Enerco Energy Solutions LLP www.econserve.

in

Harmonics
The problem of Power Harmonics is an old one but is not been given due consideration even
today. Simply put - a harmonic is distortion of the sinusoidal waveform caused by a non-
linear load. Mathematically a harmonic can be considered a sinusoidal component of a
periodic wave that is an integral multiple of fundamental frequency (50 Hz). Thus typical
harmonics in the system are 3rd, 5th, 7th and so on. The characteristic harmonics normally
decreases with increase in frequency. Although there are instruments available for
measurements up to 53rd Harmonic, practical effects of up to 11th Harmonic are evidently

i. n
visible. The even harmonics cancel each other out and hence do not qualify as “trouble
makers” under normal conditions.

e
Widespread use of electronic devices (VFDs, UPSs, SMPSs, Computers et al.) in the power
systems leads to harmonics. In fact with the exception of a normal light bulb every load

v
today creates harmonics. These non-linear loads draw non-sinusoidal current from a

r
sinusoidal voltage source thereby creating distortion. Ironically Capacitor banks which are

e
primarily installed to improve power quality (PF) if not commissioned correctly can
aggravate the problem of harmonics. Due to the harmonic currents through the power

s
system path, the inductive reactance of that power system increases and the capacitive

n
reactance decreases. At a given harmonic frequency in such a system if a capacitor exists,
there will be a cross over point. This condition is known as Harmonic Resonance in which

o
very high harmonic voltage and current cause serious damage to the equipments. Since

c
capacitive reactance is inversely proportional to frequency, unfiltered harmonic currents
find their way into capacitor banks resulting in capacitor puncture.

.e
Degradation of power quality, increase in energy consumption and stress in the entire
system are some of the primary effects related to harmonics. Symptoms that are a result of

w
these effects include overheated transformers / motors / cables, reduced PF, equipment
failures, increased energy bills, tripping of circuit breakers, failed motors, punctured

w
capacitors etc. It also accelerates aging of expensive electrical equipment.

Harmonics are difficult to detect and isolate and one cannot rely purely on THD

w
measurement at a single point or a central location. To measure system pollution caused by
harmonics a thorough analysis at each feeder and transformer by experts using accurate
instruments is needed. This is due to the fact that while current distortion travels only along
the power path of non-linear load, voltage distortion affects all loads connected to that
particular bus or phase.

Popular methods to mitigate the problem include using appropriate Harmonic Filters (active,
passive and hybrid) and special transformers. Harmonic Filters reduce neutral currents and
THD by offsetting harmonics. There are special transformers designed to feed non-linear
loads with harmonic content up to their designated rating. Correct diagnosis and
implementations of solutions for harmonic mitigation pay rich dividends and enhance
productivity.