PETRONAS TECHNICAL STANDARDS

POWER QUALITY

PTS 13.01.01
MAY 2013

2013 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)

All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form
or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the permission of the copyright
owner. PETRONAS Technical Standards are Companys internal standards and meant for authorized users only.

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FOREWORD
PETRONAS Technical Standards (PTS) has been developed based on the accumulated knowledge,
experience and best practices of the PETRONAS group supplementing by national and international
standards where appropriate. The key objective of PTS is to ensure standard technical practice
across the PETRONAS group.

Compliance to PTS is compulsory for PETRONAS-operated facilities and Joint Ventures (JVs) where
PETRONAS has more than fifty percent (50%) shareholding and/or operational control, and includes
all phases of work activities.

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Contractors/manufacturers/suppliers who use PTS are solely responsible in ensuring the quality of
work, goods and services meet the required design and engineering standards. In the case where
specific requirements are not covered in the PTS, it is the responsibility of the
Contractors/manufacturers/suppliers to propose other proven or internationally established
standards or practices of the same level of quality and integrity as reflected in the PTS.

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In issuing and making the PTS available, PETRONAS is not making any warranty on the accuracy or
completeness of the information contained in PTS. The Contractors/manufacturers/suppliers shall
ensure accuracy and completeness of the PTS used for the intended design and engineering
requirement and shall inform the Owner for any conflicting requirement with other international
codes and technical standards before start of any work.

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PETRONAS is the sole copyright holder of PTS. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored
in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, recording
or otherwise) or be disclosed by users to any company or person whomsoever, without the prior
written consent of PETRONAS.

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The PTS shall be used exclusively for the authorised purpose. The users shall arrange for PTS to be
kept in safe custody and shall ensure its secrecy is maintained and provide satisfactory information
to PETRONAS that this requirement is met.

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ANNOUNCEMENT

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Please be informed that the entire PTS inventory is currently undergoing transformation exercise
from 2013 - 2015 which includes revision to numbering system, format and content. As part of this
change, the PTS numbering system has been revised to 6-digit numbers and drawings, forms and
requisition to 7-digit numbers. All newly revised PTS will adopt this new numbering system, and
where required make reference to other PTS in its revised numbering to ensure consistency. Users
are requested to refer to PTS 00.01.01 (PTS Index) for mapping between old and revised PTS
numbers
for
clarity.
For
further
inquiries,
contact
PTS
administrator
at
ptshelpdesk@petronas.com.my

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Table of Contents

SCOPE ............................................................................................................................ 6

1.2

GLOSSARY OF TERMS..................................................................................................... 6

1.3

SUMMARY OF CHANGES ............................................................................................... 8

INTRODUCTION TO POWER QUALITY ..................................................................... 9

TYPICAL POWER QUALITY PROBLEMS ........................................................................... 9

2.2

CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF POOR POWER QUALITY ...................................................... 10

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VOLTAGE DEVIATIONS ......................................................................................... 11

VOLTAGE DEVIATIONS DURING NORMAL OPERATION ............................................... 11

3.2

VOLTAGE DIP DURING MOTOR STARTING .................................................................. 11

3.3

VOLTAGE DIP CAUSED BY NETWORK FAULTS ............................................................. 11

3.4

AUTOMATIC TRANSFER SYSTEM ................................................................................. 12

3.5

SYSTEM STABILITY STUDIES ......................................................................................... 13

3.6

MOTOR RE-ACCELERATION ......................................................................................... 13

3.7

SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS FOR PLANT EQUIPMENT .................................................... 14

3.8

VOLTAGE DIP MITIGATION FOR MOTORS ................................................................... 14

3.9

VOLTAGE DIP MITIGATION FOR VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES (VSD OR VFD) ................... 15

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3.1

3.0

1.1

2.0

INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 6

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1.0

4.0

VOLTAGE SURGE OR SPIKE .......................................................................................... 16

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3.10

POWER FACTOR .................................................................................................. 17

4.1

POWER FACTOR CORRECTION..................................................................................... 17

5.0

HARMONICS ........................................................................................................ 18

6.0

POWER QUALITY MEASUREMENT ........................................................................ 19

7.0

FREQUENCY DEVIATIONS..................................................................................... 20
7.1

LOAD SHEDDING .......................................................................................................... 20

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8.0

9.0

PROTECTIVE RELAYS ............................................................................................ 21

8.1

TESTING ....................................................................................................................... 21

8.2

PROTECTION OF GRID INTERCONNECTION ................................................................. 21

BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................... 22

APPENDIX 1: TYPICAL STATISTICS OF POWER QUALITY DISTURBANCES ........................... 25

APPENDIX 2: IEC 61000-4-34 (CLASS 3) CURVE................................................................. 26

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APPENDIX 3: COIL HOLD-IN DEVICE ................................................................................. 27

APPENDIX 4: DIP-PROOF INVERTER ................................................................................. 28

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APPENDIX 5: FERRO-RESONANT TRANSFORMER ............................................................. 29

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APPENDIX 6: BOOST-REGULATOR FOR VFD ..................................................................... 30

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INTRODUCTION

1.1

SCOPE

1.1.1

This PTS gives recommended practices and requirements to attain and maintain power
quality in PETRONAS facilities. It provides an overview of what are required to be done to
mitigate typical power quality problems found in the plant or any facilities in PETRONAS.
This PTS is developed based on lessons learnt, best practices and experiences.

1.2

GLOSSARY OF TERMS

1.2.1

General Definition of Terms & Abbreviations

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1.0

Specific Definition of Terms

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1.2.2

Refer to PTS 00.01.03 for requirements, general terms & abbreviations.

Description

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Disturbance in AC System.

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Ability to maintain (in AC circuit) a sinusoidal

voltage and current at stipulated magnitude,
frequency and continuity.

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In AC system, disturbance or elements that

can affect the quality of supply include
among them (compare to nominal value):

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i)
Voltage deviations over, dip/sag,
flicker, transient.
ii)

Frequency high/low

iii)

Harmonics voltage and current

iv)

Resonance

v)

Electro-magnetic interference

Electromagnetic
Compatibility The ability of a device, equipment or system
(EMC), 161-01-07, IEC 60050
to
function
satisfactorily
in
its
electromagnetic
environment
without
introducing intolerable electromagnetic
disturbances
to
anything
in
that
environment.

Frequency deviation, 604-01-06, IEC The difference between the system

60050
frequency at a given instant and the nominal

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No Terms

Description
value.

Harmonics

Frequency components that are integer

multiples of the fundamental line frequency.

Voltage deviation, 604-01-17, IEC That difference, generally expressed as a

60050
percentage, between the voltage at a given
instant at a point in the system, and a
reference voltage such as nominal voltage, a
mean value of operating voltage, or declared
supply voltage.

Voltage dip, 604-01-25, IEC 60050

Voltage surge, 604-03-14, IEC 60050

ATS

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PCC

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A sudden reduction of the voltage at a given

point in the system, followed by voltage
recovery after a short period of time, from a
few cycles to a few seconds.

Automatic transfer system. Works by

transferring power supply from one feeder or
bus section to another as a result of a voltage
dip of preset magnitude and duration.

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A transient voltage wave propagating along a

line or a circuit and characterised by a rapid
increase followed by a slower decrease of the
voltage.

Point of a power supply network where the

plant power system is interconnected with
the grid. This point is mutually agreed
between the interconnected parties and is
usually also the synchronizing point between
the two systems.

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Abbreviations
Description

ATS

Automatic Transfer System

AVR

Automatic Voltage Regulator

EMC

Electromagnetic Compatibility

ENMC

Electrical Network Monitoring and Control

system

FAT

Factory Acceptance Test

MCC

Motor Control Center

OLTC

On-Load Tap Changer

PCC

PMS

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PQ

11

UPS

12

VSD

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No Terms

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Point of Common Coupling

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1.2.3

1.3

VFD

Power Quality
Uninterruptible Power Supply
Variable Speed Drive
Variable Frequency Drive

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Power Monitoring System

SUMMARY OF CHANGES
This PTS 13.01.01 (G) replaces PTS 33.64.10.14 (January, 2011).

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2.0

INTRODUCTION TO POWER QUALITY

The impact of poor power quality on oil, gas and petrochemical inductries can be
tremendous, running into millions of dollars on account of a single disturbance. These
industries run many sensitive or mission-critical operations which when interrupted even
momentarily, can take days to recover with the inevitable consequences of lost production
opportunities, product loss due to flaring and perhaps more importantly, loss of reputation.
Examples of these populations are:
Continuous process operations driven by electric motors where a short voltage dip can
cause motors to drop out thus interrupting the process. This is compounded by the fact
that a large proportion of a plant load is made up of motors.
ii) Multi-stage batch operations where an interruption during one process can destoy the
value of previous operations or result in off-spec products.

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i)

TYPICAL POWER QUALITY PROBLEMS

2.1.1

The chart in Appendix 1 shows the type of power quality problems that had caused plant
upsets in sixteen plants with data taken from two surveys. Each survey collected data over a
21/2 year period.

2.1.2

From the surveys, the electrical disturbances encountered were:

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Voltage dip
Relay mal-operation
Under-frequency
Poor power factor
Harmonics
Electro-magnetic interference
Over-frequency

i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
vi)
vii)

Relay mal-operation is not typically regarded as a power quality issue. However, it is seen to
be a key contributor to equipment or power outages based on the surveys carried out.

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2.1

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2.2

CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF POOR POWER QUALITY

2.2.1

The table below summarizes the impact poor power quality can have on plants.
Impact / Effects of poor power quality
Type

Typical Cause

Voltage dip

Faults, switching of large loads e.g. Motor drop-out, VSD trip, ATS
transfer, motor stalling, generator
motor starting
trip, loss of synchronism
Switching transients, lightning
Over-fluxing
of
transformers,
insulation failure, generator trip

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Asymmetric loads, unequal system Loss of motor full load torque,

impedances
overheating of rotor/stator
and
bearing damage. De-rating of
cables, transformers

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Voltage
unbalance

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Voltage

Impact/Effects

System overload due to loss of Load shedding, power swing to the

generation capacity (trip)
grid, power
to loss
blackout
of

Overfrequency

Loss of large loads, system faults

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Underfrequency
System

Generator trip, power swing from the

grid

Non-linear loads, generator pitch

windings, failure of harmonics
filters, lack of detuning of PF
correction capacitors

Harmonics,

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Poor power Large inductive load, lack or loss of Low power factor penalty, de-rating
factor
power factor control.
of equipment

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resonance

Electromagnetic

Overheating of equipment (e.g.

transformers,
motors,
cables),
overloading of neutral, maloperation
of control systems, data network
congestion, nuisance tripping of
protective devices, over-stressing of
power factor correction capacitors,
saturation of CT, telecommunication
interference, flickering screens or
lights

Lightning, high voltage switching, Mal-operation or trip of equipment

non-EMC compliant equipment, lack or protective devices
of shielding, bonding and earthing

interference
Table 1: Impact/ Effects of poor quality

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VOLTAGE DEVIATIONS

3.1

VOLTAGE DEVIATIONS DURING NORMAL OPERATION

3.1.1

During normal operation of a plant, the steady state voltage at the main intake bus,
generator terminals and consumer terminals should not deviate by more than +/- 5% from
nominal or rated value. Notwithstanding the above, the limits set by the Public Utility on
voltage deviations caused by consumers at the PCC shall be adhered to.

3.1.2

Where the plant is connected to the utility grid, the interconnection transformer shall have
an on-load tap changer which is normally on automatic control. Where the plant has an
ENMC or PMS (Power Management System) to control the interchange of reactive power
with the grid, the OLTC control shal be integrated with the power interchange control and
local voltage control.

3.2

VOLTAGE DIP DURING MOTOR STARTING

3.2.1

Any voltage deviation of more than 10% below nominal voltage for duration of 10 ms to 60
seconds is considered a voltage dip. During motor starting, the voltage dip should not be
more than -10% at the switchboard to which the motor is connected or more than +10% / 20% at motor terminals. Duration of such voltage dips may range from one second to
several seconds. A motor starting study shal be performed during the Engineering stage of a
project to confirm that these deviation limits are not exceeded. Where the study show that
the deviation limits will be exceeded, measures (to be approved by the Principal) shall be
taken to overcome the excessive voltage drop. The dynamic characteristics of the motor and
the driven equipment shall be modeled in the study. Starters to reduce starting current
should only be used if direct-on-line (DOL) start of motors will cause voltage dips exceeding
the limits set above.

3.3

VOLTAGE DIP CAUSED BY NETWORK FAULTS

3.3.1

The severity of a voltage dip depends on the magnitude of the dip as well as the duration.
Voltage dips caused by network fault typically last less than one second depending on the
time taken by protection to clear the fault. The magnitude of the dip can be as much as
100% i.e. 0V at the point of fault, neglecting any fault impedance. The voltage dip
experienced by other parts of the network differs according to network topology. The
severity of the dip can cause plant interruptions e.g. motors to drop out or ATS to operate

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3.0

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3.4

AUTOMATIC TRANSFER SYSTEM

3.4.1

Auto transfer systems (ATS) are usually implemented using under-voltage schemes. ATS
under-voltage settings shall be coordinated with voltage dip statistics to minimize
unnecessary ATS operation. ATS systems are inherently break-before-make systems which
can cause momentary voltage loss to downstream equipment. As a minimum, the following
is required for ATS systems:i)

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ii)

ATS schemes at different voltage levels shall be coordinated such that those for higher
voltages switchboards (upstream) shall operate first thus preventing the lower voltages
switchboards (downstream) ATS from operating.Relay mal-operation
ATS undervoltage settings shall be such that nuisance operation is minimised for voltage
dips.Poor power factor
The trip of an incomer (circuit breaker open) due to relay or manual operation shall
immediate initiate the ATS operation without waiting for the undervoltage relay to
operate.
When either incomers or feeders experience under-voltage at the same time, the ATS
operation shall be blocked.
The operation of busbar protection or switchboard high set over-current protection on
one section of a switchboard shall block the ATS operation. This is to prevent the healthy
section of the switchboard from closing onto the faulted section.
ATS shall be modeled in system studies including motor re-acceleration to ensure
robustness of the overall system.

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SYSTEM STABILITY STUDIES

3.5.1

Transient stability studies shall be carried out for plants or projects which have synchronous
generators or motor-reacceleration schemes. Attention shall be paid to the critical clearance
time of faults to prevent generator pole slipping or to ensure motor re-acceleration is
successful. Reference is made to PTS 13.00.02 Section 6.2.3. The CCT shall be determined
for both internal plant faults and external grid faults.

3.5.2

In addition to fast fault clearance as determined by CCT, pole slipping protection (out-of-step
relay) may be considered for generators and interconnection with the grid. The out-of-step
relays shall be coordinated with generator loss-of-field (LOF) relays since the LOF relays may
also operate during pole slipping conditions.

3.6

MOTOR RE-ACCELERATION

3.6.1

A motor re-acceleration scheme shall be implemented to restart motors after a voltage dip.
This will require motor re-acceleration studies to be carried out. Fault clearance times shall
be determined to allow successful re-acceleration.

3.6.2

Process requirements or constraints during motor restart shall be taken into consideration.
Voltage at switchboards busbars shall be maintained at minimum 90% during motor reacceleration. Motors shall be equipped with restarting facility as required by the Principal.
For system studies modeling, the actual contactor drop-out voltages shall be used which
must be supported by factory tests. In the absence of such tests, a value of 65% nominal
voltage may be assumed for contactor drop-out.

3.6.3

Motor restart schemes shall be implemented as follows:

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3.5

i)

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On motor drop-out, if the voltage recovers to 90% nominal in:

less than 0.2 seconds, immediate restart of all motors

ii) between 0.2 4 seconds, sequential restart

Motors controlled by circuit breakers or motors controlled by external supplies from UPS
shall be equipped with under-voltage relays and restart relays to trip the motors. This is to
prevent motors from stalling which can restrain voltage recovery or subject the motor to
overcurrent during under-voltage condition. Under-voltage relays shall be inherently
selfresetting to allow automatic restart.

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3.6.4

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iii) more than 4 seconds, no restart

3.6.5

For sequential restart, motors shall be restarted in batches based on criticality or process
requirements. Attention shall be given to start permissive signals originating from process
instrumented systems.

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SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS FOR PLANT EQUIPMENT

3.7.1

Plant equipment shall have voltage dip immunity characteristics in accordance with IEC
61000-4-11, 61000-4-34 and 61000-2-4. Reference is made to PTS 13.00.02 Section 3.7.2.

3.7.2

In particular, specifications for motor contactors shall highlight this requirement and tests
shall be conducted at factory to ascertain compliance.

3.7.3

For plants equipped with generators, dynamic response tests shall be carried out to finetune the governor and excitation systems for proper dynamic behaviour (refer PTS 13.00.02
Sections 7.3 and 7.4 and PTS 13.02.01 Section 4.3.1.3.4). This should be done during FAT or
commissioning.

3.7.4

Emergency diesel generators are designed to start up automatically and supply power to
plant vital loads in the event of voltage loss / dips. This function shall be tested on a regular
basis as part of plant routine testing of equipment (auto start test). It shall also be part of
the testing regiment to load the machines either by synchronising them to the plant
electrical system/grid or using a load bank. For new installations, the design of the
emergency switchboard shall allow auto-start functional test (break-before-make) to be
carried out without causing any voltage dip to the essential loads.

3.8

VOLTAGE DIP MITIGATION FOR MOTORS

3.8.1

Since motor contactors will inherently drop out if the voltage dip is severe enough, a
successful motor re-acceleration scheme is vital to avoid or minimize interruption to plant
operation. In general, plant equipment should comply with the voltage dip immunity
characteristics as per IEC 61000-4-34 (Appendix 2).

3.8.2

There are equipment available (e.g. dynamic voltage restorer, static compensator) which can
boost system reactive power during voltage dips to maintain system voltages but they
usually involve prohibitive costs. A more pragmatic approach is to maintain motor control
voltage during voltage dips to prevent the contactors from dropping out.

3.8.3

Motors with control circuit power supply from UPS will not drop out during voltage dips.
However, to prevent these motors from stalling, under-voltage protection shall be provided.

3.8.4

To eliminate the risk of critical motors not restarting successfully, the following two
measures can be implemented to improve the immunity of these motors during voltage
dips. The behaviour of such voltage dip mitigation devices need to be modeled and included
in the transient stability and motor re-acceleration studies.

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3.7

i)

Coil hold-in device

The hold-in device is connected between the power source and the contactor coil
(Appendix 3). During voltage dips, sufficient current flow is maintained through the
contactor coil to hold the main contacts in place. The circuit shall be designed to provide
hold-in current for dips down to about 25% remaining voltage.

ii) Dip-proof inverter

a) The dip-proof inverter consists of a static switch in series with, and an inverter in
parallel to, the load. Energy is stored in a capacitor bank (Appendix 4). During

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POWER QUALITY

standby operation, the static switch supplies power directly to the load, the inverter
is switched off and the capacitors are charged to the full operating voltage. Should
there be a deviation which is greater than a preset value, the static switch is
switched off and the inverter is activated. Switchover is typically less than 0.2 ms.
b) If the voltage recovers within a preset time, the inverter supply is synchronized to
the mains and the load is switched back to the supply, the capacitors are recharged
in less than one second and the inverter is ready to compensate for the next voltage
dip. If the input voltage does not recover within the preset time, the load is switched
back to the supply regardless of the voltage level.

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iii) Ferro-resonant transformer

a) Also known as constant voltage transformer (CVT), it works by saturating the core
with magnetic flux thus maintaining a relatively constant output voltage during input
voltage variations. The ability of the CVT to regulate its output voltage depends on
the loading of the CVT. A higher loading will decrease the input range over which it
can regulate its output voltage (refer Appendix 5).
b) The inrush current due to switching on of loads (e.g. contactor coils, PLC) connected
to the CVT has to be considered when sizing the CVT. This is to ensure there is no
excessive control voltage dip when the loads are switched on. For each CVT, the
largest inrush load shall be considered. Inrush currents of motor contactor coils
which are set to energize simultaneously as part of a motor re-acceleration
scheme,shall be summed up as one combined inrush load.
c) Operation in the saturated region produces an undesirable effect i.e. harmonics or
sinewave distortion. Therefore most ferro-resonant transformers incorporate an L-C
circuit (tank circuit) to filter out most of the harmonics.
VOLTAGE DIP MITIGATION FOR VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES (VSD OR VFD)

3.9.1

Variable speed drives are becoming an integral part of plants due to their energy saving
potential. However, one of the main disadvantages of VSD is its susceptibility to voltage dip.
The following are some measures which should be considered to improve the immunity of
VSD to voltage dip.
Reducing the trip level and/or increasing the time delay of VSD

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VSDs are typically programmed by the manufacturer to trip instantly for a voltage dip of
about 80 - 90% of nominal. This sensitive trip setting is usually selected by the
manufacturer to protect the electronic components of the VSD. However, in many cases,
there is room for relaxing this trip level or introducing time delays into the trip sequence
without sacrificing the VSD integrity. This level of parameter change may require the
manufacturer to provide access to the factory level parameters, which generally cannot
be changed by the customer.

ii) Ride-through using flying restart

The ability of a VSD to start into a spinning motor without tripping on an overcurrent
fault somewhere in the network, is known as Flying Restart capability. In this method,
when the voltage dip causes the VSD to reach its undervoltage trip level, the drive will
shut off the inverter section and thus remove power from the motor instead of tripping.

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POWER QUALITY

The motor will coast down during the duration of the dip and as soon as the voltage
recovers, the VSD will start into the still-spinning motor and ramp up to set speed.
iii) Ride-through using load inertia

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This option which is provided by some manufacturers of VSDs, uses the energy stored in
the mechanical load to keep the DC bus voltage of the VSD from dropping down to the
trip level. This is accomplished by running the inverter section during a voltage dip at a
frequency slightly below the motor frequency, causing the motor to act as a generator.
Similar to the flying restart option, the motor speed will drop while it is acting as a
generator. However, the advantage is that the motor is never disconnected from the
drive. This option works best for those high-inertia loads that are allowed to slow down
without interrupting the process.

VOLTAGE SURGE OR SPIKE

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3.10

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iv) Ride-through using boost regulator

a) A Boost Regulator can be used to provide ride-through to VSDs during undervoltage
condition. Essentially, a boost converter uses the voltage remaining on the AC line
during an undervoltage condition and the remaining available energy to maintain
the DC bus voltage above the trip level. Appendix 6 shows the diagram of a
commercially available voltage sag ride-through device using the boost regulator
topology. The unit converts the incoming AC voltage to DC using a rectifier, and then
uses one or more inductive chopper sections to boost the DC bus voltage during a
voltage sag and thus maintain its voltage above the trip level.
b) Ride-through capability for deeper dips can be provided by using energy storage
options, such as battery or capacitors, with the boost regulator.

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3.10.1 The main causes of voltage surges or spikes are lightning and high voltage switching. When
required, surge arrestors are used to protect against the effects of overvoltages. However,
the surge arrestor will offer optimized protection level only if it is installed directly across the
terminals of the equipment to be protected. In practice, it is not always possible to locate
the arrestor close to electrical equipment like transformers, generators or motors and an
inevitable separation distance will be required.

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3.10.2 Protection against switching overvoltages is normally not a problem for most applications
since travelling wave effects can be neglected on short distances. For fast transient
overvoltages like lightning, conductor inductance and travelling wave effects can cause
significant voltage differences between the arrestor and the equipment.
3.10.3 Calculation of separation distances can be found in IEEE Standard C62.22-19 whereas
calculation of arrestor protective zones is described in IEC 60071-2.

POWER QUALITY

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4.0

POWER FACTOR

4.1

POWER FACTOR CORRECTION

4.1.1

Power factor is the ratio of active power and apparent power in an AC system. Fundamental
power factor is the value measured without considerations of harmonics distortion while
true power factor is a value that includes both fundamental and harmonics distortions.

4.1.2

True power factor can be measured with equipment that measure true RMS values. Low
true power factor means higher losses in the system. Low true power factor can be
improved by reducing the harmonics level in the system.

4.1.3

The power factor measured by Utilities companies is the fundamental value. Power factor at
the point of common coupling (PCC) should be maintained at a value to avoid financial
penalty. Control of power factor may be affected by the following methods in order of
preference (refer PTS 13.00.01 Section 4.4):(i) Variation of excitation of synchronous machines (generators and motors).
(ii) Static capacitors at individual HV motors
(iii) Static capacitor banks connected to distribution switchboards and MCCs.

4.1.4

The correction of power factor at other branches in a network depends on the economic
benefit. Where capacitors are used, measurements and / or harmonic studies shall be
carried out to verify that they do not cause any resonance effects in the system. If necessary,
the capacitors shall be de-tuned accordingly by adding a reactor in series.

4.1.5

Capacitor banks may be connected in star or delta up to a rating of 1000kVA above which,
the connection shall be double-star. The star point shall not be earthed. For double-star
connection, unbalance protection shall be provided to monitor the star point voltages or
differential protection shall be provided across the two halves of the capacitor banks.

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PTS 13.01.01
May 2013
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5.0

HARMONICS

5.1

HARMONICS LEVELS

5.1.1

Harmonics levels shall comply with PTS 13.00.01. However, if the Utility imposes more
stringent requirements, then those limits shall apply as shown in the table below.

5.1.2

Reference is to be made to IEEE 519 for allowable harmonic current levels. Harmonics
generated in static UPS, VSD and power electronics devices shall comply with the EMC
requirements as specified in:
(i) PTS 13.12.02 Static DC UPS units
(ii) PTS 13.12.01 Static AC UPS units
(iii) PTS 13.22.01 A.C Electrical Variable Speed Drive Systems
(iv) PTS 13.13.03 Electrical Process Heaters

5.1.3

Required FAT tests shall be carried out to ensure compliance with above limits. Where FATs
are not possible for distribution systems, equipment shall be specified to IEC61000-3-2,
software simulations performed to gauge IEEE519 compliance, and results verified at site.

5.2

MITIGATION OF HARMONICS

5.2.1

A harmonics study shall be carried out for plants or projects which have sizeable power
capacitors or power electronics equipment. In addition, power quality measurements shall
be carried out in existing plants to ascertain the level of harmonics in a facility.

5.2.2

To mitigate excessive harmonics, harmonic filters shall be installed. The type of filter to be
installed should be decided based on effectiveness, reliability and economic considerations.
There are generally two types of filters; passive and active filters. Where passive filters
consisting of LC elements are installed, they should be of the acceptor circuit type (L and C in
series). The filters shall be connected in parallel with the supply.

5.2.3

Active harmonic filters shall be connected in parallel with the supply. In general, they shall
be connected as close as possible to the harmonic source.

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PTS 13.01.01
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6.0

POWER QUALITY MEASUREMENT

6.1

GENERAL

6.1.1

Permanently installed PQ cum disturbance recorder should be installed at each Point of

Common Coupling with the grid. As a minimum, plant switchboards shall have facilities for
plug-in measurement of 3-phase voltage and current by a portable PQ analyzer.

6.1.2

Portable PQ measuring instruments are recommended for quick snapshots of power quality
at the point of measurement. Plant personnel should be trained to use them and to analyze
the results.

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7.0

FREQUENCY DEVIATIONS

7.1

LOAD SHEDDING

7.1.1

During normal operation, frequency shall be maintained at 50 Hz +/- 2% as per PTS 13.00.01
Section 3.

7.1.2

For plants which are connected to the grid, the system frequency will be determined by the
grid. Plants with their own generation and can run on island mode shall have a load shedding
scheme (PTS 13.30.01 Section 4). Dynamic studies for load shedding schemes shall be carried
out accordingly.

7.1.3

During island operation, plants that run N+ 1 generator normally allow for the trip of the
largest generator without causing any impact to the plant. In such a trip scenario, the
dynamic response of the remaining N generators shall be such that the system frequency
will not drop to a value that initiates load shedding. The prime mover dynamic
characteristics shall be fine-tuned by testing in accordance with PTS 13.00.02 Section 7 and
PTS 13.02.01 Section 4.

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PTS 13.01.01
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8.0

PROTECTIVE RELAYS

8.1

TESTING

8.1.1

To prevent wrong settings, protective relay settings shall be managed in a proper manner
and any changes made shall be auditable. Relay testing shall be carried out in accordance
with PTS 13.02.01 Section 4.5.

8.1.2

Directional relays shall be system tested to ensure that the direction of protection have been
set correctly. This is done by reversing the normal current flow direction until the relays
pickup. Generator reverse power relay shall be tested by decreasing the governor setting.
Loss-of-field relay shall be tested by decreasing the AVR setting at minimum load. Directional
over-current relays shall be tested by temporarily reducing the setting to a practical value
and reversing the current flow.

8.1.3

Reverse power protection for grid interconnection shall be tested by exporting power to the
grid. The setting may be reduced for the purpose of the test.

8.1.4

The use of a database system to manage relay settings is recommended.

8.2

PROTECTION OF GRID INTERCONNECTION

8.2.1

As a minimum, the following protection shall be applied for the grid interconnection.
i) transformer protection (over temperature, buchholtz, pressure)
ii) cable pilot wire (from grid CB to transformer)
iii) transformer differential
iv) restricted earth fault
v) over-current and earth fault
vi) directional over-current
vii) reverse power
viii) under-voltage
ix) under-frequency
x) syn-check

8.2.2

The settings for the non-unit protection (directional over-current, reverse power, undervoltage, under-frequency) shall be selected based on system studies with relevant input
from the grid.

PTS 13.01.01
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POWER QUALITY

9.0

BIBLIOGRAPHY
In this PTS, reference is made to the following other Standards/Publication. Unless
specifically designated by date, the latest edition of each publication shall be used, together
with any supplements/revisions thereto:

PETRONAS TECHNICAL STANDARDS

Index to PTS

PTS 00.01.01

PTS Requirements, general terms & abbreviations

PTS 00.01.03

Electrical Engineering Guidelines

PTS 13.00.01

Electrical Network Monitoring and Control System Application

PTS 13.30.01

Electrical Supply and Generation design and operation

PTS 13.00.02

Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) requirements

PTS 13.50.01

Synchronous A.C. Machine

PTS 13.21.01

Packaged Unit A.C. Generator Sets

PTS 13.21.02

Static D.C. Uninterruptible Power Supply (DC UPS) units

PTS 13.12.02

Static A.C. Uninterruptible Power Supply unit (static AC UPS)

PTS 13.12.01

A.C. Electrical Variable Speed Drive Systems

PTS 13.22.01

Low-voltage Switchgear and Controlgear Assemblies

PTS 13.11.02

High-voltage Switchgear and Controlgear Assemblies

PTS 13.11.01

Electrical Process Heaters

PTS 13.13.03

Field Commissioning and

Installations and Equipment

Maintenance

Electrical Engineering Guidelines

of

Electrical

PTS 13.02.01

PTS 13.00.01

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POWER QUALITY

Electrical Network Monitoring and Control System Application

PTS 13.30.01

Electrical Supply and Generation design and operation

PTS 13.00.02

Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) requirements

PTS 13.50.01

Synchronous A.C. Machine

PTS 13.21.01

Packaged Unit A.C. Generator Sets

PTS 13.21.02

Static D.C. Uninterruptible Power Supply (DC UPS) units

PTS 13.12.02

Static A.C. Uninterruptible Power Supply unit (static AC UPS)

PTS 13.12.01

A.C. Electrical Variable Speed Drive Systems

PTS 13.22.01

Low-voltage Switchgear and Controlgear Assemblies

PTS 13.11.02

High-voltage Switchgear and Controlgear Assemblies

PTS 13.11.01

Electrical Process Heaters

PTS 13.13.03

Field Commissioning and

Installations and Equipment

Maintenance

of

Electrical

PTS 13.02.01

Recommended Practice and Requirements for Harmonic

Control in Electrical Power Systems

IEEE 519

AMERICAN STANDARDS

OTHER STANDARDS
Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)
Compatibility levels in industrial plants for low-frequency
conducted disturbances

IEC 61000
IEC 61000-2-4

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PTS 13.01.01
May 2013
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Voltage dips/interruptions/variation immunity

IEC 61000-4-11

Testing and measurement techniques voltage dips, short

interruptions and voltage variations immunity tests for
equipment with input current more than 16A per phase

IEC 61000-4-34

Specification for Semiconductor Processing Equipment

Voltage Sag Immunity

SEMI F-47

POWER QUALITY

APPENDIX 1: TYPICAL STATISTICS OF POWER QUALITY DISTURBANCES

PTS 13.01.01
May 2013
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POWER QUALITY

APPENDIX 2: IEC 61000-4-34 (CLASS 3) CURVE

PTS 13.01.01
May 2013
Page 26 of 30

POWER QUALITY

APPENDIX 3: COIL HOLD-IN DEVICE

Before installation

After installation

PTS 13.01.01
May 2013
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APPENDIX 4: DIP-PROOF INVERTER

PTS 13.01.01
May 2013
Page 28 of 30

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APPENDIX 5: FERRO-RESONANT TRANSFORMER

PTS 13.01.01
May 2013
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POWER QUALITY

APPENDIX 6: BOOST-REGULATOR FOR VFD

PTS 13.01.01
May 2013
Page 30 of 30