PHN TCH YU CU PHN MM

Nm hc 2014-2015

Gio vin: PGS.TS. Hunh Quyt Thng

BM Cng ngh phn mm
Vin CNTT-TT, HBK HN
www.soict.hust.edu.vn/~thanghq

Chng 2. Pht hin, tng hp v phn tch YCPM

1. Ngun gc yu cu phn mm
2. Quy trnh pht hin yu cu phn mm v phn
nhm NSD
3. Cc k thut pht hin yu cu phn mm
4. Tng hp v phn tch cc yu cu phn mm
5. Thng lng v tha thun cc yu cu phn
mm

1. Ngun gc yu cu phn mm

Ngun gc yu cu phn mm t ngi s dng

Ngi s dng (Khch hng): theo m hnh phn
lp ca yu cu phn mm Khch hng c
chia lm hai loi:
Khch hng cung cp cc business requirement:
cung cp cc thng tin v cng ty, v cc c
im mc cao, v m hnh v phm vi ca
h thng
Khch hng cung cp cc user requirement: cung
cp cc cng tin v tng nhim v c th m h
s lm vic vi phn mm
Cn phi phi hp, kt hp cht ch vi hai phn
loi khch hng trn
3

1. Ngun gc yu cu phn mm
Cc kh khn c th xy ra trong xy dng yu cu
phn mm

(1) S tham gia qu mc ca NSD:

Thng thng ngi s dng khng hiu r v qu

trnh xy dng cc yu cu phn mm v cc c

im ca phn mm.
H s a nhng i hi qu cao hoc chng lin
quan n qu trnh pht trin phn mm nh vit
code, ...
H a ra nhng yu cu v ngh rt kh chp
nhn v gy kh khn cho cc PTV

1. Ngun gc yu cu phn mm

Cc kh khn c th xy ra trong xy dng yu cu

phn mm (tip)
(2) C qu nhiu yu cu trong yu cu phn mm:
Thng thng cc yu cu phn mm c pht hin
trong qu trnh kho st v rt c th cc yu cu v
phn mm s ln hn kh nng ca i ng ph trin
phn mm v: nhn lc, thi gian, ti chnh.
Cn hn ch khng cc yu cu phn mm ph
sinh i qu phm vi v gii hn ca phn mm.
Cn qun l cc thay i v yu cu phn mm mt
cch hp l v xem xt nh hng ca ni ti kin
trc h thng, ... trong qu trnh pht trin

1. Ngun gc yu cu phn mm

(3) Cc yu cu phn mm m h nhp nhng:

y l mt vn rt hay xy ra trog qu trnh pht trin

cc yu cu phn mm
Cc yu cu phn mm cn phi r rng, khng c
php hiu theo nhiu cch
Phng php sa cc yu cu m h nhp nhng l
lm li, c t li cc yu cu ny.
Theo nh gi ca cc nh phn tch: lm li yu cu
phn mm thng chim khang 40%
qu trnh
xy dng n v 70, 80% cc c tnh xy dng li c th
dn n cc li
Lu ti tng yu cu phn mm v khng st
nhng yu cu m h, khng r rng

1. Ngun gc yu cu phn mm

(4) Cc c tnh tha:

Thng thng ngi pht trin theo cc thi
quen ngh nghip thm vo cc yu cu phn
mm cc chc nng khng cn thit cho phn
mm
Tng t nh th ngi s dng c th a ra
mt s yu cu ph cho phn mm. Cc yu cu
ny c th i hi cc tn km v mt xy dng
m trn thc t hon ton khng cn thit.
Cn nh gi cc c tnh v tnh cn thit ca
n i vi cc phn mm. Nhng c tnh ph c
th xem xt k hn xem kh nng p ng n v
mt k thut c ng gi hay khng
7

1. Ngun gc yu cu phn mm

(5) c t qu t:
NSD l chuyn vin trong mt lnh vc no c
thi quen ngh rng tt c cc PTV u l cc
chuyn vin trong lnh vc .
NSD a ra nhng yu cu qu ngn gn m
khng miu t k lng hn chng l g
Cn hi r NSD v tranh th cc kin thc ca h
(6) Khng lu ti nhng ngi s s dng phn
mm:
Thng thng phn mm lm ra cho mt tp hp
cc i tng no s dng
Cn quan tm ti c im ca cc i tng ny
8

1. Ngun gc yu cu phn mm

(7) K hoch sai

Cc PTV nh gi sai v mc phc tp ca
vn v dn ti lp k hoch sai v thi gian
hon thnh
Cn lu nh gi tht chc chn cc c tnh
ca phn mm khi lp k hoch xy dng phn
mm
Nn tr li cho khch hng cc cu tr li dng
gn chnh xc: trong trng hp xu nht ....,
nu ....... th.

Cc quyn (bill of right) ca khch hng

(1) Yu cu cc PTV s dng cc ngn t thng

dng (khng c nhiu cc thut ng tin hc)
(2) Yu cu cc PTV hc cc vn v cng vic
ca khch hng
(3) Yu cu PTV vit cc c t yu cu phn
mm
(4) C quyn i gii thch v tt c cc vn
trong c t yu cu phn mm
(5) Yu cu s i x lch s t cc PTV
(6) Lng nghe cc tng mi v cc cch thc
hin khc ca cc yu cu phn mm, khng
nn ngay lp tc ph nh khi thy n khc vi
cch thng dng m mnh ang s dng
10

Cc quyn (bill of right) ca khch hng

(7) Gii thch cc c im ca cng vic v phn

mm n c lm tt hn, d s dng hn
(8) Cn suy ngh v phn mm iu chnh cc
yu cu sao cho tng kh nngti s dng cc
chc nng ca n
(9) Cn nh gi ng gi thnh ca cc yu cu
hay cc s thay i trong phn mm
(10) Cn i hi h thng p ng y cc
yu cu v chc nng v cht lng nh
mong mun

11

Cc trch nhim ca khch hng

(1) Khch hng c trch nhim o to cc PTV v

cng vic ca h (khch hng)
(2) Khch hng c trch nhim dnh thi gian
chun b chu o v r rng cc yu cu
(3) Khch hng cn c cc yu cu tht c th
(specific) v tht chnh xc (precise)
(4) Khch hng cn c trch nhim quyt nh kp
thi chnh xc v nhng im tranh lun vi
cc LTV
(5) C trch nhim tn trng nhng nh gi ca
cac PTV v gi thanh fv tinh skh thi ca
phn mm
12

Cc trch nhim ca khch hng

(7) Khch hng c trch nhim gn cc quyn

(trng s) u tin cho cc yu cu t ra.
(8) Khch hng c trch nhim duyt li cc c t
yu cu v nguyn mu (prototype) yu cu
(9) Khch hng c trch nhim thc hin kp thi,
khng c php chm tr nhng thay i yu
cu nu iu l cn thit.
(10) Khch hng c trch nhim tn trng cc quy
trnh thc hin trong cng ngh hc xc nh
yu cu phn mm v cng ngh phn mm

13

Chng 2. Pht hin, tng hp v phn tch YCPM

1. Ngun gc yu cu phn mm
2. Quy trnh pht hin yu cu phn mm v phn
nhm NSD
3. Cc k thut pht hin yu cu phn mm
4. Tng hp v phn tch cc yu cu phn mm
5. Thng lng v tha thun cc yu cu phn
mm

14

Chng 2. Pht hin, tng hp v phn tch YCPM

1. Ngun gc yu cu phn mm
2. Quy trnh pht hin yu cu phn mm v phn
nhm NSD
3. Cc k thut pht hin yu cu phn mm
4. Tng hp v phn tch cc yu cu phn mm
5. Thng lng v tha thun cc yu cu phn
mm

15

2. Quy trnh v k thut pht hin cc yu cu phn mm

(Software Elicitation)

1. Xc nh qu trnh pht trin cc yu cu phn

mm
2. Xy dng kh nng (vision) v phm vi (scope)
ca phn mm
3. Xc nh cc nhm ngi s dng v c tnh
ca h v i din tiu biu cho mi nhm
4. Phn tch v xc nh cc yu cu phn mm
da trn cc i din ca cc nhm NSD
5. Xy dng cc c tnh xc nh cht lng yu
cu v cc yu cu khc (non-functional
requirement)

16

2.1. Xc nh qu trnh pht trin cc yu cu phn mm

Xc nh cc bc v ti liu m t quy trnh chng ta

s thc hin qu trnh pht trin cc yu cu phn
mm
M t phng php xc nh cc NSD trong phm vi
bi ton ca phn mm v cc k thut s s dng
pht hin cc yu cu phn mm
M t ccc t hoc cc m hnh phn tch ca phn
mm
Cc thng tin cho mi yu cu, trng s ca yu cu
Cc bc tin hnh pht hin cc yu cu, phn tch
yu cu

17

2.2. Xy dng kh nng (vision) v phm vi (scope) ca

phn mm

Kh nng v phm vi ca phn mm tp hp cc

yu cu phn mm mc cao (business
requirement)
M t kh nng, mc tiu ca phn mm, cc phm
vi ng dng ca phn mm, cc hn ch ca phn
mm, mt s c im ca ng dng: ai s dng,
trong m trng no
Thng thng tt c cc thg tin ny c m t
ngn gon trong 3-8 trang theo cu trc nh sau:

18

2.2. Xy dng kh nng (vision) v phm vi (scope) ca

phn mm

Cu trc ca ti liu:
1. Yu cu phn mm (mc cao business)
1.1. C s (background)
1.2. C hi
1.3. i tng
1.4. Yu cu khch hng hay yu cu th trng
1.5. Cc gi tr cung cp cho khch hng
1.6. Cc ri ro
2. Kh nng ca phn mm (vision of solution)
2.1. Cc kh nng
2.2. Cc c im
2.3. Cc ph thuc v chp nhn

19

2.2. Xy dng kh nng (vision) v phm vi (scope) ca

phn mm

Cu trc ca ti liu:
3. Phm vi v gii hn (scope and limitation)
3.1. Phm vi ca phin bn u
3.2. Phm vi ca cc phin bn tip theo
3.3. Hn ch v ngoi l
4. Ng cnh cng vic (business context)
4.1. Tiu s khch hng
4.2. Cc trong s d n
5. Cc yu t thnh cng ca d n

20

2.2. Xy dng kh nng (vision) v phm vi (scope) ca

phn mm
1. Yu cu phn mm (mc cao business requirement)
M t cc c im chnh m phn mm mi s cung
cp cho khch hng. Thng thng phn ny rt khc
nhau cho nhng phn mm khc nhau
1.1 C s (background)
M t l do hp l cn pht trin phn mm mi: tai
sao, c s no. C th gii thch tng th lch s hoc
tnh hung quyt nh cn phi xy dng phn mm
1.2. C hi (business opportunity)
M t c hi trn th trng ang tn ti vn m
phn mm s gii quyt. C th m t ngn gn mt s
phn mm tng t v cc c tnh ca chng v gii
thch ti sao can lm phn mm ny

21

2.2. Xy dng kh nng (vision) v phm vi (scope) ca

phn mm
1.3. i tng/mc tiu
M t mc tiu m phn mm gii quyt
1.4. Yu cu khch hng hay yu cu th trng
M t cc i tng khch hng m phn mm s phc
v.
1.5. Cc gi tr cung cp cho khch hng
M t chi tit cc kh nng ca phn mm s cung cp
cho khch hng:
- Kh nng gii quyt cng vic
- Kh nng tit kim
- Kh nng t ngha cc cng vic trc y
....
1.6. Cc ri ro
M t cc ri ro ca cng vic khi pht trin phn mm.
nh gi cc ri ro v cc phng php trnh
22

2.2. Xy dng kh nng (vision) v phm vi (scope) ca

phn mm
2. Kh nng ca phn mm (vision of solution)
M t cckh nng ca phn mm. ay s khng m t
cc chc nng phn mm
2.1. Cc kh nng
M t chnh xc ngn gn cc mc ch di hn ca phn
mm
2.2. Cc c im
Danh sch cc c im chnh ca phn mm. Cc c
im ny s khch nhng phn mm tng t nh th
no
2.3. Cc ph thuc v chp nhn
Ghi nhn li cc ph thuc v cc chp nhn thc
hin trong phn mm

23

2.2. Xy dng kh nng (vision) v phm vi (scope) ca

phn mm
3. Phm vi v gii hn (scope and limitation)
M t cc gii hn v kh nng ca phn mm. Phn
mm ch gii quyt bi ton mc nh vy
3.1. Phm vi ca phin bn u
Cc phm vi ca phin bn u (1.0)
3.2. Phm vi ca cc phin bn tip theo
Cc phm vi ca cc phin bn tip theo
3.3. Hn ch v ngoi l
M t cc hn ch v ngoi l ca phn mm
4. Ng cnh cng vic (business context)
4.1. Tiu s khch hng
4.2. Cc trong s d n
5. Cc yu t thnh cng ca d n

24

2.2. Xy dng kh nng (vision) v phm vi (scope) ca

phn mm
4. Ng cnh cng vic (business context)
4.1. Tiu s khch hng
Cc c im ca khch hng:
Phn loi khch hng
4.2. Cc trong s d n
Chia lm 03 loi:
Cc mc tiu chnh ca phn mm (objectives)
Cc rng buc v hn ch (constraint)
Mc t do ca phn mm (kh nng cn i gia mc
tiu v cc rng buc)
5. Cc yu t thnh cng ca d n
Cc yu t lm d n kh thi
Cc yu t chng t kh ng cnh tranh ca phn mm

25

2.3. Xc nh cc nhm ngi s dng v c tnh ca h

v i din tiu biu cho mi nhm
(1) Phn lp ngi s dng phn mm (user classes)
Phn loi theo c im
Phn loi theo v tr a l
Phn loi theo vai tr cng vic
Phn loi theo chc nng
Lit k cc phn loi (cc lp) v m t chi tit cc c
im ca NSD tng lp
(2) Tm cc NSD tiu biu (presentative user)
(3) Khi nim Product Champion: Nhng i din tiu biu
ca tng nhm ngi s dng. Trn thc t cc yu
cu phn mm s c pht hin t nhng khch
hng ny

26

2.3. Xc nh cc nhm ngi s dng v c tnh ca h v

i din tiu biu cho mi nhm
Analyst 1

Product
Champion 1

Analyst 2

Product
Champion 2

Requirement

Analyst n

Product
Champion n

Requirement

Requirement

Manager

27

2.4 Phn tch v xc nh cc yu cu phn mm da trn

cc i din ca cc nhm NSD
Nguyn tc ca pht hin yu cu phn mm:
(1) nh ngha phm vi v gii hn phn mm
(2) Xc nh cc phn nhm ngi s dng
(3) Xc nh cc i din ca tng nhm
(4) Xc nh Product Champion ca tng nhm
(5) La chn k thut pht hin yu cu phn mm
(6) p dng k thut cho tng i din - Product Champion
(7) Xy dng cc tiu thc cht lng
(8) Chi tit ha (chuyn ha) cc trng hp s dng thnh
chc nng phn mm
(9) Xem xt cc trng hp s dng v chc nng
(10) Pht trin m hnh phn tch, gii thch v lm r vi cc
khch hng

28

2.4 Phn tch v xc nh cc yu cu phn mm da trn

cc i din ca cc nhm NSD
Nguyn tc ca pht hin yu cu phn mm:
(11) Pht trin v nh gi giao din cho tng yu cu
(12) Pht trin cc trng hp kim th cho cc yu cu
(13) S dng cc trng hp kim th kim tra
(14) Lp li cc bc 6-13 trc khi thit k

3
9

4
10

5
11

6
12

13

29

2.4 Phn tch v xc nh cc yu cu phn mm da trn

cc i din ca cc nhm NSD

Pht hin cc yu cu phn mm l mt cng

vic phc tp
y chnh l cu ni gii quyt bi ton
y chnh l cu ni gia PTV v NSD
i hi rt nhiu n lc v cc phm cht ca
PTV
Mt trong nhng k thut tiu biu xc nh
v pht hin cc yu cu s dng l Trng
hp s dng- use-case

30

2.4 Phn tch v xc nh cc yu cu phn mm da trn

cc i din ca cc nhm NSD

Use-case: Th hin tp hp cc tng tc

gia cc tc nhn (actor) v h thng
Actor (tc nhn):

Trng hp s dng:

31

2.4 Phn tch v xc nh cc yu cu phn mm da trn

cc i din ca cc nhm NSD
Draft
Functional
Verified
Requirement Functional
Requirement

use-case
workshops

Use-Case
Description

Draft Test
Case
Draft
Analysis
Models

Veryfied
Analysis
Model

Common
Understanding

32

2.4 Phn tch v xc nh cc yu cu phn mm da trn

cc i din ca cc nhm NSD

Cc li thng hoc l nhng im nn trnh

trong pht hin yu cu:
(1) C qu nhiu use-case
(2) C cc use-case trng lp
(3) Trong m hnh use-case xy dng khng nn
a vo giao din vi NSD
(4) nh ngha d liu trong cc use-case
(5) C gng gn mi yu cu vi mt use-case

33