Professional Documents
Culture Documents
11
yl:social studies
OBJECTIVES
1. STATE THE functions of:
a. OECS Secretariat
b. CARICOM Secretariat
c. Conference of Heads of Government
2. Explain the role of regional agencies in
the integration process.
MISSION STATEMENT
To provide dynamic leadership and
service, in partnership with community
institutions and groups, toward the attainment
of a viable, internationally competitive and
sustainable community, with improved quality
of life for all.
Some of the functions of the CARICOM
Secretariat:
1. Conduct, as mandated, fact-finding
assignments in member states.
12
FUNCTION
Health: It is responsible for the preservation
and protection of the environment, air, land
and water.
AGENCY
CARDI (Caribbean Agricultural Research
and Development Institute)
FUNCTION
Agriculture: To undertake research to find
solutions to various plant diseases. To lower
the cost of the production of agricultural
goods and to improve productivity. It also
helps in establishing new techniques to meet
the needs of small farmers.
AGENCY
CONFERENCE OF HEADS OF
GOVERNMENT
FUNCTION
Education: CXC was established to generate
curricula in various areas with a Caribbean
focus.
AGENCY
CAREC (The Caribbean Epidemiology
Centre)
AGENCY
OECS Sports Desk
FUNCTION
Sports: Promoting the introduction of
physical education in all schools in member
states. Assisting in the coordination of
regional championships, mobilising
international, regional and local resources in
support of sport development initiatives.
AGENCY
CONCACAF ( The Confederation of North,
Central America and Caribbean Association
Football)
FUNCTION
Sports: Serves as the governing body of
football in this part of the world. It is
responsible for organising competitions,
offering training courses in the technical and
administrative aspects of the game. It is also
responsible for the organisation of
competitions for national teams and clubs. It
conducts qualifying tournaments for the FIFA
World Cup.
AGENCY
WICB (West Indies Cricket Board)
FUNCTION
Sports
FUNCTION
Health: Its focus is on research, acquiring
information and the introduction of new ways
of preventing deseases.
AGENCY
RSS (Regional Security System)
FUNCTION
AGENCY
CEHI (The Caribbean Environmental Health
Institute)
Security
CONTINUED ON PAGE 22
yl:information technology
Information processing
NATALEE A. JOHNSON
DATA VALIDATION
PRESENCE CHECKS
DATA VERIFICATION
RANGE CHECKS
Contributor
REASONABLENESS CHECKS
Reasonableness checks ensure that data is
reasonable; that is, the data entered is realistic.
For example, a student enrolled in first form
with a particular date of birth, his or her age
when calculated by the computer system,
should correspond (say, age 11). Thus, a child
who is 17 years old cannot be linked to a date
of birth younger.
DATA-TYPE CHECKS
Data-type checks, also called character
checks, ensure that the right type of data has
been entered. They ensure that if you intend to
enter numbers, only numbers are allowed to be
entered, and if only characters or symbols are
intended to be entered, then only that type of
data is allowed. Example, if youre storing
someones name, only letters would be
entered; values would not be allowed.
CHECK DIGIT
A check digit is an extra digit added to the
end of a code. It is used to detect errors
caused from transcription and also to ensure
that codes originally produced by a computer
are re-entered into another computer correctly.
It is calculated from the other digits in the
number. Check digits are included in barcode
numbers.
PARITY CHECK
All data is transmitted as a sequence of 1s
and 0s. A common type of error that occurs
during data transmission is that a bit is
swapped from a 0 to a 1 or a 1 to a 0 created
from electrical interference. Parity checks
detect this type of error by adding an extra
digit to data to make the total number of 1s or
0s either odd or even.
INCONSISTENCY CHECKS
Consistency/inconsistency checks compare
data you have entered against other data you
have entered. If you enter a persons year of
birth and his/her age in separate fields, a
consistency check will ensure that the two
fields correspond with each other. Thus, if the
age of an individual is not in line with his/her
date of birth, then this would be considered to
be inconsistent.
Old
master
file
&
Update
Transaction
file
New master
file
CONTINUED ON PAGE 22
13
yl:english language
MELISSA MCKENZIE
Contributor
Error
recognition
2. The early bird catches the most worms.
3. Action speaks louder than words.
REDUNDANCY
Also known as tautology, a redundancy is
the use of two words or expressions which
repeat the same idea. An important aspect of
improved written expression is the ability to
write concisely. This means an awareness of
redundancies is key. In the examples I have
given below, I have underlined the words or
phrases that are unnecessary.
EXAMPLES
MIXED (MISUSED) METAPHORS
Mixed metaphors are different metaphors
occurring in the same utterance, especially the
same sentence, which are used to express the
same concept. They are usually contradictory.
I have underlined the mixed metaphors.
EXAMPLES
1. All at once he was alone in this noisy
hive with no place to roost.
2. Instead of biting the bullet, many
Jamaicans prefer to throw in the towel.
3. If we can hit the bulls eye then the rest of
the dominoes will fall like a house of cards.
4. Sir, I smell a rat; I see him forming in the
air and darkening the sky; but Ill nip him in
the bud.
CLICH
A clich is an expression or idea which has
become overused to the point of losing its
original meaning, or effect, and even, to the
point of being stale or irritating.
EXAMPLES
1. Make hay while the sun shines.
14
QUICK TIPS
Here are some tips that you should apply as
you complete the examine paper.
PAPER 2
Read through the paper carefully in
order to get a general idea of how the paper is
structured.
Pay attention to the suggested time for
each section. This will aid you in completing
the questions in a timely manner.
Read the instructions carefully.
Your scripts will be e-marked (online)
this year and so it is very important that you
write legibly with a blue or black ink pen.
Ensure that you complete the sections
that value the most marks. This means you
can complete the story and the essay first. You
do not have to do follow the order of the paper.
Simply ensure that you write the question
number that you have done.
In the summary writing section, avoid
lifting as you will be penalised. Condense the
most salient details in one paragraph using
your own words. You are also reminded to
heed the word limit.
Read the comprehension passages
carefully and follow the question directives.
Therefore, quote when you are asked and give
a word/phrase or sentence when it is needed.
If a comprehension question proves
challenging, move on to one that is more
manageable and return to the difficult one
when you have time to spare.
Proofread your responses.
PAPER 1
Answer the items you can do with ease
first.
For the items you find problematic,
eliminate the two most unlikely responses and
select response from the remaining two that is
more logical.
Read the comprehension passages
carefully. If you dont, you may make simple
mistakes.
I pray for your success in all your
examinations. You can do it!
Melissa McKenzie teaches at Old Harbour High
School. Send questions and comments to
kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com
yl:biology
MONACIA WILLIAMS
Contributor
Human
health and
disease
The above picture shows the life cycle of a mosquito. There are four stages: (1) egg, (2) larva,
(3) pupa, and (4) adult.
15
yl:history
INSTRUCTION:
Choose the correct answer for each item.
1. One of the teachings of Marcus Garvey was that
(A) Whites should be driven out of the Caribbean.
(B) Caribbean blacks should strike back by discriminating
against the whites.
(C) Blacks should strive for economic independence.
(D) Blacks were created to be superior to whites.
2. Which one of the following factors was not a reason for
the high rate of unemployment among the working class in the
British Caribbean in the 1930s?
(A) The decline of the sugar industry.
(B) The failure of alternative crops which replaced sugar.
(C) The termination of migration opportunities.
(D) The refusal of workers to participate in agriculture.
3. All of the following were reasons why the blacks were not
receiving an adequate education in the British Caribbean in the
1930s except:
(A) Blacks did not have the ability to reach the entry
requirements.
(B) Schools generally preferred to give places to whites and
coloureds.
(C) The curriculum was irrelevant to the needs of the blacks.
(D) There were not enough schools to meet the needs of the
population.
16
ANSWERS
Hi, guys. This topic is a core one and, as such, multiplechoice items have been included in this lesson for practice.
4. D
8. C
12. B
3. A
7. D
11.B
OBJECTIVES
2. B
6. B
10. D
DEBBION HYMAN
Contributor
1. C
5. A
9. C
Popular protests
in the 1930s
yl:chemistry
Polymers
The formation of an ester is a typical condensation reaction in which the carboxylic acid and
alcohol combine and expel a molecule of water.
The formation of a polyester is similar. In this case, a diacid (molecule with two -COOH
groups) is joined with a diol (molecule with two -OH groups) and a molecule of water is
removed. The ester link O-C=O is the same.
FRANCINE TAYLOR-CAMPBELL
Contributor
Polymerization is the formation of a large molecule from smaller units called monomers.
Monomers containing the C=C can add together to form polymers (addition), or two units
can react together to eliminate a small molecule such as water (condensation).
Proteins, polyesters and polyamides are all formed from condensation polymerization.
Addition Polymerization monomer units containing a double bond are added to form
polymer units. During the process the double bonds are broken.
The formation of a polyamide such as nylon requires a diamine (two amine -NH2 groups) and
a diacid to combine. A molecule of water is removed and the amide link H-N-C=O is formed.
This amide link is present in proteins and is also known as the peptide link.
The repeat units are shown in brackets. There can be n number of units joined together to
form the polymer.
Condensation Polymerization two monomer units are joined and a small molecule such as
H2O is removed.
17
yl:office administration
18
ANSWERS
4. d
8. a
12. b
16. d
3. a
7. d
11. b
15. c
19. a
a. curriculum
b. personal data sheet
c. testimonial
d. career prospect
2. a
6. d
10. c
14. a
18. b
1. d
5. c
9. d
13. c
17. a
HYACINTH TUGMAN
Contributor
yl:principles of accounts
Theory of
double entry
ROXANNE WRIGHT
Contributor
REASON
The balance sheet is prepared on a
historical cost basis which means that fixed
assets are shown at actual cost paid, less its
accumulated depreciation amount.
ANSWER
True.
REASON
Not all expenses incurred are as a result of
current activities. There may be advanced
payments, also known as prepayment or
prepaid expense made. This payment should
never be entered in the profit and loss
account. However, for the year when the
payment is made, it is to be charged to an
asset account in the balance sheet. As
illustrated below:
i. When payment is made:
Dr. Prepaid expenses A/c
Cr. Cash account or bank account
ii. The following year adjustment to be
made:
Dr. Expense account (Profit and loss )
Cr. Prepaid expense account
REASON
Depreciation is an allocation of the
depreciable amount of an asset over its
estimated useful life. Depreciation indicates
that the usefulness of an asset has reduced.
It is an accounting adjustment and there is
no movement of cash into or out of a
business. Therefore, depreciation does not
show the amount of cash the business has
available to replace the fixed asset concerned.
QUESTION
False.
REASON
Profit is not determined on the basis of the
inflow or outflow of cash but on accrual basis;
that is, whatever expenses incurred, whether
paid or unpaid, will appear in the profit and
loss account, just as whatever revenue is
earned, whether cash received or not yet
received, will appear in the profit and loss
account.
A business may obtain high profit for the
year but has low cash balance since the cash
may be tied with unsold stocks, debtors,
prepayments.
QUESTION
QUESTION
ANSWER
ANSWER
False.
False.
SOLUTION:
a.
i. Amount owed by Washington to Harvey.
ii. Payment made by Washington to Harvey
as settlement of amount owed.
iii. Goods purchased by Washington from
Harvey.
iv. Goods purchased by Washington from
Harvey returned.
v. Amount owed by Washington to Harvey at
the end of the month of May.
ANSWER
Insurance
QUESTION
19
yl:principles of business
YVONNE HARVEY
Contributor
20
The role of
stock
exchanges
REDISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH
Stock exchanges do not exist to
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
By having a wide and varied scope of
owners, companies generally tend to improve
on their management standards and efficiency
in order to satisfy the demands of these
shareholders and the more stringent rules for
public corporations imposed by public stock
exchanges and the government.
Consequently, it is alleged that public
companies (companies that are owned by
shareholders who are members of the general
public and trade shares on public exchanges)
tend to have better management records than
privately held companies (those companies
where shares are not publicly traded, often
owned by the company founders and/or their
families and heirs, or otherwise by a small
group of investors).
CREATING INVESTMENT
OPPORTUNITIES FOR SMALL
INVESTORS
As opposed to other businesses that
require huge capital outlay, investing in
shares is open to both the large and small
yl:mathematics
SOLUTION
Statistics
CLEMENT RADCLIFFE
Contributor
WE WILL continue the review of statisrics with the solution to last weeks homework.
HOMEWORK
1) Express the following scores in a frequency table and plot the histogram.
22, 15, 0, 22, 11, 9, 0, 14, 20, 9, 16, 5, 11, 24,16, 5, 11, 24, 5, 5, 22 , 15, 9, 9, 11
SOLUTION
Class
0-4
Interval
Class
-0.5-4.5
Boundaries
Number of
5
days
5-9
10-14
15-19
20-24
25-29
4.5-9.5
9.5-14.5
14.5-19.5
19.5-24.5
24.5-29.5
Since the values range from 0-24, it would be inappropriate to construct a histogram with 25
bars. Using grouped data as follows: 0-3, 4-7, 8-11, etc, we construct the table by first doing the
tally.
SCORES
TALLY
FREQUENCY
0-3
II
2
4-7
IIII
4
8-11
IIII III
8
12-15
III
3
16-19
II
2
20-23
IIII
4
24-27
II
2
HISTOGRAM
EXAMPLE
The table below shows the height of orange seedlings on a farm.
Height (cm)
Frequency
2) The table below shows the number of inches of rainfall which fell over a period of time.
Inches of
Rainfall
Number of
days
0-4
5-9
10-14
15-19
20-24
25-29
1-3
4
4-6
14
7-9
20
10-12
9
13-15
3
SOLUTION
A.
Using a scale of 2 cm to represent 5 inches on the x axis, and 1 cm to represent 1 day on the
y axis, construct the histogram to represent the data.
Height (cm)
Class
boundaries
Frequency
1-3
0.5-3.5
4-6
3.5-6.5
7-9
6.5-9.5
10-12
9.5-12.5
13-15
12.5-15.5
14
20
CONTINUED ON PAGE 22
21
yl:social studies
CONTINUED FROM PAGE 12
AGENCY
yl:information technology
CONTINUED FROM PAGE 13
FILE ORGANISATION AND ACCESS METHODS
SEQUENTIAL FILE ORDERING
SOURCES:
DATE OF ESTABLISHMENT
/LOCATION
AGENCY
ACTIVITIES
1981
FUNCTION
Disaster Management
FUNCTION
Media: Seeks to enhance the
quality of news and entertainment
programmes created and broadcast
throughout the region.
AGENCY
FUNCTION
Justice: The final court of appeal
20
30
40
50
20
44
60
15
yl:mathematics
CONTINUED FROM PAGE 21
B.
Solution
I. The modal mark or mode is the most frequently
occurring mark. In this case, it is 4.
II. The median mark is the middle value when scores are
arranged in order of size. When there is an odd number of
scores, it is the single middle value. However, it is the average
of the two middle scores when the number of scores is even.
From the values given, the 5th mark is 4 and the 6th mark
is 6. The median mark is the average of the 5th and 6th
values as there is aneven number of values. (10) = 4+6 =5
2
III. The mean mark = Sum of scores = 3+3+4+4+4+6+6+7 +11+12
Number of scores
10
= 60 =6
10
Index
1
2
3
4
Highest key
40
60
80
100
55 Jazz
66 R&B
75 Soul
90 Pop
93 Reggae
95 Hip-Hop
HOMEWORK
Six students earned the following marks on a test: 5, 3, 4,
6, 5, and 7
Calculate
I. The modal mark
II. The median mark
III. The mean mark
Next week, we will continue to look at other ways to arrive
at informed decisions from data.
Clement Radcliffe is an independent contributor. Send questions and
comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com