Mt S NG DNG CA BT NG THC C SI

NG DNG 1: Chng minh bt ng thc

Bi ton s 1. Cho a, b, c > 0. Chng minh rng

a b c

1 1 1
9.
a b c

*Phn tch:
V tri cha a, b, c > 0 v cc nghch o ca chng. V vy ta ngh n vic
dng bt ng thc Csi.
Li gii:
Cch 1: p dng bt ng thc Csi cho cc b s a, b, c v

1 1 1
, ,
a b c

ta c:

a b c 3 3 abc
1
1 1
1
33
a
b
c
abc
Nhn tng v ca hai bt ng thc trn ta c:

a b c

1 1 1
9
a
b c

(pcm).

Cch 2:

a b c

1 1 1
c a
b a
b c
3


3 2 2 2 9
a c
a b c
a b
c b

Du "=" xy ra

abc

Bi ton s 1.1 Chng minh cc bt ng thc:

a b c
3 (a, b, c > 0)
b c a
b. a 2 b 2 c 2 ab bc ca
a.

Bi ton s 1.2 Chng minh rng:

a.

x2 2
x 1
2

2 x R

p dng BT Csi cho 2 s x2 +1 v 1.

b.

x 8
6 x > 1.
x 1

p dng BT Csi cho 2 s x - 1 v 9.

c.

a b ab 1 4ab

a, b 0

p dng BT Csi ta c

a b 2 ab
ab 1 2 ab
1

Nhn tng v ca 2 BT trn ta suy c pcm.

Bi ton s 1.3 Chng minh rng:
a. a b b c c a 8abc a, b, c 0

b. a 1 b
2

b 1 c c 1 a 6abc
2

p dng BT Csi cho 6 s a 2 , a 2b 2 , b 2 , b 2c 2 , c 2 , c 2 a 2 .

Bi ton s 1.4
a. n s dng a1, a2, ..., an. Chng minh rng:

n
1 1
1
L
a1 a2
an

n a1a2 ...an

b.Nu a1, a2,...., an dng v a1a2...an = 1 th a1+ a2 +...+ an n

p dng BT Csi cho n s dng trn)
Bi ton s 2. Chng minh bt ng Netbit

a
b
c
3
a, b, c > 0.

bc ac ab 2
Gii.
t x= b + c, y = a + c, z = a +b
Khi x, y, z > 0 v

yzx
xz y
x yz
,b
,c
2
2
2

Ta c:

a
b
c
1 y z x x z y x y z

b c a c a b 2
2
2
2
1 x y x z y z
1
3
3 2 2 2 3 .
2 y x z x z x
2
2
Du "=" xy ra khi v ch khi x= y= z.
Cch khc:

a
b
c
1 x y z x y z x y z

6
b c a c a b 2
x
y
z

1 1 1
1
1
3
x y z 6 9 6
2
2
2
x y z

Khai thc bi ton:

Bng cch tng t, ta c th chng minh c cc bt ng thc sau: vi a, b, c dng ta c:
2
2
2
9

bc ca ab abc
a2
b2
c2
abc
2.

bc ca ab
2

1.

Bi ton s 2.2. Cho x, y > 0. Chng minh rng

Phn tch:

1 1
4

x y x y

(1)

Do x, y > 0 nn BT (1) c th suy ra t BT Csi hoc xt hiu.

Gii
Cch 1: S dng BT Csic cho 2 s dng x, y:
x y 2 xy
x y 4 xy
x y
4

xy
x y
1 1
4

x y x y
2

Cch 2. Xt hiu ca 2 v:

1 1 1
x

4
y x y x x y 4 xy
x y 0
0
0
(2)
x y
xy x y
xy x y
2

Do x > 0, y > 0 nn BT (2) lun ng.

Vy (1) lun ng. (pcm)
Khai thc bi ton:
Ta thy BT trn c lin quan n vic cng mu nn c th s dng chng
minh BT sau:
Cho a, b, c l di 3 cnh ca mt tam gic, chng minh rng:
1
1
1
abc
1 1 1

2 trong p
pa pb pc
2
a b c

Bi tp tng t:
Bi 1. Chng minh rng:
a2 b2 c2
a2 b2 b2 c2 a2 c2

3
ab
cb
ac
abc

Bi 2. Cho a, b, c, d l cc s dng. Chng minh rng:

a4
b4
c4
d2
abcd

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
4
a b a b b c b c c d c d d a d a

Bi 3. Cho 0 a, b, c 1 . Chng minh rng:

a 2 b 2 c 2 1 a 2b b 2 c c 2 a

Bi 4. Cho a > 0, b > 0, c > 0. Chng minh:

a
b
c
1 1 1

2
bc ac ab
a b c

Bi 5. Cho x, y, z > 0. Chng minh rng:

x2
yz

x
yz
4

Bi 6. Cho a, b > 0. Chng minh rng:

a
b
a b
b
a

Bi 7. Cho x, y > 0. Chng minh rng:

x3
2x y

2
2
3
x xy y

Bi 8. Cho x, y 0. Chng minh rng:

x4 y4

x6 y6

y2 x2

Bi 9. Cho a, b > 0. Chng minh rng:

2 ab
a b

4 ab

p dng bt ng thc Csi chng minh BT trong tam gic

Bi ton s 3. Cho a, b, c l di cnh ca mt tam gic.
a
b
c

3.
bc a ac b abc

Chng minh rng:

Gii:
Cch 1.
t x = b + c a; y = a + c - b; z = a + b c.
Khi x, y, z > 0 v a

x y
xz
yz
,b
,c
.
2
2
2

V tri:
a
b
c
1 x y yz zx

b c a a c b a b c 2
z
x
y

1 x y x z y z
1

2 2 2 3
2 y x z x z y
2

Du bng xy ra

x y
y x 2

x z
2 x y z a b c.
z x
y z
z y 2

Cch 2.
Nhn xt: Do a, b, c, l di 3 cnh ca tam gic nn ta c:
a + b - c > 0; a + c b > 0; b + c - a > 0
p dng BT Csi cho cc cp s dng:
abca cb
a
2
a c b b c a c

a b c a c b

b c a (a b c) b
Nhn thy cc v ca BT trn l cc s dng v 3 BT ny cng chiu, nhn tng
v ca chng ta c:

a b c a c b b c a abc.

Ta c:
a
b
c
abc

33
bc a a c b a bc
b c a a c b a b c
33

abc
3
abc

Bi tp 3.1. Cho a, b, c l di 3 cnh ca mt tam gic ABC, a b c.

Chng minh rng: a b c 2 9bc. (*)
Gii
2
2
2
V a b a b c b b c 2b c .
chng minh (*) ta cn chng minh: 2b c 2 9bc. (1)
Tht vy:

 2b c 2

9bc

4b 4bc c 2 9bc
2

4b 2 4bc c 2 bc
2b c bc
2

Ta c:

0 2b c 2b b b
2
2b c bc
0 2b c 2c c c

(pcm)

Bi tp 3.2. Chng minh rng

a
3

b c
2

b
3

c a
2

c
3

a b
2

2.3 4

(*)

Trong a, b, c l di 3 cnh ca mt tam gic.

Gii
Ta c
b3 c3

Tht vy:

1
b c 2
4

1 4 b 3 c 3 b 3 c 3 3b 2 c 3bc 2
b 3 c 3 b 2 c bc 2 0
b 2 b c c 2 b c 0
b c b 2 c 2 0
b c b c 0
2

Lun ng suy ra (1) ng

1
a c 2
4
1
2
a3 b3 a b
4
a3 c3

Tng t:

Do :
a
3

b2 c2

b
c2 a2

c
a 2 b2

a
b
c

(3)
bc ac ab

3 4

M:

a
b
c
2a
2b
2c

2(b c) 2( a c) 2(a b)
bc ac ab
(4)
2a
2b
2c

2
bac abc abc

Do:

ab c

bc a

ac b

T (3) v (4) suy ra iu phi chng minh.

Cc bi tp khc:
Bi tp 3.3 Cho a, b, c l di 3 cnh ca 1 tam gic v c chu vi l 2. Chng
minh rng: a2 + b2 + c2 + 2abc < 2.
Bi tp 3.4 Cho a, b, c l 3 cnh ca 1 tam gic. Chng minh rng:

a 2 b c a b 2 a c b c 2 a b c 3abc

Bi tp 3.5 Gi s a, b, c l di 3 cnh ca 1 tam gic.

1
1
1 abc
6
Chng minh rng: 3 a 3 b 3 c 3 3 3 3
b
c
abc
a
Bi tp 3.6 Gi s a, b, c l di 3 cnh ca 1 tam gic.

1 1 1 3 a b b c c a

9
abc
a b c

Chng minh rng a b c

Bi tp 3.7. Cho a, b, c, d > 0 v a + b + c + d = 1

Chng minh rng:
abc bcd bd a cd a 2 3

NG DNG 2: ng dng bt ng thc Csi tm cc tr

* Vi a 0, b 0 ta c

a b 2 ab , du = xy ra a = b

* Vi n s khng m: a1 , a2 , , an ta c:

a1 a2 ... an n n a1a2 ...an

Du = xy ra a1 = = an
* T BT trn ta suy ra:
+ Nu a.b = k (const) th min(a + b) = 2

k a=b

k2
a=b
+ Nu a + b = k (const) th max(a.b) =
4
* M rng i vi n s khng m:
+ Nu a1.a2an = k (const) th min(a1 + a2 + + an) = n n

a1 = a2 = = an

k
+ Nu a1 + a2 + + an = k (const) th max(a1.a2an) =
n
a1 = a2 = = an
V d: Cho x > 0, y > 0 tho mn:
Tm GTNN ca A =

1 1 1

x y 2

x y
Bi lm:

V x > 0, y > 0 nn

1
x

> 0,

1 1 Cs 1 1 1
.

x y 2 x y

1
y

> 0,

x > 0,

1
1

xy 4

xy 4
x

y 2

y 2 44

Vy min A = 4 x = y = 4

y > 0 . Ta c:

Nhn xt: Trong v d trn ta s dng BT Csi theo 2 chiu ngc nhau:
+ Dng

ab

1 1 1
ab
t c
dng iu kin tng
2
x y 2

+ Dng a b 2 ab lm gim tng

x y dng kt qu

xy 4
xy 4

Khng phi lc no ta cng c th dng trc tip BT Csi i vi cc s trong

bi. Ta c mt s bin php bin i mt biu thc c th vn dng BT
Csi ri tm cc tr ca n:
* Cch 1: tm cc tr ca mt biu thc ta tm cc tr ca bnh phng biu thc .
V d: Tm GTNN ca A =

3x 5 7 3x
Bi gii

iu kin:

5
7
x
3
3

Ta c: A2 = ( 3x 5 ) + ( 7 3x ) + 2
A2

3x 5 7 3x

( 3x 5 + 7 3x ) + 2 = 4

3x 5 = 7 3x x = 2
Vy max A2 = 4 max A = 2 x = 2
Du = xy ra

Ta thy A c cho di dng tng ca 2 cn thc. Hai biu thc ly cn c tng

khng i (bng 2). V vy, nu bnh phng A s xut hin hng t l 2 ln tch
ca 2 cn thc. n y c th vn dng BT Csi

2 ab a b

* Cch 2: Nhn v chia biu thc vi cng mt s khc 0

V d: Tm GTLN ca A =

x 9
5x
Bi gii:

iu kin: x 9. Ta c:

x9

5x

Du = xy ra
Vy max A =

1 x 9
x 9
x99
3
.3

1
2 3
3

3

5x
5x
10 x
30

x 9
3 x 18
3

1
x 18
30

Trong cch gii trn, x 9 c biu din thnh

tch ny tr thnh na tng:

( s 3 c tm bng cch ly

x 9
.3 khi vn dng BT Csi
3

x 9
1
3 x c dng kx c th rt gn cho x mu.
3
3

9 , s 9 c trong bi)

* Cch 3: Bin i biu thc cho thnh tng ca cc biu thc sao cho
tch ca chng l mt hng s.
V d 1: ( Tch mt hng t thnh tng ca nhiu hng t bng nhau)

3 x 4 16
Cho x > 0, tm GTNN ca A =
x3
Bi gii
A=

16
16
16
3 x 4 16
4 x.x.x.
= 3x

4
x3
x3
x3
x3

A 4.2 = 8 ( du = xy ra x

16
x2)
x3

Vy min A = 8 khi x = 2
V d 2: (Tch mt hng t cha bin thnh tng ca mt hng s vi mt hng t
cha bin sao cho hng t ny l nghch o ca mt hng t khc c trong biu
thc cho)
Cho 0 < x < 2, tm GTNN ca A =

9x
2

2 x x
Bi gii

9x
2 x
9x 2 x

1 2
.
1 2 9 1 7
2 x
x
2 x x

Du = xy ra

9x
2 x
1

x
2 x
x
2

Vy min A = 7 x

1
2

Trong cch gii trn ta tch

o vi

2
2 x
2 x
1 . Hng t
thnh tng
nghch
x
x
x

x
nn khi vn dng BT Csi ta c tch ca chng l mt hng s.
2 x

* Cch 4: Thm mt hng t vo biu thc cho

V d: Cho x, y, z > 0 tho mn: x + y + z = 2

x2
y2
z2
Tm GTNN ca P =

yz zx x y
Bi gii
V x, y, z > 0 ta c:

x2
yz
p dng BT Csi i vi 2 s dng
v
ta c:
4
yz

x2
yz
x2 y z
x

2
.
2. x
yz
4
yz 4
2

(1) . Tng t ta c:

y2
x z

y (2)
xz
4
z2
x y

z (3)
x y
4

x2
y2
z2
x yx

x y z

z
z

x
x

y
2

Cng (1) + (2) + (3) ta c:

x yz
P x xy z
1
2
2
Du = xy ra x y z
3
2
Vy min P = 1 x y z
3
Nhn xt: Ta thm

yz
4

vo hng t th nht

x2
yz

c trong bi, khi

vn dng BT Csi c th kh c (y + z). Cng nh vy i vi 2 hng t cn li ca

bi. Du ng thc xy ra ng thi trong (1), (2), (3)

Nu ta ln lt thm (y + z), (x + z), (x + y) vo

xyz

x2
y2
z2
;
;
yz xz x y

2
3

th ta cng kh

c (y + z), (x + z), (x + y) nhng iu quan trng l khng tm c cc gi tr ca

x, y, z du ca cc ng thc ng thi xy ra, do khng tm c GTNN
ca P.
p dng cc cch trn cng vi vic s dng BT Csi ta c cc v d khc nh
sau:
VD 1: Cho a, b, c > 0 tho mn: a + b + c = 1
Tm GTLN ca P =

1
1 1
1

1
a

b c
9

Phn tch: a, b, c > 0

3 abc

1
3
abc

Do c th khai trin P ri c lng theo BT Csi

Bi gii
Cch 1:

P 1

1 1 1 1
1
1
1


a b c ab bc ac abc

p dng BT Csi cho 3 s dng ta c:

a b c 3 3 abc 1 3 3 abc abc

1

33 27
abc

1
33

(1)

Mt khc:
2

1
1
1
1
3
33
3 27
ab ac bc
abc

(2)

1 1 1
1
33
32
a b c
abc
(1) + (2) ta c:

P 1 32 27 27 64 . Vy min P = 64

Cch 2:

a 1 b 1 c 1
1
.
.

. a 1 b 1 c 1
a
b
c
abc
1
P
a a b c b a b c c a b c
abc
43 4 4 4 4
P
a b c 43 64
abc
P

Tng qut: cho S = a + b + c

tm GTLN ca P =

VD 2: Tm GTLN ca B =

1
1 1
1 1 1
a

b c

x 1

y2
y
Bi gii

1.( x 1) 1 x 1 1
x 1

x
x
x
2
2. y 2 2 y 2
y2
1
2

y
y
y
4
2 2

max B =

x 1 1 x 2
1
2 2 2

2 4
4
y2 2 y 4
10

VD 3: Cho 2 s dng x, y c x + y = 1
Tm GTNN ca B =

1
1 2
x

y 2

Bi gii
Ta c: B =

1
1 2
x

1 x y
Vy min B = 9

y 2

2
xy

2
8 B 9
xy

CS

4 xy

x y

=1+

1
2

VD 4: Cho x, y, z > 0 tho mn:

1
1
1

2
1 x 1 y 1 z

Tm GTNN ca P = xyz
Bi gii
Ta c:

1
1
1
y
z

2
1

1 x
1 y
1

z
1

y
1

Tng t:

1
2
1 y

zx
1 x 1 z

1
2
1 z

xy
1 x 1 y

Vy max P =

P xyz

yz
1 y 1 z

1
8

1
1
x yz
8
2

VD 5: Cho M = 3x2 2x + 3y2 2y + 6 |x| + 1

Tnh gi tr ca M bit x, y l 2 s tho mn x.y = 1 v biu thc
|x + y| t GTNN.
Bi gii:
Ta c:

CS

x y 4 xy 4
2

x y 2

Min |x + y| = 2 khi x = y, khi

xy 1

x y 2

Khi x = y = 1 hoc x = y = - 1
+ Khi x = y = 1 th M = 9
+ Khi x = y = - 1 th M = 17
VD 6:
Cho cc s thc khng m a1, , a5 tho mn: a1 + + a5 =1
Tm GTLN ca A = a1a2 + a2a3 + a3a4 + a4a5

11

Bi gii
Ta c: A = a1a2 + a2a3 + a3a4 + a4a5 (a1 + a3 + a5)(a2 + a4)

a1 a3 a5 a2 a4
2

a1 a3 a5 a2 a4

1
a1 a3 a5 a2 a4
2
1
A
4
1

1
1
a1 a2
a1 a3 a5 a2 a4
Vy max A =
2
2
4
a3 a4 a5 0
VD 7: Cho a, b > 0. Tm GTNN ca A =

x a x b
A
x

x a x b
x

( x > 0)

Bi gii

x 2 ax bx ab
ab

ab x
x
x

A a b 2 ab min A a b 2 ab .
ab
Du = xy ra x
x ab
x
2
1
VD 8: Tm GTNN ca hm y =
vi 0 < x < 1
1 x x
Bi gii

2
1
2 2x 2x 1 x x

Ta c: y = 1 x
( 0 < x < 1)
x
1 x
x

2x 1 x
2x 1 x

3 2
.
3 2 2
1 x
x
1 x x
2x 1 x
Du = xy ra

x 2 1
1 x
x
=

VD 9: Cho a, b > 0 cho trc.

Cc s x, y > 0 thay i sao cho

a b
1
x y

Tm x, y S = x + y t GTNN. Tm min S theo a, b.

Bi gii

12

Ta c:

a b
a b
bx y
1 S x y a b
x y
y x
x y

S ab 2

bx ay
.
a b 2 ab
y x

min S a b 2 ab
M

ay bx

x
y

x a ab
a b
1
x y
y b ab

VD 10: Tm GTNN ca P =

4 x 4 16 x 3 56 x 2 80 x 356
x2 2 x 5
Bi gii

4 x 4 16 x 3 56 x 2 80 x 356
Ta c: P =
x2 2x 5
CS
256
2
= 4 x 2 x 5 2
64
x 2x 5
Suy ra min P = 64 x = 1 hoc x = - 3

Bi tp tng t
BT 1: Cho x, y > 0 tho mn x. y = 1. Tm GTLN ca A =
BT 2: Tm GTLN ca cc biu thc sau:

A x 1 x2
B

yz x 1 xz y 2 xy z 3
xyz

x2 1
; x 0
x2
8
D 2
3x 2
x2 1
E 2
x 1
x2 x 1
F 2
; x 0
x x 1
x2 x 1
G 2
x 2x 1
x
H
; x 0
2
x 2000
C

13

x
y
2
2
x y
x y4
4

BT 3: Cho a, b, c > 0 tho mn

1
1
1

2 . Tm GTLN ca biu thc Q =

1 a 1 b 1 c

abc.
BT 4: Cho x, y > 0 tho mn x + y = 1. Tm GTNN ca biu thc
P=

1
1
x

1
1
y

BT 5: Tm GTNN ca cc biu thc sau:

x2 4x 4
; x 0
x
x2
B
; x 1
x 1
x2 x 2
C
x2 x 1
1

D 1 x 1 ; x 0
x

x2

E x 1
2 ; x 1
x 1
2

x
5
; x 0,1
1 x x
x
2
G
; x 1
2 x 1
F

BT 6: Cho x, y > 0 tho mn

x 2 y 2 4 . Tm GTNN ca

1
1

E = x y
y
x

BT 7: Tm GTLN v GTNN ca A =

BT 8: Tm GTLN ca A =

3 x 6 x ; 3 x 6

x 1 y 1 bit

BT 9: Cho a, b > 0 tho mn a. b = 216

Tm GTNN ca S = 6a + 4b
BT 10: Cho a, b > 0 tho mn

biu thc

1
1.
b

a b

b a
a3
BT 11: Cho a, b > 0 tho mn
.
ab

Tm GTNN ca A =

14

x, y 1

x y 2

Tm GTNN ca S =

a 2 b2

BT 12: Cho x, y, z 0 tho mn xy + yz + zx = 100.

Tm GTNN ca A = xyz
BT 13: Vi gi tr no ca a th tch xy nhn GTLN nu x, y, a l cc s thc tho

x a2
mn

1
4
y a 4

x8 a
x

BT 14: Tm GTNN ca A =

bit a > 0, x > 0

BT 15: Vi gi tr no ca s dng a th biu thc D t GTNN ?

A=

a1000 a900 a 90 a 5

1995
a

x100 10 x10 2004

BT 16: Tm GTNN ca C =

x 2 xy y 2
; x 0, y 0
BT 17: Tm GTLN ca E = 2
x xy y 2
BT 18: Tm GTLN ca tch
Bit

1
xi ; i 1, n
n

BT 19: Tm GTLN ca B =

x1 x2 ...xn ; n 2
v

x12 x22 ... xn2 1

x

x 1995

; x 0

5
bit rng x, y > 0
x y x y

BT 20: Tm GTNN ca N =

BT 21: Tm GTLN ca H =

x 1 x2

vi

1 x 1

BT 22: Tm GTLN ca biu thc:

P=

x
y
z

1 x 1 y 1 z
1 y z 1 x z 1 x y

Vi mi x, y, z bin i nhng lun tho mn

BT 23: Tm GTNN ca

BT 24: Tm GTLN ca

BT 25: Tm GTLN ca

f x, y x

1
x, y 0
;
xy x y x y

x2 2
x2 1

x 8
x 1

0 x, y , z 1

vi x > 1

15

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