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REPORT
ON
INDUSTRIAL TRAINING
(12th May 2010 18th June 2010)
AT
BHARTI HEXACOM LIMITED(AIRTEL),JAIPUR
Submitted for Partial Fulfillment Of
B.Tech Degree
IN
Electronics and Communication Engineering
Of
Rajasthan Technical University, Kota
Submitted to:
Mr. Rishabh Sharma
E.C.E Department
Submitted by:
Sumit Kumar Kaushik
B.Tech 7th Sem
Table of Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT..................................................................1
COMPANY PROFILE........................................................................2
INTRODUCTION..............................................................................5
EVOLUTION OF GSM......................................................................8
DESCRIPTION.................................................................................10
CONCLUSION.................................................................................34
BIBLIOGRAPHY.............................................................................36
ANNEXURE38
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I take this opportunity with much pleasure to express my sincere thanks and
gratitude to Mr.Vishal Tiwari (Manager, VAS), Airtel, Jaipur. It gives me
immense pleasure to extend my gratitude towards Mr. Keshav Sharma
(Quality Engineer), Airtel, Jaipur and the entire Network and Quality team of
AIRTEL, Jaipur for providing their cooperation, constructive criticism,
valuable guidance and constant encouragement.
In addition, I wish to thank Airtel, Jaipur office to provide me the opportunity
to acquire the experience of knowing the corporate world and also providing
the required facilities, well working systems, besides complete collection of all
latest technology softwares.
I am especially grateful to the professors and lecturers of our institute Global
Institute of Technology, who has been training us, since the first day, with the
knowledge and support in the most lucid manner.
It was really a good experience working in a professionally managed firm and
learning from such good and knowledgeable people. I hope it will really help
me in future.
COMPANY PROFILE
Bharti Airtel is known for being the first mobile phone company in the world
to outsource everything except marketing and sales and finance. Its network
(base stations, microwave links, etc.) is maintained by Ericsson and Nokia
Siemens Network, business support by IBM and transmission towers by
another company. Ericsson agreed for the first time, to be paid by the minute
for installation and maintenance of their equipment rather than being paid up
front. This enables the company to provide pan-India phone call rates of
less than Rs. 1/minute. During the last financial year (2009-10), Bharti has
roped
in
strategic
partner Alcatel-Lucent to
manage
the
network
Distance Services
Network
Equipment
Information Technology
IBM
IBM Daksh, Hinduja TMT,
Teleperformance,
Mphasis, First source & Aegis
Mobile,
Telemedia,
Enterprise, and
Digital TV
The mobile business offers services in 18 countries across the Indian
Subcontinent and Africa. The Telemedia business provides broadband, IPTV
and telephone services in 89 Indian cities. The Digital TV business provides
Direct-to-Home TV services across India. The Enterprise business provides
end-to-end telecom solutions to corporate customers and national and
international long distance services to telcos. In June 2010, Bharti Airtel as
part of its global expansion strategy acquired Zain Telcom of Kuwait. Bharti
Airtel through the Zain deal has its business space in 15 African countries. On
August 11, 2010, Bharti Airtel announced that it would acquire 100% stake
in Telecom Seychelles taking its global presence to 19 countries.
Globally, Bharti Airtel is the 3rd largest in-country mobile operator by
subscriber base, behind China Mobile and China Unicom.
Fig. 1.1
INTRODUCTION
GSM stands for Global Services for Mobile communication' and is an open,
digital cellular technology used for transmitting mobile voice and data
services. GSM supports voice calls and data transfer speeds of up to 9.6 kbit/s,
together with the transmission of SMS (Short Message Service).
This technology is globally accepted and most popular among all countries. It
is started in Europe to integrate all countries with wireless communication.
Earlier each country in Europe has its own standard for wireless
communication ,so due to this a person cannot use the same mobile in two
different country and cannot even communicate with the same mobile in
different countries, so due to this fragmentation problem occurred. So to
overcome this problem European Union (EU) came with GSM technology that
is accepted by whole continent and standardized by ITU-T. It is a 2 G
technology and worlds first cellular technology and it is most popular 2G
technology. Today GSM operator has largest customer base. In India total
cellular operator have more than 550 million customers and GSM has more
than 400 million customer bases alone. It is a second generation cellular
standard developed to cater voice services and data delivery using digital
modulation.
Objectives of GSM
To eliminate the fragmentation problem in European Union.
To allow interaction with ISDN and PSTN.
EVOLUTION OF GSM
In 1982, the European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications
administrations (CEPT) created the Group Special Mobile (GSM) to develop a
standard for a mobile telephone system that could be used across Europe. In
1987, a memorandum of understanding was signed by 13 countries to develop
a common cellular telephone system across Europe. Finally the system created
by SINTEF led by Torleiv Maseng was selected.
In
1989,
GSM
responsibility
was
transferred
to
the
European
10
DESCRIPTION
The basic architecture of the GSM is described in the figure below:
The abbreviations used in the figure above are described herein under:
11
MS-Mobile station:
It consists of mobile equipment and SIM. At the time of manufacturing, an
international mobile equipment number (IMEI) is programmed in ME.A SIM
is required to activate the GSM services. A international mobile subscriber
identification (IMEI) number is programmed along with security parameter
and algorithm. The called number is not linked to ME but to SIM.A SIM has
following data stored in it. MSISDN (mobile subscriber isdn) IMSI
(international mobile subscriber identity) - 15 digit number. TMSI (temporary
mobile subscriber identity) 4 octets, allocated by VLR, continuously
changed.IMEI (international mobile equipment identity) unique, permanently
assigned to MS.
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
non-western
countries.
A5/2
is
stream
cipher.
A5/3:- A newly developed algorithm not yet in full use. A5/3 is a block cipher.
Triplets: - The RAND, SRES, and Kc together are known as the Triplets. The
AuC will send these three crypto variables to the requesting MSC/VLR so it
can authenticate and encipher.
19
2.
3.
1.
It operates on the forward link of specific ARFCN within each cell, and
transmits data only in the first time slot (TS0) of certain GSM frames.
It serves as a TDMA bacon channel for any nearby mobile to identify & lock
on to.
It provides synchronization for all mobiles within the cell.
It is occasionally monitored by mobiles in neighboring cell so that received
power MAHO decisions may be made by out of cell users.
c)
2.
To originate call.
3.
These channels are bi directional & have the same format & function on
both forward & reverse link.
They may exist in any time slot & on any ARFCN except TS 0.
a)
b)
c)
It is always associated with a TCH or a SDCCH & maps onto the same
physical channel.
With Call Waiting on a Hutch phone, you can receive and hold an incoming
call when you are already talking to another person. When this service is
activated, the network notifies you of a new incoming call while you have a
call in progress, which means that if another person tries calling you midway
through a conversation, he/she will hear a message informing him/her that
your line is busy, while you will hear beeps at intervals.
Call Divert:
In case you are busy in a meeting, or if your cell phone is switched off, you
can forward incoming calls to a landline or another mobile phone - where
someone can receive messages on your behalf. You can also forward an
incoming call while speaking to someone.
Voice response services:
By using these services one can access information, download ringtones and
logos, and more. For this one has to just dial and speak on a no. for the desired
service. With Hutch World, one can enjoy a host of GPRS-based services
exclusively on Hutch GPRS phone. From astrology to photo messaging,
gaming, chat, news and even internet access.
Mail:
One can now send an SMS - without even using a mobile phone, from
wherever they are. All they need to do is type in their message and send it as email.
Roaming:
Roaming is defined as the ability for a cellular customer to automatically make
& receive voice calls, send & receive data, or access other services when
24
26
The IMEI is the unique identity of the equipment used by a subscriber by each
PLMN and is used to determine authorized (white), unauthorized (black), and
malfunctioning (gray) GSM hardware. In conjunction with the IMSI, it is used
to ensure that only authorized users are granted access to the system.
27
28
Band
Uplink
(MHz)
Downlink
Comments
(MHz)
380
410
450
480
710
750
810
850
900
or standard GSM
allocation
E-GSM, i.e.
900
Extended GSM
allocation
900
876.0 - 915
900
1800
1900
1710.0 1785.0
1850.0 -
921.0 - 960.0
1805.0 1880.0
1930.0 29
GSM allocation
Band
Uplink
Downlink
(MHz)
(MHz)
1910.0
1990.0
Comments
There are three different frequency bands on which mobile phones are usually
operates and these are Dual Band, Tri-Band and Quad Band.
Dual Band : Dual frequency band operates on 900MHz and 1800 MHz,
that means mobile phone that supports dual band can be operated
anywhere in the world where 900 MHz and 1800 MHz frequencies are
used. Dual Band GSM networks usually found in all continents Europe,
Asia, Africa, Australia and South America.
Tri-Band: three frequencies are supported in Tri Band, these
frequencies are 900 MHz, 1800MHz and 1900 MHz Tri band is also
supported all around the world these days.
Quad-Band: Quad Band supports four frequencies which are 850 MHz,
900 MHz, 1800 MHz , 1900 MHz Quad band also enables GSM phones
to road almost anywhere in the world. All countries support GSM
networks hence make communication possible.
30
Handover:
Handover, or handoff as it is called in North America, is the switching of an
ongoing call to a different channel or cell. There are four different types of
handover in the GSM system, which involve transferring a call between
Channels (time slots) in the same cell,
Cells (Base Transceiver Stations) under the control of the same Base
Station Controller (BSC),
Cells under the control of different BSCs, but belonging to the same
The first two types of handover, called internal handovers, involve only one
Base Station Controller (BSC). To save signaling bandwidth, they are
managed by the BSC without involving the Mobile service Switching Center
(MSC), except to notify it at the completion of the handover. The last two
types of handover, called external handovers, are handled by the MSCs
involved. Note that call control, such as provision of supplementary services
and requests for further handoffs, is handled by the original MSC.
Handovers can be initiated by either the mobile or the MSC (as a means of
traffic load balancing). During its idle time slots, the mobile scans the
Broadcast Control Channel of up to 16 neighboring cells, and forms a list of
the six best candidates for possible handover, based on the received signal
strength. This information is passed to the BSC and MSC, and is used by the
handover algorithm.
The algorithm for when a handover decision should be taken is not specified in
the GSM recommendations. There are two basic algorithms used, both closely
31
tied in with power control. This is because the BSC usually does not know
whether the poor signal quality is due to multipath fading or to the mobile
having moved to another cell. This is especially true in small urban cells.
The 'minimum acceptable performance' algorithm [Bal91] gives precedence to
power control over handover, so that when the signal degrades beyond a
certain point, the power level of the mobile is increased. If further power
increases do not improve the signal, then a handover is considered. This is the
simpler and more common method, but it creates 'smeared' cell boundaries
when a mobile transmitting at peak power goes some distance beyond its
original cell boundaries into another cell.
32
Key Features
33
Discontinuous Transmission
In this GSM has a advantage of preventing system from interference and noise
by offsetting the silent time between the conversation and by blocking the
undesired signals.
Support of Short Service Message (SMS)
GSM has a advantage of short service messages assisted by paging channel of
system.
Frequency Reuse
GSM has a advantage of frequency reuse pattern from which same frequency
can be used in different cells. Normally 124 carriers are provided by the GSM
system and if we multiply it with the 7 time slots used for traffic than we get
868 numbers of calls can be made and that is very less in number. so to
overcome this problem same RF carrier is used for several conversation in
different cells and for this there is regular pattern is defined. The pattern to be
used depends on the traffic requirement and spectrum availability. Some
typical patter are 4/12 , 7/21 etc.
34
2nd Generation
GSM -9.6 Kbps (data rate)
2.5 Generation ( Future of GSM)
HSCSD (High Speed ckt Switched data)
Data rate : 76.8 Kbps (9.6 x 8 kbps)
GPRS (General Packet Radio service)
Data rate: 14.4 - 115.2 Kbps
EDGE (Enhanced data rate for GSM Evolution)
Data rate: 547.2 Kbps (max)
3 Generation
WCDMA(Wide band CDMA)
Data rate : 0.348 2.0 Mbps
35
CONCLUSION
36
GSM supports multiple frequency levels like 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, 1900 MHz
1900MHz frequency is used in North America where as 1800MHz is used in
other parts of the world. Different frequency bands are used by different
mobile phone operators.
Moreover, there are over 700 GSM networks available in the world operating
in their respective countries and providing international roaming services
courtesy GSM technology. There are over 2 billion GSM subscribers in the
world. Countries which are using GSM networks on larger scales are Russia,
china Pakistan, United States, India.
Giver the above facts and very good voice quality, support useful services and
standards, delivered by GSM, it is expected that GSM shall remain the
prominent technology for offering the mobile telephony.
37
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
www.gsmworld.com
www.gsacom.com
www. whytelecom.com
www.wikipedia.com
www.google.com
www.ask.com
www.search.com
38
Annexure
39