
provide the same services as MATV, but add one or more satellite signals
which have been converted to UHF;
SMATV-IRS (Satellite Master Antenna TV: Integrated Reception System,
more commonly known as IRS) systems, which provide access to a wide
range of satellite services, as well as UHF terrestrial TV.
Note that in principle, all categories of communal aerial systems are capable of
carrying other services such as FM radio and DAB (Digital Audio Broadcasting).
The bulk of existing MATV systems were installed between the late 1960s and early
1980s, and in most cases need some attention to be able to carry digital terrestrial
television (DTT) signals. This is due to the use of frequency selective components,
such as equalisers. Of the million or so outlets on communal aerial systems that
have been converted, about 90% have been converted to IRS. The remaining 10%
only carry analogue UHF TV and DTT.
Conversion to IRS, while more expensive than upgrading, holds a number of clear
advantages. Tenant choice is maximised, and self-installation, notoriously
dangerous and damaging to buildings, is discouraged.
The challenge for the installation industry is to increase the rate of installations
substantially; if sustained at current levels, conversion of all communal aerial
systems will not be achieved for about nineteen years. If switch-over occurs in, say,
six years time, about three million homes will still not have access to any digital
signals.
We expect demand to increase dramatically after the switch-over plan is made
public. The installation industry is capable of some degree of increase in capacity,
but it is not clear that this will be adequate. Of particular concern is the ability to
recruit and train suitable installation staff, most critically commissioning engineers.
We therefore recommend that the industrys ability to cope with the expected
increase in demand should be studied in detail. If no clear solution is found, an
alternative plan should be developed for increasing the proportion of MATV
upgrades, in order to increase the total rate of conversions. These upgrades may
then be converted to IRS at a later date.
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A relatively new development is the integration of Internet access into IRS. Glasgow
Housing Association is conducting a particularly interesting pilot scheme in 600
homes. This addresses such issues as social exclusion, improved services including
landlord and tenant communications, and the objectives of the e-Envoy for access to
government services via the television. This pilot scheme is not widely known about
yet, so we recommend bringing it to the attention of relevant departments, and to the
DigiTV Project.
After examining the probable effects of switch-over we conclude that most communal
aerial systems that have been converted or upgraded should cope well with the
anticipated frequency and power changes. However, when new channels are
brought into use, due for example to existing analogue services being in the released
spectrum, remedial work will be required. We therefore recommend that details of
the spectrum plan are made available to installers at the earliest opportunity, so that
during upgrades or conversion equipment can be fitted that will accept the new
channels. We also recommend that a range of launch amplifiers are tested under
anticipated load conditions, to verify that their performance will be acceptable. We
also recommend testing a range of channel changers, as the performance of some
models is believed to be inadequate for digital signals.
Introduction of new services into the released spectrum after switchover may cause
some problems to communal aerial systems. We recommend that wideband
systems are avoided, and that filtering is used to protect systems against new signals
that might compromise carriage of the existing services.
In general, social landlords (local authorities and housing associations) are ahead of
private landlords in converting systems. However, there is a wide range of attitudes,
with some moving ahead enthusiastically, and others waiting until there is an
announcement from government. Some social landlords are particularly under
pressure from ethnic groups to provide delivery of TV programmes related to their
cultural origins. This can be expensive to provide, and providing it to one group can
imply having to provide it to all. Not offering the service tends to encourage selfprovision.
Costs are difficult to compare between MATV upgrades and IRS conversions. In
MATV upgrades, the cost tends to be independent of the number of outlets, and
particularly for IRS, cable containment requirements can strongly influence costs
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2. General introduction
Television services are available from a wide range of sources, including satellite,
terrestrial, cable, and DSL. This report is concerned exclusively with systems for the
reception and distribution of signals off-air, from both satellite and terrestrial
transmitters.
According to the 2001 census there were 5.1 million flats, maisonettes and
apartments in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland, representing about
20% of households. Extrapolating current rates of growth, by 2009 this number will
have risen to 5.6 million. Virtually all of these will have some means of receiving offair television services. In the great majority of cases, this will be some form of
communal aerial system.
Communal aerial systems provide a number of advantages to both landlords and
tenants. They provide access to a range of television services, often at lower cost
than an individual tenant would be able to achieve acting alone. Particularly in tower
blocks, self-installation of UHF receiving aerials or satellite dishes can be unsightly,
dangerous, and can cause damage to the fabric of the building. For example, there
have been many instances where damp-proof membranes have been punctured by
the installation of a satellite dish, and the consequent repair costs have been very
high.
132
102
92
88
84
78
72
60
52
50
48
40
36
32
30
28
26
24
20
18
16
14
12
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Number of blocks
Communal aerial systems are found distributing signals to anything from clusters of
four individual detached houses, to whole estates and tower-blocks. The chart below
for example shows the distribution of system sizes to be found in the Borough of
Enfield, but the distribution does vary significantly from one area to another.
Number of outlets per block
Figure 1: Distribution of communal aerial system sizes

in the Borough of Enfield
Communal aerial systems are also found in such places as hospitals, nursing homes,
shops, offices and universities. This is important as far as installation and
maintenance resources are concerned, because the same businesses address these
markets, as well as domestic installations. However, this report focuses only on the
largest market: domestic installations.
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3. Technical characteristics of existing systems

Communal aerial systems can be subdivided into three categories:
Master Antenna TV systems (MATV), which primarily distribute UHF TV

signals, but also frequently carry radio services;
Satellite Master Antenna TV systems (SMATV), which in turn can be
subdivided into two categories:
o SMATV-TM, which TransModulate satellite services into the UHF TV
band;
o SMATV-IRS (Integrated Reception Systems) which provide the full
range of both satellite and terrestrial signals to users. This category
represents about 90% of current installation work.
Within these categories there is a wide variety of possible combinations of

equipment. No single manufacturer makes all the parts required for systems in all
circumstances, and individual installers tend to stay with items of equipment with
which they have become familiar. Installation sites vary considerably: some are
exposed to the weather, and some are indoors; some have plenty of space, and
some are very cramped. Distribution networks clearly are closely dependent on the
number and relative locations of dwellings, and means within buildings for routing
cables. These factors have prevented the production of a limited range of models of
headend that will address all applications. Custom build is therefore virtually
universal.
3.1. Introduction to MATV systems

MATV systems are intended primarily to deliver the full range of UHF TV signals to
users. The principles and practice of MATV systems have been established for a
long time. Indeed, a significant proportion of systems still in use today were installed
over 30 years ago.
3.1.1.
System design requirements
The purpose of any TV distribution system is to deliver signals to all potential users
with appropriate levels of quality. This means that levels of signal, noise,
interference and distortion must all be controlled.
3.1.1.1.
Signal levels
For MATV systems, requirements for signal levels delivered to outlets are well
established, and are shown in Table 1 below:
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Analogue television
DTT
FM radio
DAB
Minimum signal level

per channel, dBV
60
451
54
30
Maximum signal level

per channel, dBV
80
70
74
70
Table 1: Recommended signal level ranges at outlets

The purpose of a launch amplifier is to drive the full set of signals, both analogue and
digital, into the distribution system at a sufficiently high level that, taking into account
the losses of splitters, cable and taps, signals are delivered to consumer outlets at
the desired levels. In practice, the launch amplifier has to drive individual analogue
signals into the distribution network typically at levels of up to 114 dBV.
3.1.1.2.
Noise levels
Not only must the signals be delivered with sufficient level, they must also have
adequate carrier to noise ratio. This is particularly important for DTT signals which
commonly are transmitted at power levels in the range 15-20 dB below analogue
signals. It is therefore important that the system designer pays attention to the level
of noise in the system.
The level of noise in a system can be greatly increased by poor design technique.
The subject is explained further in Section 3.1.8, Launch Amplifiers. MATV systems
are readily amenable to a straightforward analysis of noise levels, the techniques for
which were established a very long time ago. Although such analysis is not difficult to
carry out for those trained in the art, the level of understanding of this subject in the
MATV industry appears generally poor. However, some simple rules of thumb, such
as ensuring that gain occurs before losses, will usually suffice.
3.1.2.
Impulsive interference
It has been conclusively demonstrated that impulsive interference can cause severe
disruption to DTT signals. Techniques for minimising the levels of impulsive
interference are generally well understood by those installing MATV and IRS
systems, and by the equipment designers, and have been described in a recent
report2.
3.1.3.
System architectures and components
At its simplest, an MATV system comprises a UHF aerial to receive the TV signals,
an amplifier to raise the signal levels, and a distribution network of coaxial cables to
deliver the signals to users. This is known as a wideband, unprocessed system, and
is illustrated in Figure 2 below.
In a laboratory environment, DTT signals using 64QAM rate 2/3 can be decoded at levels
down to about 30dBV. The level of 45dBV is generally accepted as the minimum practical
in real systems, affording a reasonable level of protection against impulsive interference and
other distortions. However, it is common practice to design for 50dBV, giving enhanced
ruggedness. Note that for 16QAM rate 3/4, these figures could theoretically be reduced by
about 4dB.
2
Action Plan Task 5.14: Improving UK Aerial Installations, D Fisher, J Ross and P Barnett.
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UHF Aerial
Distribution
Network
Launch Amplifier
Figure 2: Wideband MATV system structure
The amplifier, commonly called a launch amplifier, is intended to overcome the signal
losses in the distribution network, so that signals delivered to users are of appropriate
levels and quality.
There is another category of MATV system, which contains frequency selective
components, such as equalisers or channels changers. These are commonly known
as processed systems.
There are many variants of MATV system design, and the following sections will
discuss the main types and their components.
3.1.4.
Aerials
The requirements for UHF TV aerials for digital reception have been described in
some detail in a recent report3. The great majority of MATV systems use aerials that
pre-date the introduction of digital transmissions, and many of them may need
replacing for satisfactory digital reception. Certain characteristics of aerials, such as
the ability to reject signals from unwanted directions, can be particularly important for
aerials installed on tall buildings as they may have visibility of distant transmitters that
cannot be seen by aerials mounted at normal house rooftop levels.
Aerials for reception of FM and DAB services are generally considerably less critical
in their performance requirements than UHF TV aerials, because FM and DAB
services are intended to be received by portable equipment with low gain aerials. In
practice, care must be taken not to exceed the recommended signal levels in Table
1.
3.1.5.
Masthead amplifiers
Masthead amplifiers are sometimes introduced when the cable loss between the
aerial and a launch amplifier is excessive. They can also be used to good effect to
overcome the loss of a passive equaliser (see equalisers below). The gain of the
amplifier should ideally be chosen to be just greater than the loss that it is intended to
overcome and the amplifier should be mounted close to the aerial, ahead of the lossy
component for which it compensates as shown in Figure 3.
CAI/DTG: Guidelines for the use of Benchmarked Aerials, D Fisher
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UHF Aerial
Mast Head
Amplifier
Distribution
Network
Launch Amplifier
Figure 3: MATV system with mast head amplifier
3.1.6.
Additional services
It is quite common to find that MATV systems are used for delivering FM radio
signals, and less commonly also DAB. One technique for achieving this is illustrated
in Figure 4 below. Signals from the UHF aerial and the FM aerial are combined using
a diplexer and the result is fed to the launch amplifier. The diplexer contains some
filtering elements so that, for example, the small amount of UHF TV signals that will
inevitably be received by the FM aerial will not be passed. This can be important for
analogue TV because the path length for signals received via the UHF aerial may be
different from those received via the FM aerial, which can result in so-called ghosting
on analogue pictures. For digital signals, this is generally of less importance due to
the high degree of immunity to reflections that has been designed into the digital
modulation format.
UHF Aerial
FM Aerial
Diplexer
+
Distribution
Network
Launch Amplifier
Figure 4: Dual-band MATV system
The single amplifier technique described above does tend to suffer from one notable
problem. Non-linearity in the launch amplifier (see Section 3.1.8, Launch Amplifiers)
can cause the FM signals to generate distortion products that interfere with reception
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of TV signals in the UHF band. This effect is overcome using a dual launch amplifier
(see Figure 5 below). One amplifier handles the FM signals, and the other amplifier
handles the UHF TV signals. The outputs of the two amplifiers are combined using a
diplexer, which prevents distortion products from the FM signals appearing at
significant levels in the UHF band.
UHF Aerial
Dual
Launch
Amplifier
FM Aerial
Distribution
Network
Figure 5: Dual-band system with dual launch amplifier
More complex still, there are systems that carry both FM and DAB, and on top of that
may also have other services such as door entry cameras. Quad amplifiers with builtin filtering and independent gain controls can be used in these situations (see Figure
6).
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UHF Aerial
FM Aerial
DAB Aerial
+
CCTV
Distribution
Network
UHF
MOD
4-Input Launch Amplifier
Figure 6: Typical use of 4-input launch amplifier
3.1.7.
Processed systems
In many cases it is advantageous or even necessary to make some changes to the

signals before they are applied to the launch amplifier and distribution network.
3.1.7.1.
Equalisers
The best signal quality (specifically signal to intermodulation product ratio) is
obtained from a launch amplifier when all the analogue signals feeding it are applied
at the same level. It is rarely the case that received signal levels are all equal, and so
it is common practice to use an equaliser to achieve this condition.
An equaliser is a frequency selective device typically having four or five pass-bands,
where those pass-bands can be tuned to the frequencies of the incoming analogue
services, and the gain or attenuation of each pass-band can independently be
adjusted until all analogue signals are at the same level.
Some equalisers are active devices providing amplification of the signals, but the
majority are passive devices providing only loss. Some equalisers are intended to
operate only with single channels in each section, and others, called cluster
equalisers, can operate with a group of channels in each section. A typical cluster
equaliser frequency response is shown in Figure 7.
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Figure 7: Typical cluster equaliser response

Passive equalisers introduce a loss, and this can adversely affect the system noise
figure (this effect is explained in more detail in Section 3.1.8.1). In areas where the
signal level provided by the aerial is marginal, this can be important. However, the
use of an appropriate masthead amplifier can significantly improve performance.
Filtering provided by equalisers is generally highly beneficial because it protects the
system from unwanted signals. However, since equalisers are tuned to pass only
certain selected channels, adding new services in new channels usually requires
hardware changes. For example, thousands of headends had to be upgraded by
replacing 4-channel equalisers with 5-channel equalisers when Channel 5 was
added.
For similar reasons, hardware upgrades are generally also required to allow
satisfactory reception of digital signals. This is discussed at greater length in Section
4, Upgrading Systems for DTT.
3.1.7.2.
Channel changers
Many MATV systems have been constructed using relatively inexpensive coaxial
cable. The shielding factor of this cable is often poor, and if the MATV system is
located reasonably close to the transmitter, the leakage of the cable will allow a
significant amount of signal to be received directly by the distribution network.
Because the path is more direct, this signal will arrive slightly ahead of the intended
signal, which has to pass through the headend equipment. The result is that
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analogue pictures appear to have a so-called pre-echo, a fainter picture to the left of
the wanted picture.
Path via head-end
Transmitter
Direct path
Figure 8: Two reception paths causing pre-echoes on analogue signals

This effect could clearly be overcome by using a higher quality coaxial cable.
However, it is not usually possible to ensure that fly leads used to connect the
television to the outlet plate are of adequate quality, so instead additional equipment
is installed at the headend to move each analogue signal to a vacant UHF channel.
As there is no direct path on this new channel, no echoes will be visible.
Figure 9 illustrates the use of a typical 5-channel analogue channel changer. The
equipment is modular, with input signals connected in a daisy-chain manner to all five
individual channel converters. The outputs are similarly connected together to give a
single output line for connection to the launch amplifier. Although block conversion of
the entire group of channels in a single step would in principle be cheaper to
implement, this technique is not generally used due to the difficulty of finding
corresponding vacant destination channels.
UHF Aerial
Launch Amplifier
Distribution
Network
5-channel analogue
channel changer
Figure 9: Use of a 5-channel analogue channel changer
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Since channel changing requires the use of vacant destination channels, it is no

surprise that many systems installed before digital transmissions began chose
destination channels that subsequently were used for digital signals. In many such
cases the digital signal caused analogue reception to appear very noisy, and urgent
attention was required to select new, clear destination channels for the headend
channel changers, and also to re-tune all televisions connected to the system.
3.1.8.
Launch amplifiers
The purpose of a launch amplifier is to raise the level of all the signals to be carried,
to overcome the losses that will be encountered in the distribution network. It is not
uncommon to find that the distribution network loss to the worst outlet is in the region
of 40 - 50 dB. Noting that analogue signals must be delivered to all outlets at a level
of at least 60 dBV, we can see that the launch amplifier must be capable of
delivering at least 110 dBV per analogue signal to the distribution network.
The most frequently used launch amplifier until recently is known as a 1 volt
amplifier. Such an amplifier is capable of delivering two analogue TV signals at
120 dBV (1 volt) each, with the level of intermodulation products sufficiently low that
they cause no noticeable degradation to analogue pictures. However, when the
amplifier is used to carry more than two analogue TV signals, as is usually the case,
its output level per signal must be reduced if the level of intermodulation products is
to remain adequately low. This process is known as de-rating. For five equal
analogue signals, the de-rating factor per signal is about 6 dB. The amplifier is
therefore capable of delivering 114 dBV per analogue signal.
The 1 volt amplifier has for some years been the workhorse of the MATV industry,
and large numbers of them have been installed. Advances in semiconductor
technology have however brought down prices and improved performance, and great
use is now being made of 123/124 dBV amplifiers, which can be bought for less
than 90.
In large distribution networks, the network loss can exceed 50 dB. In principle it is
possible to use an amplifier with a higher power capability to overcome this extra
loss, but we have not identified any such product on the market. It is usual therefore
to find repeater amplifiers placed within the distribution network, raising the signal
levels, but positioned where they can operate within the constraints of their output
capability. Generally these amplifiers are fed with DC down the coax for their power
supply, to avoid having to run mains cabling in addition to the coaxial cables.
As described in Section 3.1.6 it is also quite common to find split band amplifiers (see
Figure 6), which amplify signals at different frequencies (e.g. FM, DAB, and UHF TV
in Bands II, III and IV & V respectively) separately, and consequently to control
mutual interference due to intermodulation.
3.1.8.1.
Noise
An important advance in the last two or three years is the wider recognition that
under certain circumstances so-called inter-stage amplifiers can give a greatly
improved system noise level compared to fixed gain amplifiers with an attenuator
placed before the amplifier. These two cases are illustrated in the diagrams below.
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Conventional amplifier
Attenuator
Launch
Amplifier
Network
loss
Receiver
Figure 10: Conventional amplifier preceded by attenuator
Inter-stage amplifier
Amplifier
Attenuator
Launch
Amplifier
Network
loss
Receiver
Figure 11: Inter-stage amplifier

An inter-stage amplifier has a fixed gain stage followed by an attenuator, which in
turn is followed by a further amplifier normally capable of handling high signal levels.
Prior to the availability of inter-stage amplifiers, the required overall gain was
achieved by placing attenuation at the amplifier input, and in cases where the
attenuation required was high, this resulted in rather poor system noise performance.
The use of an inter-stage amplifier reduces this problem considerably. Table 1 below
shows an example of typical calculated noise levels in systems using fixed gain and
inter-stage amplifiers, illustrating clearly the advantage of using an inter-stage
amplifier when the attenuation is high.
Attenuation,
dB
40
30
20
10
0
Noise level referred to receiver

input, with fixed gain amplifier,
dBV
48.5
38.5
28.6
19.3
13.3
Noise level referred to receiver

input, with inter-stage amplifier,
dBV
28.6
19.7
14.5
13.4
13.3
Table 2: Example of noise levels with conventional and inter-stage amplifiers

In many cases where an existing MATV system is being upgraded to handle DTT
signals it will therefore be necessary to exchange the existing launch amplifier for an
inter-stage launch amplifier in order to deliver DTT signals with sufficient carrier to
noise ratio to all outlets.
3.1.8.2.
Intermodulation distortion
A further constraint on amplifiers is intermodulation distortion. Intermodulation is
generally particularly significant when the amplifier becomes non-linear due to being
driven at high output levels. The result of intermodulation is to generate unwanted
signals (known as intermodulation products) that can interfere with the wanted
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signals. Typically analogue TV shows patterning on the picture, and for DTT signals
the decoding margin may be reduced, or decoding even prevented completely.
The levels of unwanted intermodulation products can be reduced relative to the
wanted signals by reducing the output level of the launch amplifier. The design
process therefore becomes a matter of simultaneously achieving sufficient drive level
to overcome network losses, whilst also achieving sufficiently low levels of
intermodulation products.
3.1.9.
Distribution networks
The function of the distribution network is to deliver all signals to all users within the
maximum and minimum amplitude limits defined in Table 1. Distribution networks
generally are comprised of coaxial cables, taps, splitters and outlet plates, but their
exact topologies vary considerably to suit local conditions.
3.1.9.1.
Loop networks
Probably the simplest form of distribution network is the loop network. The coaxial
cable simply loops from one outlet plate to the next, as shown in Figure 12. The
outlet plate and has an in-built tap that samples and attenuates the signal from the
coaxial cable. Different tap values may be selected so that as signal levels decrease
along the cable, the correct levels of signals may be delivered to each outlet plates
socket.
Launch
Amplifier
Outlet/
tap
Figure 12: Loop network topology
This form of distribution network is seldom installed nowadays as a single fault near
the front of the network can cause all subsequent outlets to fail also. In addition, this
type of network is vulnerable to tenants changing outlet plates to a type without an
internal tap, and failing to re-connect the onward loop.
3.1.9.2.
Tree and branch networks
A more commonly used topology is shown in Figure 13, and is called a tree and
branch network. In this example, a splitter is used to drive four separate cables. Tap
values varying typically from 10 dB to 35 dB are selected to pull off suitable levels of
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signals to feed down cables to individual outlet plates. Taps are usually located in
service ducts that can be reached without having to gain entry to individual premises.
This considerably simplifies maintenance and repair of the system.
Launch
Amplifier
Splitter
Outlet
Plates
Taps
Figure 13: Tree and branch topology

Outlet plates often contain diplexers that separate out the various services,
presenting them on separate sockets.
3.1.9.3.
General considerations
The construction of the distribution network can be a major influence on the overall
system costs. Use of an existing cable tray in a riser will clearly keep costs down,
but many local authorities require a higher level of containment, such as the use of
galvanised steel trunking, and LSZH (low smoke zero halogen) cable which costs
about 10% more than standard cable.
Cables should be compliant not only with EN501174, but also with the CAIs5 cable
benchmarking scheme. This was developed originally as an endorsement of cables
of appropriate quality for satellite reception, but has been adopted also for DTT.
The designer of the distribution network must be concerned not only with end-to-end
loss, but also with variations of loss due to the slope of the cables attenuation
characteristic with frequency, and to standing waves. Care must also be taken with
4
5
EN50117: CENELEC standard Coaxial cables used in cabled distribution networks

Confederation of Aerial Industries, the UK trade association.
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safety aspects such as the system earthing and supply fusing, so that for example
excessive currents do not flow in the coaxial cable. The CAI has published a Code of
Practice covering these issues.
3.2. SMATV-TM systems

In the late 1980s satellite transmission of TV services intended to be received directly
in homes began. The dominant players were Sky, at the time using analogue FM on
the Astra satellite network, and BSB, who used D-MAC on their own satellite. A
number of other channels also became available, mostly on the Astra and Eutelsat
satellite networks. The presence of all these channels as alternatives to terrestrial
television gave rise to demand for carriage of these services on communal aerial
systems, in addition to the available terrestrial TV services. This demand was met by
SMATV-TM systems, which generally are similar to MATV systems, but have at least
one channel provided by a satellite receiver.
The modulation formats of analogue satellite signals of that time were not compatible
with analogue UHF TV, so it was not possible to translate the satellite signals directly
to unused channels in the UHF TV bands. Instead, a satellite receiver was used to
demodulate the satellite signals and recover a composite analogue PAL signal, which
in turn was applied to a UHF modulator. Most receivers actually had a modulator
built in, so in principle it would have been possible to use this, but in practice the
quality of the output was not regarded as satisfactory.
UHF Aerial
Distribution
Network
+
Satellite
Aerial
Launch
Amplifier
Satellite
Receiver
UHF
Modulator
Satellite
Receiver
UHF
Modulator
Figure 14: Typical SMATV-TM architecture

UHF TV uses a form of modulation known as vestigial sideband, or VSB, in which
most of the lower sideband is removed (i.e. only a vestige remains). As a result,
5.5MHz of video, together with the analogue and NICAM sound carriers, can fit in a
single 8MHz UHF channel. VSB modulators are however rather expensive in
comparison to a double sideband, or DSB, modulator, in which upper and lower
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sidebands are a mirror image of each other in the frequency domain. DSB
modulation is compatible with conventional VSB TV receivers, but the signal
occupies both the wanted channel, and the channel immediately below.
Consequently, fewer of them can be accommodated in the UHF TV bands.
SMATV-TM systems suffer from a number of constraints that have led to them
becoming largely obsolete. These include
Limited channel capacity, perhaps ten to fifteen satellite channels at best.

The numbers of satellite channels available nowadays vastly exceeds this.
Difficulty of handling pay-TV channels. If an authorised receiver is used to
decode an encrypted pay-TV service, its output is in the clear on the whole
distribution network. It is unlikely that a pay-TV operator would agree to this.
Decoding digital signals for re-modulation loses access to all the related
digital services, such as electronic programme guides, interactivity, etc.
It is believed that about 5,000 SMATV-TM systems are still in use, many of them redistributing Channel 5 (now branded five) in areas where terrestrial coverage is
unavailable. In the shadow of the tower building at Canary Wharf in east London for
example, SMATV-TM systems are used to provide all five analogue signals
3.3. SMATV-IRS: Integrated Reception Systems

As the number of satellite channels increased, and the limitations of SMATV-TM
systems described above were encountered, it was recognised that a new approach
was needed. The result was the Integrated Reception System, which has the
capability of delivering FM radio, DAB, analogue and digital terrestrial television,
analogue and digital satellite. They therefore offer the maximum flexibility to tenants,
albeit at some cost (see Section 8.3.2), giving them the greatest choice of off-air
sources for viewing.
Integrated Reception Systems build on the ideas and practices of MATV systems to
add delivery of satellite signals. Roughly 90% of all recent communal aerial
installations have been Integrated Reception Systems.
3.3.1.
Satellite reception
Satellite transmissions occupy bandwidth from 10.7 GHz to 12.75 GHz. This
spectrum is actually used twice, on orthogonal polarisations (vertical and horizontal),
giving a total of over 4 GHz of spectrum of satellite signals. Add to this roughly 1GHz
of terrestrial signals, and the total bandwidth becomes about 5GHz. Cables capable
of operating at frequencies this high tend to be both extremely expensive and very
lossy, so the usual practice is to convert these frequencies to a much lower
intermediate frequency (IF). However, the total bandwidth is so wide that it is
necessary to break it into four segments in order to carry it effectively within an IF
range of 950 MHz to 2150 MHz. The four segments are low-band (10.7 GHz to 11.7
GHz) and high-band (11.7 GHz to 12.75 GHz) on vertical and horizontal
polarisations.
In domestic receiving systems that do not use communal aerial systems, the satellite
receiver is connected to the dish aerial via a single coaxial cable. At the feed point of
the dish is an LNB (low noise block down converter) which performs the down
conversion and selection of one of the four segments described in the previous
paragraph. The selection is controlled by the receiver sending a 22 kHz tone or a
change of DC supply voltage up the coax to the LNB. The presence or absence of
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the 22 kHz selects between low-band and high-band, and the change of DC supply
voltage selects between vertical and horizontal polarisation, as described in Table 3.
No tone
22kHz tone
13v DC
Low-band,
vertical polarisation
High band,
vertical polarisation
18v DC
Low-band,
horizontal polarisation
High-band,
horizontal polarisation
Table 3: Band segment selection criteria
3.3.2.
IRS architecture
A typical 5-wire IRS architecture is shown in Figure 15. The four satellite band
segments are fed in parallel down four cables forming the backbone of the system. A
fifth cable carries the output of what is effectively a conventional MATV system which
can take any of the forms described in the previous sections of this report, according
to local needs. The switches, often referred to as multiswitches, react to tones and
DC voltages coming back through outlet plates from the consumer equipment, and
select the appropriate satellite band segment. The terrestrial signals carried on the
fifth backbone cable are not switched, but are fed at all times to all outlets.
An important benefit of Integrated Reception Systems is that they operate with
standard consumer terrestrial and satellite receivers. The consumer will generally be
unaware that they do not have their own private receiving system.
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Satellite
Aerial
MATV
System
Switch
To
Outlets
Taps
Switch
To
Outlets
Taps
Figure 15: Typical 5-wire IRS architecture
3.3.2.1.
Satellite dish aerials
Integrated Reception Systems are much more complex than typical individual
consumer installations not using shared aerial systems. As a result, the satellite
signals can undergo a small amount of degradation, even in a well-designed system.
It is therefore common practice to use dishes for Integrated Reception Systems that
are a little larger than would be used for an equivalent individual installation: a 60
centimetre diameter dish instead of a 45 centimetre, or an 80 centimetre instead of a
60 centimetre, for example.
When located on top of a particularly high building it will be important to pay close
attention to the ability of both the dish and the method of mounting to withstand the
high wind speeds that are likely to be experienced.
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3.3.2.2.
LNBs
In single outlet domestic installations not using communal aerial systems, the LNB
performs the switching functions, responding to the tone and the DC inputs. In
Integrated Reception Systems, all four band segments are required to be present at
the same time on separate outputs for feeding into the backbone. Four-output LNBs
exist that will fulfil this function.
3.3.2.3.
Adding orbit locations
Figure 15 shows the typical architecture of a 5-wire system which will receive satellite
signals from only one orbit location. Quite commonly there is a requirement for
systems to provide signals from more than one orbit location. A second orbit location
can be added simply by installing another satellite dish aerial and expanding the
backbone to 9 wires. In principle this approach can be extended; the authors have
heard reports of one 17-wire system in London.
About 95% of IRS systems are 5-wire, 4% are 9-wire, and 1% are 13-wire. 13-way
systems and above present two or more wires to the customer, as switches of these
widths do not exist. In these cases, customers must make their own selection
between the wires presented.
3.3.3.
Typical IRS installation
Figure 16 is a photograph of a typical well designed IRS headend, located on the roof
of a tall residential building. The equipment is mounted inside a weatherproof steel
cabinet, with components laid out accessibly and all cables with connectors to
facilitate maintenance.
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Figure 16: An example of a well designed IRS headend6
Photograph by courtesy of SCC International
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4. Upgrading Systems for DTT

4.1. Introduction
There are three paths to upgrading systems which we will consider here:
upgrading an existing analogue-only MATV system to a digital-capable MATV

system;
upgrading an existing SMATV-TM system to a digital-capable system;
upgrading an existing analogue-only system to full IRS.
4.2. Upgrading MATV systems to carry DTT

In Section 3.1.3 we identified that MATV systems can be categorised into two types:
wideband and frequency selective.
4.2.1.
Wideband systems
In principle wideband systems should be able to carry DTT signals without

modification, because they handle the entire spectrum of Bands IV and V. Although
this has been the case in many instances, a number of systems have failed to deliver
sufficient digital signal level particularly in locations where the ratio of analogue to
digital ERP is particularly high. For example, if the ERP ratio between analogue and
digital transmissions is, say, 20 dB, and the signal level for analogue TV signals
delivered by the MATV system is 60 dBV, then the digital signals will be delivered at
40 dBV. This is generally insufficient for reliable reception.
The remedy will come from understanding exactly why a system is failing to deliver
adequate signals, and this requires measurements of signal levels to be taken at key
points in the system, such as the output of the launch amplifier, and at the worst
outlets.
If the ratio of analogue to digital signal is too high, then it may be necessary to
convert the system to a channelised or frequency selective system, to amplify the
digital signals relative to the analogue.
4.2.2.
Frequency selective systems
About 80-90% of MATV systems contain some frequency sensitive component such
as a cluster equaliser or channel changer. As stated in Section 3.1.7.1 this can
ensure that maximum performance is obtained from the launch amplifier, and also
protects the system from unwanted interfering signals. This is generally regarded as
good practice. However systems containing such components are less flexible as far
as the introduction of new digital services is concerned.
Equalisers fitted before the introduction of digital signals will almost certainly require
at the very least re-tuning, and most likely replacement.
4.2.3.
Distribution networks
In a high proportion of MATV systems, the cable was installed between the late
1960s and early 1980s, but nonetheless is still usable in most cases.
ONdigital/ITVdigital converted large numbers of systems, amounting to over 100,000
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outlets, and never had to replace a distribution network. In a few cases, the
distribution network loss at high frequencies was excessive, but this was
circumvented by using channel changers to move signals on high frequency
channels to lower frequencies. As a rule, if the distribution network is delivering
reasonable quality analogue signals, it should be capable of delivering DTT signals.
One Housing Association we interviewed had been told by an installer that cabling
over 10 years old should be replaced as a matter of course, but this appears to have
been motivated by the desire to extend the scope of the work. Re-use of old cable
might also be considered counter to current recommendations for the use of
benchmarked cable, but provided that adequate signal level is delivered, this practice
does not seem to be causing undue problems.
Splitter
4 Launch
Amplifiers
Outlet
Plates
Taps
Figure 17: Typical modification to an MATV distribution network

Another technique employed if adequate digital signal levels cannot be achieved is to
reduce the effect of distribution network loss by reconfiguring the network as
illustrated by the changes between Figure 13 and Figure 17. In Figure 13, the output
of the amplifier is split four ways, reducing the maximum signal that can be driven
into the four cable drops by 7-8 dB. In Figure 17, each amplifier can drive its full
output into each cable drop. Therefore, if the amplifiers are all rated similarly, the
network in Figure 17 will deliver 7-8 dB more signal level to the outlets. However, the
advances in launch amplifier power output (see section 3.1.8) mean that this
technique is now being used less frequently. It is easier to replace the original
launch amplifier by a new higher powered model, although this will only gain 3-4 dB.
Since in virtually all cases the distribution network does not require replacement
when upgrading an analogue MATV system to carry DTT (see Section 4.2.3 above),
this kind of upgrade can be carried out quickly. The work is centred on replacing the
aerials and headend electronics. There is no need to visit all dwellings, as outlet
plates are unchanged (visits are usually made to a few, however, to perform signal
level checks). As a result, an experienced 2-man crew should be able to upgrade
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between 1 and 3 analogue MATV systems per day, and the time taken is more or
less independent of the number of outlets.
4.3. Upgrading SMATV-TM systems to carry DTT

As SMATV-TM systems differ from MATV systems only in that some of the
programme feeds come from satellite receivers equipped with UHF modulators, they
are therefore subject to broadly the same constraints as MATV systems, when
considering the introduction of DTT signals.
In the same way as in MATV systems, where channel changers are likely to use
empty channels that are later used for DTT transmissions, SMATV-TM systems may
use channels for the satellite signals that are subsequently used for DTT signals.
This tends to require fairly urgent re-tuning of the satellite signals, and of televisions
using them, as the DTT signals that come upon the same channel as a translated
satellite signal will cause the satellite signal to appear very noisy.
4.4. Upgrading to IRS

Upgrading to IRS is the preferred option, in that it provides the full range of signals to
users, and reduces the likelihood of tenants erecting their own external satellite
aerials. Unlike upgrading an MATV system to carry DTT, installing an IRS generally
requires replacement of all equipment: headend, distribution network and outlet
plates alike. The only exception is when an MATV upgrade has previously taken
place. Referring to Figure 15, it can be seen that Integrated Reception Systems
handle UHF terrestrial TV signals in the headend in the same manner as for MATV
systems, so it may be possible to re-use the MATV headend, integrating it into the
IRS.
Installing an IRS in a block of 30 flats would take a 2-man crew at least a week.
Access to all flats is needed in order to fit new outlet plates and pull in new cable.
Gaining access can be very difficult when the occupant is out during normal working
hours, and this can significantly extend the duration of an installation.
4.5. Upgrade resources

Practices vary somewhat in the industry, depending on the size of an installation
company and the size of the job concerned. Small jobs could be dealing with a
single system, typically from four homes upwards. A large job might involve 10,000
homes, perhaps synchronised to a building refurbishment programme, or to new
construction.
A range of skills are required, and for larger jobs may include:
Wiremen, for pulling in cables, fitting new outlet plates, fitting pre-constructed
equipment boards and cabinets;
Aerial installers, who fit and align all terrestrial and satellite aerial hardware,
Fitters, who construct equipment boards and cabinets either in the company
workshop or on site;
Field supervisors, who monitor quality and health and safety issues;
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Commissioning engineers, who survey sites, design systems, and

troubleshoot and commission systems;
Facilitators, who arrange access to buildings and flats;
Contract managers, responsible to customers for the progress of the contract.
In order to keep costs down, the lowest appropriate skill levels are used, and as a
result, IRS installations tend to be treated differently from MATV upgrades. The IRS
installation crew may actually be less skilled than the MATV upgrade crew, because
the IRS is commissioned by a commissioning engineer, whereas the MATV upgrade
typically is commissioned by the more experienced member of the MATV upgrade
crew. The MATV upgrade crew is therefore generally a fairly experienced installer
together with a less experienced assistant.
4.6. Conclusions and Recommendations

Roughly 1 million dwellings using communal aerial systems have so far been
converted for digital reception, and about 90% of these are on Integrated Reception
Systems. The current rate of conversions is said to be in the region of 250,000
dwellings per year, although there is some evidence that it may be rather less than
this. However, even if we assume that a rate of 250,000 dwellings per year is
sustained, it will be about nineteen years before conversion of all communal aerial
systems is complete. If, in addition, switch-over goes ahead in say six years time,
about three million homes will not be able to receive any digital services.
Clearly, a substantial increase in the rate of installations is required if we are to
convert all communal aerial systems before any of the dates currently under
consideration for switch-over. At present demand is modest, but can be expected to
increase dramatically once the government announces a firm plan for switchover.
The industry seems to have capacity to cope with some degree of increase in
demand, but it is by no means clear that it will necessarily be able to find the
resources (suitably qualified and experienced manpower, investment in equipment
and premises, etc.) to be able to cope with peak demand.
The first limit likely to be encountered is the availability of qualified commissioning
engineers. It is said that there are presently less than 100 active commissioning
engineers in the industry. One estimate is that this number will be required to
double. The level of experience and training required of a commissioning engineer is
quite high; to train these people quickly would therefore require them to be drawn
from among the most experienced installers in the industry, and it is not clear how
this might be done, given the limited quantity and size of companies involved.
If the industry is unable to increase the rate of installations sufficiently to avoid
leaving some people without access to any digital services at switch-over, the total
rate of conversions can be raised by increasing the proportion of MATV upgrades.
We have shown above that conversion of existing analogue MATV systems to
receive DTT takes roughly one tenth of the time of replacing them with Integrated
Reception Systems. A limited number of additional installation staff would therefore
be able to cover a much greater number of installations. This approach is not
without training requirements too, but they are less demanding than for
commissioning engineers.
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Conversion of these upgraded systems to IRS should take place once the initial
upgrade programme is complete.
In conclusion, we have identified that there is a massive gap between the current rate
of upgrades and installations, and the rate required to complete conversions before
switch-over. We expect a dramatic rise in demand after the switch-over plan is made
public. The installation industry is capable of some degree of increase in capacity,
but it is not clear that this will be adequate. We therefore recommend that the
industrys ability to cope with the expected increase in demand should be studied in
detail. If no clear solution is found, an alternative plan should be developed for
increasing the proportion of MATV upgrades, in order to increase the total rate of
conversions. These upgrades may then be converted to IRS at a later date.
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5. Issues towards switchover

5.1. Equipment advances
One of the most notable advances in equipment for MATV systems is electronically
tuneable cluster equalisers. These are able to offer electrical performance
characteristics similar to conventional fixed equalisers, but are tuned by connecting a
PC or dedicated controller to a data port (conventional equalisers require
considerable skill and test equipment for alignment). Consequently, when any
changes are made to either transmission frequency or power, only a brief visit is
needed to realign the headend. Contacting the users to warn them of the need to rescan their digital receivers may take rather more time, however.
As an example of the capabilities of new equipment, one model of equaliser can
provide equalisation in 10 clusters, with each cluster being adjustable in bandwidth
from 1 7 UHF channels. In addition, 20 dB of AGC (automatic gain control) range
ensures that levels at its output are held constant even if propagation changes cause
variation in incoming signal levels.
5.2. Internet access

Glasgow Housing Association has installed a pilot scheme in six multi-storey
buildings containing a total of 600 flats that integrates Internet access into their
Integrated Reception Systems. 10 Mbit/s Ethernet is injected onto the cables from
the multiswitches to the outlets for each dwelling, and occupies otherwise unused
bandwidth below Band 2 (i.e. up to about 50 MHz). Each tenant is provided with a
small converter box that connects to a data port on the IRS outlet plate, and to the
television as a display device. A cordless infra-red keyboard is also provided.
Bandwidth is limited in the range 64 - 128 kilobits per second, and a local server
provides access to certain Council services as well as the Internet. Council web
pages have been designed for presentation on televisions, but in the brief
demonstration we saw, translation of general Internet web pages was generally quite
satisfactory.
The Council sees a number of advantages flowing from this innovation, including:
The law7 requires landlords to hold regular consultation with leaseholders,

particularly before entering into long term agreements or contracts over a
certain value. Currently the Council spends over 0.5 million per year on
postage for this purpose alone. E-mail is seen as a method of dramatically
reducing these costs.
By organising home help more effectively the Council believes it can make
savings in the region of 2 million per year.
The Council expects to be able to improve building maintenance by
integrating various monitoring functions, thereby reducing reactive
maintenance.
At the time of writing (November 2003) the pilot scheme has been running for
approximately three months. Feedback from tenants has been very positive, and the
See Sections 20 and 20ZA of the Landlord and Tenant Act: 1985, as amended by the
Commonhold and Leasehold Reform Act: 2002
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Council sees this service as a major step towards social inclusion, and a reduction of
the digital divide.
The Office of the e-Envoy has published a policy document8 describing its aims and
vision for giving the widest possible access to government services via digital
television. It argues that while PCs are ideal for Internet access, the penetration of
PCs across all households is unlikely to reach very high levels. In contrast, over 97%
of households have at least one television, so, particularly after switchover, DTV can
form an important channel for delivering access to government services with a very
high level of penetration.
The policy document describes how access to a portal carried within DTV signals
gives an entry point and top level navigation for users. It would be impossible to
carry the volume of data for all services on DTV, so very quickly the user is
connected to the Internet via for example a PSTN line, establishing a point to point
fully interactive service, rather than continuing to interact with one-way broadcast
data. Integrating Internet access into IRS clearly gives an even more convenient
always on connection, potentially without call charges.
5.3. Recommendations
The Glasgow Housing Association pilot installation of Internet access over an
Integrated Reception System appears to offer solutions to a number of problems,
including social exclusion, enhanced Council services, and the objectives of the eEnvoy for access to government services via the television. It is not yet widely
known about, so should be brought to the attention of relevant departments, and to
the DigiTV Project9.
Digital Television: A policy framework for delivering e-government services to the home.
A national project aiming to demonstrate how digital interactive TV can be used as a
channel to deliver government services.
9
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6. Implications of switch-over
6.1. Assumptions about switch-over
At the time of writing, the Action Plans Spectrum Planning Group is nearing
completion of the development of a plan for digital switch-over. Their report is
imminent but has not yet been published. Therefore, the following assumptions have
been made, but may require revision in the light of the Spectrum Planning Group's
final report.
The conceptual model on which the Spectrum Planning Groups work is based
divides the six UK multiplexes into two groups: three Public Service Broadcast (PSB)
multiplexes and three commercial multiplexes. These two groups will be handled
slightly differently.
When the analogue transmissions are switched off, the PSB multiplexes will be
moved to channels formerly occupied by analogue transmissions. The power levels
of the digital transmissions will be in the range -7 dB to -10 dB relative to the power
of the previous analogue transmissions. This is generally a higher power level than at
present, but is in line with the constraints of the Chester 97 agreement, and therefore
no international co-ordination processes will be required10. Modulation will be either
16QAM or 64QAM as at present.
At present digital transmissions are available from 80 transmitter sites. After switchover, the PSB multiplexes will be available from up to 1100 former analogue sites. As
a result, coverage should be greatly increased because power levels from the
existing sites will be raised, and transmissions of digital signals will be available from
a greatly increased number of transmitter sites.
The transition strategy is still being developed. Consultation is due in the Spring of
2004, and it is expected that a timetable for switchover may be published by the end
of 2004. As a result, we have had to anticipate some elements of the strategy, and
draw conclusions accordingly.
We could expect that the switchover process will progress on a regional basis, as the
resources required to convert the entire transmitter network at once will be very
large. At present, the analogue network comprises main transmitters, fed by line,
and relays, which re-broadcast signals received from the main stations. Neither
analogue main stations nor analogue relays can handle digital signals without
considerable re-engineering. It seems likely, then, that a main station will be
converted by bringing a temporary digital transmitter into service, while modifications
are carried out to the existing analogue transmitter.
This gives some options for the re-broadcast relays linked to a main station that has
just been converted:
Ahead of the switch-over of the main station, temporary digital transmitters could
be established at each of the re-broadcast relays. The relays could then be
converted at the same time as the main stations. In this way, digital
10
It should be noted than an ITU conference in 2004/5 is due to revise the Stockholm 61 and
Chester 97 agreements, and this may impact frequency planning decisions made in the UK.
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transmissions over an entire region could be established quickly, but

considerable hardware and manpower resources would be required.
Ahead of the switch-over of the main station, alternative analogue feeds (such as
satellite or terrestrial) could be established to continue feeding the re-broadcast
relays. As a result, they could be converted to digital in a similar manner to the
main stations, even one at a time if required. This would considerably reduce the
number of temporary transmitters and people required.
A major goal of the switch-over process is to release a total of 14 of the 46 UHF

channels for other purposes. These released channels will be in two groups:
channels 31 - 40 (omitting channels 36 and 38) and channels 63 - 68. In virtually all
cases three former analogue channels can be found in the retained spectrum, and so
it should be possible to keep PSB transmissions within their existing aerial group.
A similar process will be applied to the three commercial multiplexes, but the PSB
multiplexes will have priority. The aim is to keep the commercial multiplexes in group,
and to transmit them at -10 dB relative to the former analogue transmissions, but only
initially at the best 200 sites. Commercial broadcasters will be able to request that the
plan be extended beyond these 200 sites, according to their commercial needs.
As yet, the uses to which the released channels will be put have not yet been agreed.
It is understood that any new service must be of broadcast type, such as highdefinition television, or services to hand-held devices using a new standard, DVB-H,
currently in development.
6.2. Effects of frequency changes

6.2.1.
MATV systems
Since wideband MATV systems effectively reproduce the whole of Bands IV and V,
changes of frequency should not have a significant effect on the operation of this
type of system. However, the great majority of systems have some degree of
frequency selectivity, arising from components such as channel changers or
equalisers.
As described in Section 3.1.7.2, channel changers are used to avoid problems of preechoes seen on analogue systems having leaky coax. They are designed to move an
entire analogue signal to another channel, and should in theory be able to do this to a
digital signal also. A potential difficulty could be that the phase noise of the
conversion oscillator may be inadequate for OFDM signals, and could introduce
excessive amounts of signal degradation. Depending on severity, the outcome could
be degraded reception, or complete failure on the part of receivers to be able to
decode the digital signal at all.
Unlike analogue signals, digital signals are particularly insensitive to short delay
echoes, and so the problem that channel changers were originally intended to solve
is generally insignificant for digital reception. Therefore, if the channel changer is
found to be seriously degrading signals then it should simply be removed.
Section 3.1.7.1 of this report describes the use of equalisers to achieve equal launch
levels for analogue signals. Their effect is to change the gain of a selected channel or
clusters of channels, typically by no more than a few dB. The frequency response
across a single equalised UHF channel is generally fairly flat, and should cause little
degradation to a digital signal. Some manufacturers tune filters for digital signals a
DIGITAL TELEVISION
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little wider than for analogue. It is our impression, however, that analogue filter
bandwidths are generally sufficient to avoid serious degradation to digital signals, but
we have not been able to confirm this.
Problems are most likely to arise when existing analogue or digital channels are in
the spectrum that is to be released. New channels in the retained sections of the
band will be found for these digital services, and it is likely that the new channels will
not be in the passbands of existing equalisers. The equalisers will therefore require
re-tuning or replacement.
6.2.2.
IRS systems
As has been stated previously, Integrated Reception Systems treat UHF TV signals
in a manner very similar to MATV systems. We do not therefore anticipate any
special class of problems arising in Integrated Reception Systems.
6.3. Effects of power level changes

6.3.1.
MATV systems
Achieving appropriate signal levels in MATV systems is generally the most

demanding aspect of their design. It is therefore important to assess the impact of
received signal level changes due to switch-over.
In a MATV system there are two criteria that must be complied with simultaneously.
The first is that the delivered signal level at all outlets should be adequate for
satisfactory operation of a typical receiver, and the second is that signal levels at the
output of the launch amplifier must not be excessive, in order to constrain the levels
of intermodulation distortion.
6.3.1.1.
Delivered signal levels
Existing MATV systems have generally been designed to deliver a minimum of
60 dBV of signal for each analogue signal. Particularly in larger systems, this signal
level is not generally exceeded by more than a few dB at the worst outlets due to the
high launch power that would be required. If we presume that any existing MATV
system delivers the minimum 60 dBV signal level to the worst outlet in the system,
and we know that when the analogue signal is replaced by a digital signal, the power
of the digital signal is, say, -10 dB relative to the analogue, then we can say that the
delivered level of the digital signal at the worst outlet will be 50 dBV. Since the
recommended minimum digital signal level is 45 dBV (see Table 1) we can be sure
that any such system receiving digital signals on a channel formerly occupied by an
analogue signal, and at a power level in the region of -10 dB relative to that analogue
signal, will deliver appropriate levels of signal to users.
Systems with AGC (automatic gain control) could encounter difficulties at switchover.
AGC is used to ensure that if input signals vary, within certain constraints, then the
output signal levels remain constant. This process requires detection of signal levels,
and typical detectors react to peak power levels, not average power levels. The
result may be that the AGC system holds the digital signal level constant, but at an
inappropriate level. Fortunately, AGC systems are uncommon.
6.3.1.2.
Intermodulation product levels
In a properly constructed MATV system, levels of intermodulation products generated
by the launch amplifier should be higher than those generated by any other
DIGITAL TELEVISION
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component. We should therefore need only to consider the impact of signal level
changes at switch-over on launch amplifiers.
In installing typical MATV systems, it is common practice to reduce the drive level of
the launch amplifier until patterning on analogue pictures can no longer be seen.
Providing at this point the system is delivering sufficient signal level to all outlets,
then satisfactory operation is regarded as having been achieved. This technique
works because the level of intermodulation products generated in an amplifier
changes at a much greater rate than changes in the wanted signal level. In other
words, a 1 dB reduction in the level of wanted signals will cause the levels of
intermodulation products to fall by significantly more than 1 dB, thereby improving the
ratio of wanted signal to intermodulation product. Fortunately, analogue signals are
particularly sensitive to the presence of intermodulation products arising from
combinations of other analogue signals. This means that for intermodulation products
not to cause visible effects on analogue pictures, they must be at relatively low
levels.
At switch-over, all of the analogue signals will disappear and at least some will be
replaced by digital signals at typically 7-10 dB lower than the previous analogue
signals. The total signal power that must be generated by the launch amplifier will
therefore be considerably less after switch-over than before, and as a result
intermodulation product levels should be even lower. We can therefore conclude that
the proposed changes in transmitted power level for digital signals at switch-over will
not cause problems for launch amplifiers in MATV systems. This, however, a
theoretical analysis, and tests should be made to confirm the outcome.
6.3.2.
IRS systems
Again, due to the similarity between IRS and MATV systems in the way that UHF TV
signals are handled, we do not anticipate switch-over causing any significant
problems that are unique to IRS systems.
6.4. Conclusions
To summarise the conclusions from the above:
Removal of analogue signals and their replacement by digital signals typically

7 dB to 10 dB lower in power should not cause problems to launch amplifiers.
Moving digital signals into former analogue channels should generally not cause
problems for MATV systems. Possible exceptions are where frequency
changers are used.
In cases where the destination channel for a moved digital multiplex is a new
channel, MATV systems with frequency selective components such as equalisers
are likely to need attention. Transmitting stations where this happens are
expected to be identified when the Spectrum Planning Groups report is made
public in 2004.
So far, about 1m dwellings have been upgraded, leaving about 4.85m yet to convert.
Once the Spectrum Planning Groups plan is finalised, it should be possible to
identify areas where new channels will come into use after switch-over, and thereby
ensure that any conversions carried out before switch-over in these areas fit
equalisers that are pre-tuned to accept the new channels. This should greatly reduce
the number of systems that need to be visited after switch-over.
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Channel changers have been identified as another source of potential problems for
switch-over. Channel changers are generally fitted only in areas of particularly high
field strength (i.e. close to transmitters), so this should help with identifying systems
with channel changers fitted. By testing the ability of popular models to handle digital
signals, it should be possible to determine with only a brief visit whether a system is
likely to need attention after switch-over, owing to the poor performance of its
channel changer.
A range of launch amplifiers should be tested to verify their performance under

typical load conditions that will arise immediately after switch-over.
The implications of the Spectrum Planning Groups final plan should be made
known to installers at the earliest possible time, so that equipment can be fitted in
MATV and IRS upgrades that accommodate any new frequencies that may come
into use.
Popular models of channel changer should be evaluated for their ability to handle
digital signals, particularly in terms of their phase noise performance, to assist
with identifying systems in which channel changers will cause problems after
switch-over.
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7. Introduction of new services after switchover

One of the goals of the switch-over plan is to release fourteen channels for other
broadcast type services. At present there is no certainty how these channels may be
used, but it is important that recommendations for the adaptation of MATV systems
for switch-over should take account of new services in these fourteen channels.
The most likely possible uses for the 14 released channels could include:
more standard definition television multiplexes

high definition television
services to hand-held devices.
Use for both standard definition television and high-definition television would
probably require networks rather similar to the existing ones. That is, transmissions
would most likely originate from the same transmitter sites, and at similar sorts of
power levels. Clearly and frequency selective components in the head-end would
require attention to admit these new channels, but we should also consider the effect
on the launch amplifier. It is at least theoretically possible that all fourteen channels
could be filled with such multiplexes, increasing the number of multiplexes from six to
twenty. This represents an increase in total power of 5.2 dB. Rough calculations
indicate that under these circumstances, a launch amplifier designed originally to
handle four or more analogue services, but now handling twenty digital multiplexes
should have adequate intermodulation performance. However, it would be wise to
carry out some tests for reassurance that this is the case in practice.
However, the networks required for services to hand-held devices are likely to be
quite different, more closely resembling cellular networks for mobile telephone
services. The reason for this is that hand-held receiving devices will have relatively
low aerial gain, and so high field strengths will be required. In addition, the nature of
the services carried may contain elements of unicasting, and this would be handled
most effectively by a network having a relatively small cell structure.
If a network comprising a large number of small transmitters operates on frequencies
close to the network of existing broadcast transmitter sites, then it is likely that a
number of MATV systems will be located close to a transmitter for the new services
whilst being at some considerable distance from the existing broadcast transmitter
site. In a broadband MATV system this could result in very large levels of signal
being received from the new transmitter and amplified by the launch amplifier. The
resulting overload could cause high levels of intermodulation products to be
generated, compromising or even preventing reception of the broadcast signals.
Even in systems with some degree of frequency selectivity, unwanted signal levels
could be sufficiently high that further filtering would be required in order to restore
satisfactory service for the broadcast signals.
In order to minimise difficulties introduced by new services using the fourteen

released channels, MATV and IRS systems should ideally avoid wideband
UHF sections. Use should be made of filtering designed only to admit the
required services while providing a high level of rejection of potentially
interfering services on nearby frequencies. This approach is clearly good
DIGITAL TELEVISION
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practice in any case, but compared to wideband systems may increase the
cost of initial installation, and may require modification at switchover.
A selection of launch amplifiers should be tested for their ability to handle up
to twenty multiplexes simultaneously.
DIGITAL TELEVISION
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8. Commercial issues
8.1. General issues
A recent report11 identified that 4.85m dwellings using communal aerial systems
remain to be converted for digital. The current rate of conversions must increase
considerably if all properties are to be converted by, say, 2010.
Properties containing communal aerial systems fall into three broad categories of
ownership:
About 40% of properties are owned by Local Authorities. In the UK there are
436 Metropolitan Councils, District Councils, Unitary Authorities and London
Boroughs.
About 20% of properties are owned by Housing Associations (also known as
Registered Social Landlords). The great majority of these properties are
owned by the largest twenty or so Housing Associations, with a large number
of small Housing Associations owning the remainder.
About 40% of properties are owned by private landlords. These properties
are generally run by managing agents, but it is also common to find
management committees of residents involved.
In general, social landlords (i.e. Local Authorities and Housing Associations) are
leading in levels of activity, with private landlords trailing behind. Within Local
Authorities there is a wide range of attitudes: some are well informed, and are
pressing ahead, having recognised that to delay could cause resource problems
arising from the level of workload required to complete a large task in a short time.
Others have a policy of deferring any decision until the government makes clear
announcements about the switchover date, goals that local authorities should seek to
achieve, and of course funding.
New construction or major refurbishment of existing housing stock provide ideal
opportunities for installation of Integrated Reception Systems, and such opportunities
are frequently taken up. However, all organisations interviewed agreed that a clear
indication from government of the switchover date would provide the biggest possible
impetus.
8.2. Tenant demand

Reports of tenant demand vary considerably. Some Councils state that this is the
reason for their taking action to upgrade systems, while others say it is not a
significant factor.
One significant issue in many cases is the provision of ethnic TV services from
satellite. In many instances, the required services are not available from the orbit
location supported by a 5-wire IRS, so the system must be enhanced by up to four
additional wires, higher capacity switches, and an appropriate satellite dish aerial for
each additional orbit location.
11
Action Plan Task 5.14: Improving UK Aerial Installations: Installation Staff Training and
Qualifications, August 2003, J Ross and P Barnett
DIGITAL TELEVISION
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A 9-wire IRS typically costs at least 30% more than a 5-wire IRS, and these extra
costs can either be:
absorbed by the Landlord,

paid for only by those taking the ethnic services
paid for by all IRS users
Each of these options has disadvantages. Pushing the price up for all can be seen
as unfair on those with no interest in taking the additional services. Putting all the
extra cost only on those taking the services may result in the price being sufficiently
high that self-provision is attempted, which frequently carries safety risks, and risk to
the fabric of the building. Not offering the service at all also encourages selfprovision, but can appear an attractive option as it avoids the expense of having to
offer similar services to other ethnic groups.
For some ethnic services, the use of unauthorised decoders appears to be
widespread. One Council has expressed concern about the legal position of
providing networks that support or possibly encourage the use of such devices.
8.3. Costs
8.3.1.
MATV Systems
The usual practice when upgrading MATV systems for DTT is to replace all aerials,
masts, amplifiers and equalisers. The distribution network is usually re-used,
although it is common to change the topology as described in Section 4.2.3. Costs
for these items are typically:
Aerials and mast
4 amplifiers with power supply
Cluster equaliser
Labour
Profit
TOTAL PRICE:
50
200
100
120
120
590
To simplify comparison, it has become the norm to quote prices per outlet. Clearly in
this case, all of the cost is in the headend rather than the distribution network, and so
the price per outlet will depend on the number of outlets. However, installers indicate
that they normally expect costs for MATV upgrades of this type to be about 30 to
40 per point.
The cost of replacing the distribution system will depend on the size of the network,
and on whether containment could be re-used. Installers commonly use a rule of
thumb estimate of 80 per point for an upgrade which includes replacement of the
distribution system, but this figure can change substantially with local conditions (e.g.
accessibility) and requirements for containment.
8.3.2.
Integrated Reception Systems
With Integrated Reception Systems, a greater proportion of the installation hardware

scales with the number of outlets than is the case for MATV system upgrades. In
addition, there is generally no re-use of existing equipment, except where a DTT
upgrade has previously been undertaken.
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In some areas of the north of England basic IRS installations can be bought for
between 110 and 125 per point, but installers have indicated that in most other
areas of the country the price would be 130 to 150 per point for the most basic
systems.
Local Authorities tend to specify their systems somewhat above the basic level,
resulting in a more typical price of 170 to 180 per point.
The prices given above are for 5-wire systems. The figure we have been given for
one 9-wire system is 250 per point.
Another factor that will affect costs is the trend towards multiple outlets per dwelling.
PVRs12 are becoming increasingly popular, and one of their key features is the ability
to record one programme while another is being watched. Due to Integrated
Reception Systems providing switched satellite feeds, two independent feeds will be
needed if selection of the watched and recorded programmes is not to be unduly
restricted. Particularly in the luxury end of the housing market, independent feeds to
various rooms are also commonly provided.
In order to cater for the expected demand for multiple feeds, some systems are now
being installed with full cabling run in, and switches over-provisioned by 25-50%.
Where an upgrade to an existing IRS is required, to provide an additional outlet,
devices exist that allow two sets of signals to be carried on the cable between the
multiswitch and the user, costing about 75.
8.3.2.1.
IRS with Internet access
Internet access could also become a major factor in the costs of Integrated
Reception Systems. The only installation organisation with direct experience in this
area that we have identified has indicated that the incremental cost per outlet for their
system is between 350 and 500 per point. This figure includes a server, the
consumer box and keyboard. The authors believe that if strong demand for this type
of system develops, costs for the network components should come down
significantly as the necessary components become integrated into the IRS
components (e.g. multiswitches).
8.3.3.
Maintenance costs
Due to the considerable age of some analogue MATV systems, reliability of

electronic components (in particular launch amplifiers) and external aerial and their
masts is beginning to fall, resulting in increasing maintenance costs. One Local
Authority reported that it used to have a long-term maintenance contract that had
become very expensive, about 250,000 per year, due to the increasing number of
call-outs arising from MATV system failures. After their systems had been upgraded,
maintenance expenditure was reduced to about one eighth of its previous cost.
8.3.4.
Total investment
In order to achieve conversion of all remaining 4.85m homes to IRS, at an average

of, say, 1.5 outlets per home and 170 per outlet, the total investment remaining is
1,236m. Inclusion of Internet access could significantly raise this figure, but it is too
early to estimate either take-up or cost at this stage.
12
Personal Video Recorder
DIGITAL TELEVISION
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9. Summary of conclusions
Carry out a detailed study of the installation industrys ability to cope with the
expected increase in demand. If no clear solution is found, an alternative
plan should be developed for increasing the proportion of MATV upgrades, in
order to increase the total rate of conversions. These conversions may then
be converted fully to IRS at a later date. (Section4.6)
Bring the Glasgow Housing Association Internet access pilot scheme to the
attention of appropriate Departments, and the DigiTV Project. (Section 5.3)
Test a range of launch amplifiers under anticipated load conditions after
switchover, and after introduction of new services. (Sections 6.5 and 7.1)
Make the switch-over spectrum plan available to installers at the earliest
opportunity, so that equipment can be installed during upgrades and
conversions, to deal with new channels that will come into service. (Section
6.5)
Test a range of channel changers for suitable phase noise performance for
digital signals. (Sections 6.5)
Avoid the use of wideband systems, to protect against new signals that may
be introduced into the released spectrum. (Section 7.1)
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10. Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance of the following people and
organisations:
Andy Demetriou, Alan Lawrence
Andy Taylor
Arthur Rowe, John Summerfield
David Foster
Greg Bensberg
Hugh McDonald
John Salter
Keith Hayler
Lee Mercer
Martin Turner, Simon Turner,
Richard Gagen
Matthew Seaman
Noel Reid
Richard Hale
Richard Quinton
Richard Stallworthy, Grant Lester,
Jeremy Kennedy
Sam Berry, Chris Stanley
Simon Cothlif
Tim Jenks
Wyn Jones, Derek Web
DIGITAL TELEVISION
PROJECT
SCCI
Blick
Teldis
Southern Housing Association
ITC
Glasgow Housing Association
BBC Research
Crown Castle
Sky Homes
MTD
Freeview
Wandsworth Council
Avonline
Enfield Council
Solutions Group
SCI, Glasgow
Tandberg Television
CAI
Southampton City Council
Page 44 of 44

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Contract Title:

Digital Television Project:

Action Plan Task 5.9

DIGITAL TELEVISION PROJECT

1st December 2003

Project Team: John Ross and Peter Barnett

DTG Management Services Ltd 2003

Release 1.0, December 2003

6.2. Effects of frequency changes ......................................................................34

0.2. Index of Figures

0.3. Index of Tables

Release 1.0, December 2003

Release 1.0, December 2003

Release 1.0, December 2003

Number of outlets per block

Figure 1: Distribution of communal aerial system sizes

Release 1.0, December 2003

3. Technical characteristics of existing systems

Master Antenna TV systems (MATV), which primarily distribute UHF TV

Within these categories there is a wide variety of possible combinations of

3.1. Introduction to MATV systems

System design requirements

Release 1.0, December 2003

Minimum signal level

Maximum signal level

Table 1: Recommended signal level ranges at outlets

System architectures and components

Release 1.0, December 2003

CAI/DTG: Guidelines for the use of Benchmarked Aerials, D Fisher

Release 1.0, December 2003

Release 1.0, December 2003

Release 1.0, December 2003

In many cases it is advantageous or even necessary to make some changes to the

Release 1.0, December 2003

Figure 7: Typical cluster equaliser response

Release 1.0, December 2003

Path via head-end

Figure 8: Two reception paths causing pre-echoes on analogue signals

Release 1.0, December 2003

Since channel changing requires the use of vacant destination channels, it is no

Release 1.0, December 2003

Figure 10: Conventional amplifier preceded by attenuator

Figure 11: Inter-stage amplifier

Noise level referred to receiver

Noise level referred to receiver

Table 2: Example of noise levels with conventional and inter-stage amplifiers

Release 1.0, December 2003

Release 1.0, December 2003

Figure 13: Tree and branch topology

EN50117: CENELEC standard Coaxial cables used in cabled distribution networks

Release 1.0, December 2003

3.2. SMATV-TM systems

Figure 14: Typical SMATV-TM architecture

Release 1.0, December 2003

Limited channel capacity, perhaps ten to fifteen satellite channels at best.

3.3. SMATV-IRS: Integrated Reception Systems

Release 1.0, December 2003

Table 3: Band segment selection criteria

Release 1.0, December 2003

Figure 15: Typical 5-wire IRS architecture

Release 1.0, December 2003

Typical IRS installation

Release 1.0, December 2003

Figure 16: An example of a well designed IRS headend6