Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2011
ii
PEDOMAN
PERHITUNGAN KARBON UNTUK INDUSTRI PULP DAN
KERTAS DALAM IMPLEMENTASI KONSERVASI ENERGI DAN
PENGURANGAN EMISI CO2 (Fase 1)
Alamat Penerbit:
Kementerian Perindustrian
Jl. Gatot Subroto Kav. 52-53
Jakarta Selatan 12950
ISBN:.............................
iii
KATA PENGANTAR
Arryanto Sagala
iv
Ringkasan Eksekutif
viii
DAFTAR ISI
KATA PENGANTAR .
RINGKASAN EKSEKUTIF
DAFTAR ISI
DAFTAR TABEL
DAFTAR GAMBAR
BAB I PENDAHULUAN .
iv
v
ix
xi
xii
1
10
11
12
13
15
15
21
21
21
21
22
22
22
23
3.1.7.
23
27
31
31
36
39
41
42
43
46
52
52
52
55
56
56
58
58
61
62
64
68
69
PENUTUP ..
72
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ..
74
LAMPIRAN
TABEL KONVERSI SATUAN UNTUK ENERGI . 77
xi
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 1.1.
Tabel 2.1.
Tabel 2.2.
Tabel 2.3.
Tabel 2.4.
Tabel 3.1.
Tabel 3.2.
Tabel 3.3.
Tabel 3.4.
Tabel 3.5.
Table 4.1.
Table 4.2.
Table 4.3.
Table 4.4
Table 4.5
Table 4.6
Table 4.7
Tabel 4.8
7
16
17
19
20
25
26
28
31
32
37
40
41
41
43
44
45
xii
Tabel 5.1
53
64
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 2.1.
Gambar 2.2.
Gambar 2.3.
Gambar 3.1
9
11
12
24
xiii
BAB I
PENDAHULUAN
nitrogen oksida (NOX), klorofluorokarbon (CFC), dan gasgas organik non metal volatile. Gas-gas rumah kaca yang
dinyatakan
paling
berkontribusi
terhadap
gejala
pemanasan global adalah CO2, CH4, N2O, NOX, CO, PFC
dan SF6. Namun, untuk Indonesia dua gas yang disebut
terakhir masih sangat kecil emisinya, sehingga tidak
diperhitungkan. Dari kelima gas-gas rumah kaca tersebut
di atas, karbon dioksida (CO2) memberikan kontribusi
terbesar terhadap pemanasan global diikuti oleh gas
methan (CH4).
Tahun 1994 tingkat emisi CO2 di Indonesia sudah
lebih tinggi dari tingkat penyerapannya. Artinya Indonesia
sudah menjadi net emitter. Hasil perhitungan sebelumnya,
pada tahun 1990, Indonesia masih sebagai net sink atau
tingkat penyerapan lebih tinggi dari tingkat emisi.
Berapapun besarannya, Indonesia sudah memberikan
kontribusi bagi meningkatnya konsentrasi gas-gas rumah
kaca secara global di atmosfer. Adanya peningkatan gas
rumah kaca telah menyebabkan terjadinya pemanasan
global dan perubahan iklim.
Sejalan dengan semangat mendukung program
tersebut, sebagai salah satu kegiatan di program ICCTF,
Kementerian Perindustrian menyusun Pedoman Teknis
Pemetaan Teknologi dan Perhitungan Karbon untuk sektor
industri pulp dan kertas. Pedoman teknis ini telah disiapkan
untuk membantu organisasi internal industri dalam
pengembangan dan pelaksanaan rencana jangka panjang
konservasi energi dan pengurangan emisi CO2. Meskipun
setiap organisasi industri adalah spesifik, akan tetapi dalam
hal praktek perencanaan, prinsip perencanaan, praktek
manajemen, dan teknik komunikasi yang dijelaskan dalam
pedoman teknisi ini, berlaku secara umum.
Halaman 3 dari 78
Halaman 6 dari 78
Halaman 8 dari 78
BAB II
PERANGKAT PERHITUNGAN GRK BERDASARKAN
PROTOKOL
PELAPORAN
PRINSIP
TUJUAN
BATASAN
ORGANISASI
BATASAN
OPERASIONAL
IDENTIFIKASI
SUMBER
PILIH
PENDEKATAN
PERHITUNGAN
TENTUKAN
FAKTOR EMISI
BATASAN
INVENTORI
EMISI
BERDASARKAN
JENIS
KUMPULKAN
DATA
LAPORAN
BERDASARKAN
PENGURANGAN
TERAPKAN PADA
PERANGKAT
PERHITUNGAN
PENELUSURAN
DAN LAPORAN
KEMAJUAN
KONFIRMASI
PADA TINGKAT
PERUSAHAAN
Halaman 9 dari 78
memampukan
pengguna
laporan
keputusan dengan jaminan yang tinggi
mengambil
PROSES
KEPEMILIKAN
PERUSAHAAN.
PROSES
KENDALI
OPERATOR
PROSES
PENGOPERASIAN
FINANSIAL
Halaman 11 dari 78
Lingkup 2:
Lingkup 3 :
Halaman 13 dari 78
Secara Perhitungan
Ada dua cara perhitungan yang bisa dilakukan,
yaitu perhitungan berdasarkan stoikhiometri reaksi
dan neraca massa suatu proses. Cara kedua,
perhitungan dilakukan berdasarkan faktor yang
sudah terdokumentasi. Faktor ini sebenarnya
adalah
rasio
yang
digunakan
untuk
menghubungkan emisi terhadap pengukuran
aktivitas suatu sumber emisi. Protokol GRK
menjembatani
kebutuhan
minimal
untuk
menghitung
dan
melaporkan
emisi
suatu
perusahaan. Pelaporan emisi menjadi sangat
sederhana yaitu mengkompilasi penggunaan bahan
bakar misalnya, dan mengkonversikannya menjadi
emisi CO2 menggunakan faktor emisi.
Protokol GRK menetapkan dua kategori alat bantu
perhitungan, yaitu cross-sector tools dan sector-specific
tools. Fitur utama pada alat bantu cross-sector adalah
perhitungan emisi dari pembakaran stasioner, pembakaran
bergerak, HFC dari AC dan refrigerasi, dan estimasi
ketidak pastian perhitungan emisi. Dalam buku ini, akan
digunakan alat-bantu specific-sector untuk perhitungan
emisi di industri pulp dan kertas. Fitur utama alat-bantu ini
adalah perhitungan emisi langsung dari produksi pulp dan
kertas, termasuk emisi langsung dan tidak langsung dari
pembakaran bahan bakar pada peralatan stasioner.
Selanjutnya, Protokol GRK merekomendasikan dua
cara untuk menyampaikan laporan ke tingkat korporat dari
satuan operasi. Satuan operasi melaporkan data mentah,
kemudian korporat menghitung emisinya (sentralisasi).
Atau, masing-masing satuan operasi menghitung emisinya
kemudian menyampaikannya ke tingkat korporat.
Halaman 14 dari 78
Halaman 15 dari 78
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Sumber Emisi
Kendaraan transportasi
kayu/serpih/limbah
kertas/bahan baku lainnya
Kendaraan transportasi produk,
produk samping, limbah
Pengulitan kayu
Penyerpihan
Pembuatan pulp kraft
Tungku pemulihan kraft
Lime kiln/kalsinasi
Insinerator NCG
Pembuatan pulp dari kertas
bekas dan pembersihannya
Deinking
Pemutihan pulp
Produksi kertas dan karton
Coating
Roll trimming, roll wrapping,
sheet cutting
Pengolahan air limbah
Pemrosesan lumpur
Landfill
Peralatan pengendali emisi
Ruang kerja karyawan
Operasi lainnya : uraikan
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Halaman 16 dari 78
No
Sumber Emisi
Emisi dari Proses dan Energi
yang terkait
Total emisi ekspor listrik dan
uap (Jumlah No.9 dan 10)
Uraikan metode yang digunakan untuk pengontrolan oleh
perusahaan.
Termasuk informasi lainnya yang diperlukan untuk memahami
hasil inventori :
Halaman 18 dari 78
Halaman 19 dari 78
Pembakaran biomassa
Bahan
Unit
bakar
pembakaran
Pengelolaan Limbah
Emisi
Gas yang terkumpul
landfill
(%) =
Emisi pengolahan air limbah
anaerobik =
Impor daya dan uap
Faktor Emisi untuk listrik impor
1. Pembelian listrik dari
jaringan listrik lokal
Faktor Emisi untuk uap impor
k =
Lo =
Faktor emisi =
BAB III
IDENTIFIKASI PERHITUNGAN EMISI
Halaman 22 dari 78
Halaman 23 dari 78
Halaman 24 dari 78
No
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Halaman 25 dari 78
Total CO2eq.
(kg)
36,297
11,418
509,040
314,826
246,788
113,372
88,656
43,10
Dari perhitungan diatas dapat diambil kesimpulan bahwa jika pabrik menggunakan
batubara untuk fossil boiler dan minyak untuk lime kiln, total emisi GRK untuk memproduksi pulp
putih 1 ton AD adalah 713,23 kg atau 0,71323 ton CO2 eq.
Halaman 26 dari 78
Halaman 27 dari 78
UNIT OPERATIONS
DEVICES
kWh/t
kg
CO2/t
SHARE
SECTION
EMISSIONS
ELECTRICITY
STOCK PREPARATION
PULPING
Pulpers SF
Pulpers LF
Pulpers Broke
. . ..
REFINING
Refiners Sf
Refiners LF
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
OTHER AUXILIARIES
Pump
Agitator
. .
APPROACH FLOW
Pump
Agitator
. .
Halaman 28 dari 78
UNIT OPERATIONS
DEVICES
PAPER PRODUCTION LINE 1
WET-END
Drives
Vacuum Pump LP
Vacuum Pump HP
. . ..
PRESS
Drives
Loading System
. .
PRE-DRYING
Drives
. .
POST-DRYING
Drives
. .
FINISHING BASE PAPER
Calendering Drive
Reeling Drive
. .
OFF-LINE OR ON-LINE
COATING
Kitchen Pump and Auxiliaries
Coating Machines Drives
IRs (electrical)
Reeling drives
. .
SHARE
SECTION
EMISSIONS
ELECTRICITY
kWh/t
kg CO2/t
Halaman 29 dari 78
UNIT OPERATIONS
DEVICES
FINISHING SECTION
SURFACE FINISHING
Matt-On-line Drives
Super-calendars Drives
Embossing Drives
FINAL TREATING
Winding Drives
Sheeting drives
SHIPPING
Packaging Drives
. .
GENERAL SERVICES
COMPRESSED AIR SYSTEM
Compressor
. . ..
LIGHTNING SYSTEM
Light
. .
WASTE WATER TREATMENT
Pump and Agitator
. .
HVAC SYSTEMS
Heating, Ventilating and Air
Cooling
OTHER AUXILIARIES
Other significant devices
. .
SHARE
SECTION
EMISSIONS
ELECTRICITY
kWh/t
kg CO2/t
Halaman 30 dari 78
UNIT OPERATIONS
DEVICES
SHARE
SECTION
EMISSIONS
ELECTRICITY
kWh/t
kg CO2/t
PAPER PRODUCTION
WET-END
Steam Box Paper Machine
. . ..
DRY-END
Drying Cylinder (Pre Drying)
Thermocompressor
Pre-Coating Kitchen Tank
Drying Cylinder (Post Drying)
. .
OFF LINE OR ON LINE
COATING
Kitchen Tank
Drying Cylinder
. .
FINISHING SECTION
SURFACE TREATMENT
Specific Significant devices
. .
HVAC SYSTEMS
Heating, Ventilating, Air Cooling
. .
GENERAL SERVICES
Oil Heating
Oil Heat Exchanger
. .
. .
Halaman 31 dari 78
SHARE
SECTION
EMISSIONS
ELECTRICITY
kg CO2/t
UNIT OPERATIONS
DEVICES
kWh/t
Halaman 32 dari 78
BAB IV
EMISI GAS RUMAH KACA DARI PROSES
PEMBAKARAN
4.1.
2.
3.
Halaman 35 dari 78
4.2.
Halaman 36 dari 78
Tabel 4.1. Faktor Emisi dari berbagai sumber pembakaran bahan bakar fosil
Sumber
Gas alam yang
digunakan boiler
Minyak residu yang
digunakan boiler
Batubara yang
digunakan boiler
Bahan bakar kulit kayu
dan limbah kayu
Lindi Hitam
Unit
Fosil-CO2
CH4
(CO2-eq.)
N2O
(CO2-eq.)
kg CO2-eq./TJ
56.100 57.000
13 357
31 620
kg CO2-eq./TJ
76.200 78.000
13 63
93 1.550
kg CO2-eq./TJ
92.900 126.000
15 294
155 29.800
kg CO2-eq./TJ
21 860
310 8.060
kg CO2-eq./TJ
42 630
1.550
21 57
21 57
1.550
Lime kiln
kg CO2-eq./TJ
Lime kalsinasi
kg CO2-eq./TJ
0
tergantung bahan
bakar
tergantung bahan
bakar
kg CO2/ton CaCO3
440
kg CO2/ton Na2CO3
415
kg CO2-eq./TJ
74.000 75.300
82 231
620 9.770
Halaman 37 dari 78
Lanjutan Tabel 4.1. Faktor Emisi dari berbagai sumber pembakaran bahan bakar fosil
Sumber
Bensin dari sumber
bergerak bukan jalan
dan peralatan mesin
4-stroke
Bensin dari sumber
bergerak bukan jalan
dan peralatan mesin
2-stroke
Pengolahan air limbah
anaerobik
Limbah padat landfill
Unit
Fosil-CO2
CH4
(CO2-eq.)
N2O
(CO2-eq.)
kg CO2-eq./TJ
69.300 75.300
84 30.900
93 2.580
kg CO2-eq./TJ
69.300 75.300
9.860
162.000
124 861
5,25
3.500
kg CO2-eq./kg
CODtreated
kg CO2-eq./ton
limbah padat kering
Halaman 38 dari 78
Halaman 39 dari 78
Faktor Emisi
Belum Terkoreksi
*
kg CO2/TJ
Faktor Emisi
Terkoreksi
kg CO2/TJ
Minyak mentah
73.300
Bensin
69.300
Minyak tanah
71.900
Minyak diesel
74.100
Minyak residu
77.400
LPG
63.100
Petroleum coke
100.800
Batubata Anthrasit
98.300
Batubara Bituminous
94.600
Batubara Sub-bituminous
96.100
Lignit
101.200
Peat
106.000
Gas alam
56.100
* Faktor-faktor ini diasumsikan karbon tidak teroksidasi
Sumber : NCASI, 2005
72.600
68.600
71.200
73.400
76.600
62.500
99.800
96.300
92.700
94.200
99.200
104.900
55.900
Halaman 40 dari 78
99
99
99
99
99,5
99,5
99
99
99
99
99
99,9
4.3.1.a. Emisi CO2 dari Lime Kiln dan Kalsinasi Pabrik Kraft
Emisi CO2-fosil dari lime kiln dan kalsinasi pabrik
kraft diestimasi menggunakan pendekatan yang sama
seperti untuk pembakaran bahan bakar fosil dengan
menentukan seberapa banyak bahan bakar fosil yang
digunakan di kiln dan menggunakan informasi kandungan
karbon bahan bakar atau faktor emisi. Emisi CO2 ini
dilaporkan bersama dengan emisi CO2 bahan bakar fosil.
Tabel 4.4. Faktor emisi untuk Lime Kiln dan Kalsinasi pabrik kraft
Bahan Bakar
Emisi (kg/TJ)
Lime kiln pabrik kraft
Kalsinasi pabrik kraft
CO2
Minyak residu
Minyak distilat
Gas alam
Biogas
CH4
N2O
2,7
73.400
*
55.900
0
76.600
CO2
CH4
N2O
76.600
2,7
0,3
2,7
2,7
0
0
73.400
55.900
2,7
2,7
0,4
0,1
2,7
2,7
0,1
Halaman 41 dari 78
Halaman 42 dari 78
Faktor Emisi
Make-up CaCO3
Make-up Na2CO3
Halaman 43 dari 78
10
1,4
5
2
30
Sumber : NCASI, 2005
0,1
0,6
4
Halaman 44 dari 78
Tabel 4.7. Faktor emisi CH4 and N2O untuk boiler industri menurut IPCC
Bahan Bakar
Teknologi
Pulverized
Pulverized
Pulverized
Spreader stoker
Fluidized bed
Fluidized bed
Boiler
Turbin
Int. comb. engine
Int. comb. engine
Int. comb. engine
Konfigurasi
kg
CH4/TJ
1,0
1,0
14
14
kg
N2O/TJ
1,6
1,6
1,6
1,6
0,7
0,7
0,9
1,0
1,0
1,0
10
3,0
0,2
1,4
0,6
17
13
2,9
1,6
0,5
1,6
1,6
96
96
1,4
0,3
0,4
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
Halaman 45 dari 78
NCVbahan bakar
FECO2
Halaman 46 dari 78
Halaman 47 dari 78
N2O
dalam
proses
4.4.
Tabel 4.8. Faktor emisi CH4 dan N2O dari pembakaran biomassa
Uraian Faktor Emisi
Kg CH4/TJ
Kg N2O/TJ
Referensi
30
15
9,5
5,9
USEPA 2001
8,8
Fortum 2001
<2
Fortum 2001
8,2
NCASI 1980
2,7
NCASI 1985
41
24
3,1
3,4
Limbah kayu
Median faktor emisi limbah
30
12
5
4
1 - 40
1,4 75
<1
2,5
<1
-
Recovery furnaces
Recovery furnace
Recovery furnace lindi hitam
JPA 2002
AEA Tech. 2001
Swedish EPA 2004
EEA 2004
Fortum 2001
JPA 2002
Halaman 53 dari 78
Lanjutan Tabel 4.8. Faktor emisi CH4 dan N2O dari pembakaran biomassa
Uraian Faktor Emisi
Kg CH4/TJ
Kg N2O/TJ
Referensi
Lindi hitam
30
5
Swedish EPA2004
Median faktor emisi untuk lindi hitam
2,5
2
1 17,7
1 21,4
EEA 2004
Sumber : NCASI, 2005
Halaman 54 dari 78
Halaman 55 dari 78
Halaman 56 dari 78
Halaman 57 dari 78
BAB V
EMISI GAS RUMAH KACA DARI PENGELOLAAN
LINGKUNGAN
Halaman 58 dari 78
dimana :
- V = total volume aliran (Cfm)
- t
= perioda
pengukuran
(min)
waktu
Halaman 59 dari 78
Halaman 60 dari 78
FRMETH
OX
FRBURN
FRBURN
Halaman 66 dari 78
Halaman 67 dari 78
Halaman 68 dari 78
3.
Contoh Perhitungan :
Diketahui karakteristik awal bahan baku:
Karbon total = 47,87%
Volume = 75 m3
3
Density = 537,9 kg/m
Kadar air = 71,4%
Berat kering = 11,52 ton
Perhitungan :
Berat karbon = 11,52 x 0,4787 = 5,52 ton karbon
Berat segar = 537,9 kg/m3 x 73 m3 = 40,34 ton
Perhitungan menurut Jakobsen, (1994) dalam Valzano,
2001
Asumsi : 100 m3 CO2 lepas/ton bahan baku segar (T=25oC)
Halaman 69 dari 78
dimana :
Coe adalah jumlah karbon tersedia untuk
pembentukan biogas, kg/kg limbah)
Co adalah jumlah total karbon ( data dari hasil
analisa TOC)
T adalah temperatur
16 = BM gas metana
12= BA karbon
2. Hitung emisi CO2 ekuivalen = 21 x (A B)
dimana :
A = jumlah gas metana yang terbentuk
B = jumlah gas metana yang dimanfaatkan sebagai
energi.
(sumber : http://www.anaerobic-digestion.com/html/how-tocalculate-greenhouse-ga.php)
Halaman 70 dari 78
Halaman 71 dari 78
BAB VI
PENUTUP
Halaman 73 dari 78
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
------------ 2007.Carbon Dioxide Emission Reduction
Technologies and Measures in US Industrial Sector Center
for Energy and Environmental Policy, Final Report, Korea
Environment Institute, February.
________ 1997., Energy efficiency Improvement and Cost
Saving opportunities for the Pulp and Paper Industry,
Environmental Energy Technologies Division,
Adams, Terry N., 1997. Kraft Recovery Boilers, Tappi Press,
Atlanta, 1997
Franqois, A. 2001. Guide for Computing CO2 emissions Related
to Energy Use Research Scientist, CANMET Energy
Diversification research Laboratory.
Gavrilescu, D. 2008. Energy from Biomass in Pulp and Paper
Environmental Engineering and Management Journal,
September/October 2008, Vol.7.No.5, 537-546.
Gielen, D.; Tam,C. 2006. Energy Use, Technologies and CO2
Emissions in the Pulp and Paper Industry WBCSD, IEA,
Paris, 9 October 2006.
Green, R.P., and G. Hough, 1992.Chemical Recovery in The
Alkaline Pulping Processes, Third edition, Tappi Press,
Atlanta.
ICFPA, 2005, Version 1.1 July 8, Calculation Tools for
Estimating Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Pulp and
Paper Mills NCASI-USA
Johan Gullichsen, Hannu Paulapuro., 1998. Papermaking
Science and Technology Published in Cooperation with the
Finnish Paper Engineers' Association and TAPPI, Helsinki,
Halaman 74 dari 78
Halaman 76 dari 78
LAMPIRAN 1
TABEL KONVERSI SATUAN UNTUK ENERGI
Halaman 77 dari 78
Halaman 78 dari 78
Halaman 1 dari 78
MINISTRY OF INDUSTRY
CENTER FOR PULP AND PAPER RESEARCH AND
DEVELOPMENT
Jl. Raya dayeuhkolot No 132, Kotak Pos 1005. Bandung 40258
Telp (022) 5202980 & 5202871; Fax (022) 5202871
2011
ADVISOR
Arryanto Sagala
STEERING COMMITTTEE
Tri Reni Budiharti
Shinta D. Sirait
AUTHORS
Ngakan Timur Antara Susi Sugesty
Henggar Hardiani Sri Purwati
Yusup Setiawan Heronimus Judi Tjahyono
Rini S Soetopo Yuniarti Puspita Kencana
Teddy Kardiansyah
EDITORS
Sangapan
Denny Noviansyah
Yuni Herlina Harahap
Wiwiek Sari Wijiastuti
Patti Rahmi Rahayu
PUBLISHED BY
Center for Pulp and Paper Research and Development
Center for Green Industry and Environment Assessment
Agency for Industrial Policy, Climate and Quality Assessment
PRINTED BY
MINISTRY OF INDUSTRY
ii
Publisher Address:
Ministry of Industry
Jl. Gatot Subroto Kav. 52-53
Jakarta Selatan 12950
ISBN:.......................
iii
FOREWORD
Jakarta,
Januari 2011
Head of
Agency for Industrial Policy,
Climate and Quality Assessment
Arryanto Sagala
iv
Executive Summary
viii
TABLE OF CONTENT
FOREWORD ..iv
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..v
TABLE OF CONTENT ..viii
LIST OF TABLE .xi
LIST OF FIGURE ..xii
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION .... 1
1.1. ICCTF Programmed ... 1
1.2. Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emission 3
CHAPTER II CALCULATING TOOLS BASED THE GHG
PROTOCOL ..... 9
2.1.1. Organizational Boundaries .... 10
2.1.2. Operational Boundaries ..... 11
2.2. Calculation Step . 12
2.2.1. Direct Emission .. .12
2.2.2. Calculations . 13
2.3. Reporting Step ... 14
2.4. Presentation of inventory result .. .14
CHAPTER III. IDENTIFICATION EMISSION
CALCULATION .. 20
3.1. Emission Calculation in The Pulp Making Process .. 20
3.1.1. Emission in The Pulp Cooking Process . 20
3.1.2. Emissions in Recovery Boilers. 20
3.1.3. Emission in Power Boiler . 21
3.1.4. Emissions in Lime Kiln.. 21
3.1.5. Emissions in Make-up Chemicals .. 21
3.1.6. Emission in Power Plant System CHP (Combined
Heat Power) .. 22
3.1.7. Emission based on the use of electricity purchased
from outside the factory (electricity purchase) 22
3.2 Calculation of GHG in Paper Making Process ..... 25
ix
xi
LIST OF TABLE
Table 1.1 Global warming potential and related carbon
dioxide equivalents of greenhouse gases
(based on 100 year measure) (US EPA, 1998)
.. 8
Table 2.1 Example of a Table to Report Operational
Boundaries of the Inventory ... 15
Table 2.2 Example of a Table to Report GHG Inventory
Results Direct Emissions 16
Table 2.3 Example of a Table to Report GHG Inventory
Results Indirect Emissions ....................... 18
Table 2.4 Example of a Table to Report Emission
Factors (EF) Used to Prepare the Inventory.19
Table 3.1 Fuel calorific value calculations .................. 24
Table 3.2 GHG emission to produce bleached pulp of 1
ton air dry . 25
Table 3.3 Power Related Emissions Calculation . 27
Table 3.4 Steam Related Emissions calculation . 30
Table 3.5 Other Thermal Related Emissions Calculation
31
Table 4.1 Emission Factor Ranges Useful in Identifying
Significant and Insignificant Sources of GHGs
37
Table 4.2 CO2 Emission Factors for Fossil Fuels 39
Table 4.3 Recommended Correction Factors for
Unoxidized Carbon from Different Guidance
Documents 40
Table 4.4 Emission Factors for Kraft Mill Lime Kilns and
Calciners .. 40
xii
............................................................. 41
Table 4.6 CH4 and N2O Emission Factors for Stationary
Combustion (IPCC) .. 42
Table 4.7 CH4 and N2O Emission Factors for boiler in
industry (IPCC) .. 43
Table 4.8 Emission Factors for CH4 and N2O from
Biomass Combustion 53
Table 5.1
Recommended Default Values for k and L0
for Estimating Landfill Methane Emissions.. 64
LIST OF FIGURE
Figure 2.1 Structure of GHG protocol (Tomas, 2009)... 8
Figure 2.2 Organizational boundary in GHG emission
process .. 10
Figure 2.3 Classification of emissions .... 11
Figure 3.1 Mass and energy balances in pulp mill. 23
xiii
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Greenhouse gas
Carbon dioxide
Methane
Nitrous oxide
Quantity
(kg)
1
1
1
Global warming
potential
(CO2 equivalent)
1
21
310
Carbon
equivalent
0.27
5.67
83.7
Page 6 of 78
Page 7 of 78
CHAPTER II
CALCULATING TOOLS BASED THE GHG PROTOCOL
Select Calculation
Approach
Inventory
Boundaries
Emissions by Types
Choose Emission
Factor
Collect Data
Apply Tools
Roll-up Data to
Corporate Level
Report Based
Reduction
Set Reduction
Target
Track + Report
Progress
Page 8 of 78
Page 9 of 78
PROCESS
COMPANY
OWNER/S
PROCESS
CONTROL
OPERATOR/S
PROCESS
FINANTIAL
OPERATOR/SL
Page 10 of 78
- Scope 2 :
Page 12 of 78
Reporting Step
Source of emission
Mark to identify
operations included
in the inventory
Page 15 of 78
CO2
Process and Energy-Related
Emission
Stationary Fossil Fuel
1.
Combustion
2.
Biomass Combustion
N/A*
Make-up Chemicals (CaCO3
3.
and Na2CO3)
Transportation and machinery
emission
4.
On-road vehicles
Off-road vehicles and
5.
machinery
Waste management emission
Landfill emission from mill
6.
N/A*
wastes
Anaerobic wastewater
7.
N/A*
treatment systems
Other Direct Emission not
8.
included above Explain:
Total Direct Emission
(Sum of lines 1 through 8)
Emission associated with exported electricity and steam
(a subset of total direct emission)
Emission related to electricity
9.
exports
Intensitas carbon from export electricity (lb
CO2/MWh)
Intensitas carbon from electricity export of
receiver (lb CO2/MWh)
Method used to estimate GHG intensity of grid:
Emission related to steam
10.
exports
Total emission attributable to
11.
exports (Sum of lines 9 and 10)
Page 16 of 78
Page 17 of 78
Table 2.3. Example of a Table to Report GHG Inventory Results Indirect Emission
Total Indirect Emission metric tons
Source of emission
1
CO2
CH4
N2O CO2 Equiv
Indirect emission related to electricity and steam imports, including those from outsourced power islands
1.
Indirect Emission related to electricity imports that are consumed
2.
Indirect Emission related to steam imports that are consumed
Total indirect emission from power/steam imports (Sum of lines 1 through 2)
3.
Other Indirect Emission
4.
Description of other indirect emission included in inventory:
Imports and Exports of fossil fuel-derived CO2
5.
Imports of CO2 (e.g., for neutralization)
6.
Source of emission fossil fuel-derived CO2 (e.g., to PCC Plants)
Note 1: This includes only the fraction of CO 2 exports that could be traced to fossil fuels. Exports of biomass-derived CO2
are reported in Annex E Supporting Information on Biomass.
Note 2: This exported CO2 should not be reported as an emission in Table 12.
Explain the method used to determine ownership/control of sources not completely owned by the company.
A protocol such as the WRI/WBCSD GHG Protocol could be used for guidance on determining ownership/control.
Include any other information needed to understand the inventory results:
1
CO2-equivalents are calculated multiplying individual gases by IPCC GWP values, CO2=1, CH4=21, N2O=310, and
summing across all three gases. It is acceptable to use emission factors for CO2-equivalents rather than estimating the three
gases individually
Page 18 of 78
Table 2.4. Example of a Table to Report Emission Factors (EF) Used to Prepare the Inventory
Emission source
CO2
CH4 N2O CO2Equiv.
Source of EF
Fossil Fuel Combustion
Fuel
Combustion Units
Biomass Combustion
Combustion Units
N/A*
N/A*
Waste Management
Landfill 1 emission:
% of Gas Collected =
k =
Lo =
Landfill 2 emission:
% of Gas Collected =
k =
Lo =
Landfill 3 emission:
% of Gas Collected =
k =
Lo =
Anaerobic Treatment emission:
EF=
Electrical Power and Steam Imports
Emission factors for imported electricity
Emission factors for imported steam
Fuel
In addition, the company should be present the results from burning biomass inventory
separately from direct emission.
Page 19 of 78
CHAPTER III
IDENTIFICATION OF EMISSION CALCULATION
3.1. Emission Calculation in The Pulp Making Process
3.1.1. Emission in The Pulp Cooking Process
In the Kraft pulping process, cooking chemicals
consisting of NaOH and Na2S, called leachate white (white
liquor) is used for cooking wood chips in the digester.
Cooking conditions are usually at a temperature of 155-170
C, pressure 7-9 bar within 2-5 hours. Gas expenditures
made some time during the process (gas relief) and at the
end of ripening (release) to avoid pressure in the digester
to rise rapidly. The gases are hot enough is used to heat
process water. After the cooking process is complete, the
pulp and black liquor is released into the blow tank. Steam
heat will separate and flow to the top of the tank to heat the
process water used. These gases are formed at the end of
the cooking process is a source of odor emission called
NCG (non-condensable gases) that the majority consisted
of reduced sulfur. NCG could be isolated and thawed again
and purified by stripping. Stripper gases are then burned in
incinerators or special burner and produces emission of
SO2 and TRS does not include the emission in this
process.
3.1.2. Emission in Recovery Boilers
The fuel in the recovery boiler comes from black
liquor which is a liquid reaction product between the
cooking chemical with raw material wood. This liquid is
comes from pulping process after concentrated. Energy
supply on the recovery boiler is one of the cycle recovery
Page 20 of 78
CaO(s) + CO2(g)
Page 21 of 78
Page 22 of 78
Page 23 of 78
No
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Page 24 of 78
Table 3.2. GHG emission to produce bleached pulp of 1 ton air dry
Emission Factor
Total CO2Eq.
CH4
N2O
(kg)
Quantity
kg
(kg
(kg
Fuel
(TJ)
CO2/TJ
CO2Eq./TJ)
CO2Eq./TJ)
Black liquor
0.01665
630
1,550
36,297
Bark
0.00128
860
8,060
11,418
Fossil fuel for
boilers (3 choices):
- Coal
- Oil
- Natural Gas
Fossil fuel for
limekiln (2 choices)
:
- Oil
- Natural Gas
0.00404
0.00411
0.00411
0.00148
0.00148
126,000
76,600
59,900
76,600
2.7
0.3
59,900
2.7
0.4
440 kg
CaCO3
10.21 kg
CO2/ton
Note: emission factors for black liquor and bark taken the maximum value
509,040
314,826
246,788
113,372
88,656
43.10
Page 25 of 78
Page 26 of 78
UNIT OPERATIONS
DEVICES
kWh/t
kg
CO2/t
SHARE
SECTION
EMISSION
ELECTRICITY
STOCK PREPARATION
PULPING
Pulpers SF
Pulpers LF
Pulpers Broke
. . ..
REFINING
Refiners Sf
Refiners LF
. .
. .
. .
. .
OTHER AUXILIARIES
Pump
Agitator
. .
APPROACH FLOW
Pump
Agitator
. .
Page 27 of 78
st
UNIT OPERATIONS
DEVICES
kWh/t
kg
CO2/t
SHARE
SECTION
EMISSION
ELECTRICI
TY
nd
UNIT OPERATIONS
DEVICES
kWh/t
kg
CO2/t
SHARE
SECTION
EMISSION
ELECTRICI
TY
FINISHING SECTION
SURFACE FINISHING
Matt-On-line Drives
Supercalenders Drives
Embossing Drives
FINAL TREATING
Winding Drives
Sheeting drives
SHIPPING
Packaging Drives
. .
GENERAL SERVICES
COMPRESSED AIR SYSTEM
Compressor
. . ..
LIGHTNING SYSTEM
Light
. .
WASTE WATER TREATMENT
Pump and Agitator
. .
HVAC SYSTEMS
Heating, Ventilating and Air
Cooling
OTHER AUXILIARIES
Other significant devices
. .
Page 29 of 78
UNIT OPERATIONS
DEVICES
kWh/t
Kg/C
O2/t
SHARE
SECTION
EMISSION
ELECTRICITY
PAPER PRODUCTION
WET-END
Steam Box Paper Machine
. . ..
DRY-END
Drying Cylinder (Pre Drying)
Thermo compressor
Pre-Coating Kitchen Tank
Drying Cylinder (Post Drying)
. .
OFF LINE OR ON LINE COATING
Kitchen Tank
Drying Cylinder
. .
FINISHING SECTION
SURFACE TREATMENT
Specific Significant devices
. .
HVAC SYSTEMS
Heating, Ventilating, Air Cooling
. .
GENERAL SERVICES
Oil Heating
Oil Heat Exchanger
. .
Page 30 of 78
SHARE
SECTION
EMISSION
ELECTRICITY
UNIT OPERATIONS
DEVICES
kWh/t
kg
CO2/t
Page 31 of 78
CHAPTER IV
GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION FROM
COMBUSTION PROCESS
4.1.
Page 34 of 78
4.2.
Emission Factor
Page 35 of 78
These emission factors could help pulp and paper industry in calculating emission.
Table 4.1. Emission Factor Ranges Useful in Identifying Significant and Insignificant Sources of GHGs
CH4
N2O
Source
Units
Fosil-CO2
(CO2-eq.)
(CO2-eq.)
Natural gas used in
kg CO2-eq./TJ
56.100 57.000
13 357
31 620
boilers
Residual oil used in
kg CO2-eq./TJ
76.200 78.000
13 63
93 1.550
boilers
Coal used in boilers
kg CO2-eq./TJ
92.900 126.000
15 294
155 29.800
kg CO2-eq./TJ
21 860
310 8.060
Black liquor
kg CO2-eq./TJ
42 630
1.550
Lime kilns
kg CO2-eq./TJ
depends on fuel
21 57
Lime calciners
kg CO2-eq./TJ
depends on fuel
21 57
1.550
kg CO2/ton CaCO3
440
kg CO2/ton Na2CO3
415
kg CO2-eq./TJ
74.000 75.300
82 231
620 9.770
Page 36 of 78
Table 4.1. Emission Factor Ranges Useful in Identifying Significant and Insignificant Sources of GHGs
(continued)
Source
Gasoline in non-road
mobile sources
and machinery 4-stroke
engines
Gasoline in non-road
mobile sources
and machinery 2-stroke
engines
Anaerobic wastewater
treatment
Mill solid waste landfills k
Units
Fosil-CO2
CH4
(CO2-eq.)
N2O
(CO2-eq.)
kg CO2-eq./TJ
69.300 75.300
84 30.900
93 2.580
kg CO2-eq./TJ
69.300 75.300
9.860 162.000
124 861
5,25
3.500
kg CO2-eq./kg
CODtreated
kg CO2-eq./dry ton
solid waste
Page 37 of 78
Page 38 of 78
Fossil Fuel
Crude oil
Gasoline
Kerosene
Diesel oil
Residual fuel oil
LPG
Petroleum coke
Anthracite coal
Bituminous coal
Sub-bituminous coal
Lignite
Peat
Natural gas
Uncorrected
Emission Factor
*
kg CO2/TJ
Corrected Emission
Factor
kg CO2/TJ
73,300
69,300
71,900
74,100
77,400
63.100
100,800
98,300
94,600
96,100
101,200
106,000
56,100
72,600
68,600
71,200
73,400
76,600
62,500
99,800
96,300
92,700
94,200
99,200
104,900
55,900
Page 39 of 78
Emission (kg/TJ)
Kraft mill lime kilns
Kraft mill calciners
CO2
CH4
N2O
CO2
CH4
N2O
76.600
73.400
55.900
2,7
2,7
2,7
0
0
0
76.600
73.400
55.900
2,7
2,7
2,7
0,3
0,4
0,1
2,7
2,7
0,1
Emission Factor
5
2
0.1
0.6
30
Page 42 of 78
Table 4.7. CH4 and N2O Emission Factors for boiler in industry (IPCC)
Fuel
Technology
Configuration
Kg CH4/TJ
Overfeed stoker boilers
Bituminous coal
1.0
Overfeed stoker boilers
Sub-bituminous coal
1.0
Underfeed stoker boilers
Bituminous coal
14
Underfeed stoker boilers
Sub-bituminous coal
14
Bituminous coal
Bituminous coal
Bituminous coal
Bituminous coal
Bituminous coal
Sub-bituminous coal
Anthracite
Residual oil
Distillate oil
Natural gas
Natural gas
Natural gas
Natural gas
Natural gas
Sumber : NCASI, 2005
Pulverized
Pulverized
Pulverized
Spreader stoker
Fluidized bed
Fluidized bed
Boiler
Turbine
Int. comb. engine
Int. comb. engine
Int. comb. engine
0.7
0.7
0.9
1.0
1.0
1.0
10
3.0
0.2
1.4
0.6
17
13
2.9
Kg N2O/TJ
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
0.5
1.6
1.6
96
96
1.4
0.3
0.4
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
01
Page 43 of 78
where:
FECH4
= Emission Factor of CH4 gas (Ton CO2/TJ)
(GWPCH4) = 21 CO2
Page 44 of 78
where:
FEN2O
Page 45 of 78
Page 46 of 78
Page 47 of 78
Page 48 of 78
emission factor for natural gas from boilers could be used for
lime kilns since the CO2 emission are a function only of gas
composition. The IPCC CO2 emission factor for natural gas
is 55.9 t CO2/TJ (after correcting for 0.5% un-oxidized
carbon). For CH4, the mill decides to use the only available
emission factor for Kraft mill lime kilns (2.7 kg CH4/TJ) and
assumes that N2O emission are negligible based on the
IPCC discussion of temperatures needed to generate N2O.
The kilns GHG emission are estimated as follows.
CO2 emission (ton CO2/yr)
= (Ek) (FECO2) = m x NCV x FECO2
= (28.6 x 106 lb gas/yr) (21,000 Btu GCV/lb)(0.9 NCV/GCV)
(1.055 x 10-6 GJ/Btu) (55.9 ton CO2/TJ)
= 31,900 ton CO2/yr
CH4 emission (ton CH4/yr)
= (Ek) (FECH4) = (m x NCV)(FECH4)
= (28.6 x 106 lb gas/yr) (21,000 Btu GCV/lb)(0.9 NCV/GCV)
(1.055 x 10-6 GJ/Btu) (2.7 kg CH4/TJ)
= 1,540 kg CH4/yr
CH4 emission (ton CO2-eq./yr)
= {CH4 emission (ton CH4/yr)} (GWPCH4)
= (1,540 kg CH4/yr ) (21)
= 32 ton CO2-eq.
N2O emission:
Based on IPCCs analysis, generation of N2O in the
combustion process of lime kiln is insignificant.
Total of GHG emission
= 31,900 + 32 + 0 = 31,900 CO2-eq./yr
Example No.4.
A 2000 tpd Kraft mill determined from mill records
that it uses about 7000 tons CaCO3 a year as make-up in the
Page 50 of 78
Black Liquor
Landfill Gas
Gas mud
Carbon dioxide emission from burning peat enters into the
calculation of total GHG emission.
4.4.2. CH4 and N2O Emission
Although the CO2 from burning biomass does not
include emission, but emission of CH4 and N2O from biomass
burning are sometimes included because these gases do not
participate in the process of recirculation of CO2 in the
atmosphere. Therefore, the calculation tool is created to help
estimate emission of these gases. When companies have
specific data that represents for CH4 and N2O emission
estimates, then the calculation should use the data. Except
when required to use emission factors are available. Table
4.8 shows the factors for CH4 and N2O emission from
burning of biomass from various sources.
Page 52 of 78
Table 4.8. Emission Factors for CH4 and N2O from Biomass Combustion
kg
Kg
Emission Factor Description
Reference
CH4/TJ N2O/TJ
Wood waste-fired boilers
Wood, wood waste, and other biomass and Wastes
30
15
9.5
5.9
USEPA 2001
8.8
Fortum 2001
<2
Fortum 2001
8.2
NCASI 1980
2,7
NCASI 1985
41
24
3.1
3.4
Wood waste
30
12
5
4
1.4
75
1 - 40
JPA 2002
AEA Tech. 2001
Swedish EPA 2004
EEA 2004
Recovery furnaces
Page 53 of 78
Table 4.8. Emission Factors for CH4 and N2O from Biomass Combustion (continuation)
kg
Kg
Emission Factor Description
Reference
CH4/TJ N2O/TJ
Recovery furnace
<1
<1
Fortum 2001
Recovery furnace black liquor
2.5
JPA 2002
Black liquor
30
5
Swedish EPA2004
Median emission factors for black liquor
2.5
2
1
1 17.7
EEA 2004
21.4
Sumber : NCASI, 2005
Page 54 of 78
Example No.6:
A paper mill purchases 300 TJ of electrical power (83,300
MWh) in a years time. The average emission factor got
from producer of electricity power is 0.991 kg CO2 eq./kWh.
The indirect emission associated with the purchased power
are estimated as follows:
= 83,300 MWh/yr
= 83,3x106 kWh/yr
= (83.3 x106 kWh/yr)( 0,.91 kg CO2eq./kWh)
= 82.6x106 kg CO2eq./yr
= 82,600 ton CO2eq./yr.
Page 57 of 78
CHAPTER V
GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION FROM THE
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
where :
- V = total volume flow (Cfm)
- t = periods of time
measurement (min)
Page 61 of 78
Page 63 of 78
Default Value
0,03 (year )
L0
-1
Page 64 of 78
Page 65 of 78
Carbon
dioxide
emission
generated
from
incinerators are calculated based on the total content of
carbon in solid waste with a ratio of the components
contained in the mixed waste stream that is burned. The
incinerators is equipped with energy recovery which the
displacement of emission generated by thermal processes
from other processes. Emission displaced depend on the
value of waste heat, heat efficiency and recovered energy
(power) and factors of GHG released into atmosphere. The
calorific value for waste containing different types of
components is estimated by adding the individual
components proportionally in the waste stream.
Overall calculation emission are estimated with
thermal efficiency and emission factors. Overall thermal
efficiency of incinerators depends on proportion of heat that
could be recovered from fuel combustion, and amount of
energy used in units recovery services such as
transportation, air pollution control etc.
The result of burning solid waste mixed with
household waste heat recovery is obtained with an
efficiency of about 50% and if for power (power) efficiency
is only around 15-22%. Incinerator equipped with electrical
power installations mentioned above could generate
electricity 400-500 Kwh / ton of waste with an average
emission factor of 222 kg CO2/kwh. Whereas, in the form of
heat to produce 1,185 Kwh / ton of waste by a factor of 529
kg CO2/kWh emission.
In the assessment of energy obtained from
incineration of waste need to know the difference between
gross and net calorific value of waste burned. Gross
calorific value (GCV) is the theoretical maximum amount of
energy from the combustion of the total material that was
burned and completely to form CO2 and H2O vapor. This
Page 66 of 78
Page 67 of 78
3.
Page 69 of 78
where :
Coe is the amount of carbon available for formation of
biogas, (kg / kg waste)
Co is the total amount of carbon (data from the
results of TOC analysis)
T adalah temperature
16 = Methane Molecular weight
12= Carbon molecular weight
2. Calculate the CO2 emission equivalent = 21 x (A - B)
where :
A = amount of methane formed
B = the amount of methane gas which is used as
energy.
(source : http://www.anaerobic-digestion.com/html/how-tocalculate-greenhouse-ga.php)
Page 70 of 78
Example calculation :
A recycle paperboard mill uses an anaerobic
treatment plant to treat wastewater containing 10,000 kg
COD/day. The mill operate this anaerobic treatment plant
for 300 day/yr.
Emission calculation :
OC
= 10,000 kg COD/day x 300 day/yr
= 3.000.000 kg COD/yr
CH4 generated = 3.000.000 kg COD/yr x 0.25 kg CH4/kg
COD = 750 ton CH4/yr
Using the value of GWP = 21, then the emission from
anaerobic treatment = 15,750 tons CO2eq./yr
Page 71 of 78
CHAPTER VI
CLOSING REMARKS
Page 72 of 78
Page 73 of 78
REFERENCES
------------ 2007.Carbon Dioxide Emission Reduction
Technologies and Measures in US Industrial Sector
Center for Energy and Environmental Policy, Final
Report, Korea Environment Institute, February.
________ 1997., Energy efficiency Improvement and Cost
Saving opportunities for the Pulp and Paper Industry,
Environmental Energy Technologies Division,
Adams, Terry N., 1997. Kraft Recovery Boilers, Tappi
Press, Atlanta, 1997
Franqois, A. 2001. Guide for Computing CO2 emission
Related to Energy Use Research Scientist, CANMET
Energy Diversification research Laboratory.
Gavrilescu, D. 2008. Energy from Biomass in Pulp and
Paper Environmental Engineering and Management
Journal, September/October 2008, Vol.7.No.5, 537546.
Gielen, D.; Tam,C. 2006. Energy Use, Technologies and
CO2 Emission in the Pulp and Paper Industry
WBCSD, IEA, Paris, 9 October 2006.
Green, R.P., and G. Hough, 1992.Chemical Recovery in
The Alkaline Pulping Processes, Third edition, Tappi
Press, Atlanta.
ICFPA, 2005, Version 1.1 July 8, Calculation Tools for
Estimating Greenhouse Gas Emission from Pulp and
Paper Mills NCASI-USA
Johan Gullichsen, Hannu Paulapuro., 1998. Papermaking
Science and Technology Published in Cooperation
with the Finnish Paper Engineers' Association and
TAPPI, Helsinki,
Kilponen, L., P. Ahtila., J. Parpala., Matti Pihko.,2000
Improvement of Pulp Mill Energy Efficiency in An
Page 74 of 78
Page 76 of 78
APPENDIX
CONVERSION TABLE FOR ENERGY UNITS
Page 77 of 78
Page 78 of 78