206-1/XC 1504-2

. . .
MSc in Materials Science, Nottingham University,
PhD in Stress Corrosion Fatigue, Sheffield University

Dipl-Ing, Patras University

MSc in Materials Science, Nottingham University
PhD in Stress Corrosion Fatigue, Sheffield University
Author of 124 peer-review papers, Author of 4 books in fracture mechanics and fatigue.
Editor in Chief of the International Journal of Structural Integrity
CENg in UK, Eur-Ing,
Member of ASME, IMEchE, ACI, NACE, ESIS, FEASI, ICRI


206-1/XC 1504-2

1 5: , ,
1.

206-1,
do it yourself (DIY)
.
,
, ,
,
45 .
(CO2). To CO2,
(/hydrates) .

(C-S-H), (CH) (AFm)/ (AFt).

1.

(C-S-H)

(CH)

1.1

 (AFt)
1

CO2 (gas)
.
pH . pH,
(HCO3-),
CO2 (gas) + H2O = HCO3- + H+
CO2(gas) ()
, (carbonation load),
2.

+
2

CO2 ,
, , 206-1
. ,
.
,
HCO3-. pH > 12,0

(CO32-),
HCO3 - = CO32- + H+
Ca
,
Ca 2+ + CO32- = CaCO3
1.2

 () Ca2+
(CH)
. Ca2+ CH,
Ca2+ CSH .
Ca2+ pH. C-S-H
Ca2+ -.
Ca2+ C-S-H, Ca/Si (
Ca/Si=1,65) ( Ca/Si<=0,85).
pH 10, C-S-H
(silica gel). ,
pH11,6.
pH<=10,6. pH 9.2 (
) (CH) (C-S-H) Ca
( ).
3,
CH CaCO3.

.
Ca(OH)2 CaCO3. pH<9,
9<pH<11.5 pH >11.5.

.
(pH<9), (9<pH<11.5) ""
(pH >11.5).
pH, 4 pH.

1.3

pH .

Ca2+
CaCO3
Ca2+ .
206-1
, 5.

206-1.

206-1
, 6.
Ca2+ ( "" )
( ) () , 6.

1.4

)
6

) 206-1 ) .

,
.
(
), 7.

1.5

 206-1 ,
. 0
. 5 Ca2+ (
) / pH >11.5 .
=15 . 15
. =17 pH>9
. , ( ), 8.

9 206-1.

, ,

5 XS
.. CEM-II, III, IV -LL,
XC. CH C-S-H
Ca2+ "" . . ,
10,
(300 kg/m3), /=0.45,
30mm . =50 .

1.6

 10

CEM I, II S. Demis and V.

Papadakis (2011) A Comparative Assessment of the Effect of Cement Type on Concrete Durability,
13th International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement.

30 mm.
, "" . ,
CEM I, CEM-II/A-Q(6%), CEM II/A-S(6%) CEM II/A-(6%)
15mm, CEM-II/-L (21%) 25mm.
(Supplementary Cementitious MaterialSCM) 197-1, 11.

11

197-1.

,
30mm

1.7

 ,
( 1990-2),
206-1 Cdev=1 mm SUPER, .
, , ""
206-1.
(First Order Reliability Method),
=/
.
.
""

.
30 mm 5 mm.
= 30/5 = 6
( ). 30 mm
10 mm (=3) .
30 mm 15 mm (=2)
. 30 mm
25 mm (=1,2) "--- ".
12.
0.09
=6.0
=3.0
=2.0
=1.2

0.08

Probability Density

0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00
-60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120

(mm)
12

"" .
.

1.8

 12,
10. 1.
)
) ( ).
1

"",
.

CEM- CEMCEMCEM- CEMCEMCEMCEMII/A-D
II/AII/B-V
II/A-P II/B-P
II/A-Q
II/B-Q II/A-M
6%
V 6%
21%
6%
21%
6%
21%
6%
(mm) 50
16.38
16.00
21.42
16.76
22.43
15.63
21.05
16.26
(%)
0.32
0.26
4.31
0.40
6.50
0.20
3.67
0.30
8.66
8.08
19.54
9.28
22.45
7.54
18.54
8.47
18.19
17.53
28.37
18.87
30.69
16.90
27.54
17.98
29.29
28.77
36.57
29.82
38.10
28.27
36.02
29.13

CEM
-I

15.25
=6,0
=3,0
=2,0
=1,2

0.16
7.01
16.27
27.76

CEMII/-M
21%
20.67
3.10
20.67
26.70
35.45

10%,
, 1 1.
1

"",
10%.

CEM
-I

15.25
=6,0
=3,0
=2,0
=1,2

0.16
7.01

CEM- CEM
CEMCEM- CEMCEMCEMCEMII/A-D -II/AII/B-V
II/A-P II/B-P
II/A-Q
II/B-Q
II/A-M
6%
V 6%
21%
6%
21%
6%
21%
6%
(mm) 50
16.38
16.00
21.42
16.76
22.43
15.63
21.05
16.26
(%)
0.32
0.26
4.31
0.40
6.50
0.20
3.67
0.30
8.66
8.08
9.28
7.54
8.47

CEMII/-M
21%
20.67
3.10

,
) CEM-II/B-V 21%, CEM-II/B-P 21%, CEM-II/B-Q 21%, CEM-II/-M 21%
,

) ( 206-1)
.

" 30 mm "
.
:
" ( 1990-2),
206-1 Cdev=10mm SUPER ".
1.9

 4 , :
1 =6

: 40 mm 6,66 mm

2 =3

: 40 mm 13,33 mm

3 =2

: 40 mm 20 mm

4 =1.2 : 40 mm 33,33 mm
2, 10%
2.
2

"",
+Cdev=10mm.

CEMI

CEMCEMCEMCEMCEMCEMCEMCEMII/A-D
II/A-V
II/B-V
II/A-P
II/B-P II/A-Q
II/B-Q
II/A-M
6%
6%
21%
6%
21%
6%
21%
6%
(mm) 50

15.25

16.38

16.00

=6,0

0.01

0.02

0.02

=3,0

3.17

3.82

3.59

8.17

4.06

9.37

3.38

7.76

=2,0

15.25

16.38

11.51

17.64

12.26

18.98

11.15

=1,2

22.89

23.93

23.57

28.86

24.28

29.90

23.23

21.42

16.76

22.43

15.63

CEMII/-M
21%

21.05

16.26

20.67

(%)
0.26
0.02
0.42
0.01
0.22

0.02

0.19

3.75

7.35

17.17

11.76

16.69

28.48

23.81

28.10

"",
+Cdev=10mm
10%. " ".

CEMI

CEMCEMCEMCEMCEMCEMCEMCEMII/A-D
II/A-V
II/B-V
II/A-P
II/B-P II/A-Q
II/B-Q
II/A-M
6%
6%
21%
6%
21%
6%
21%
6%
(mm) 50

15.25

16.38

16.00

=6,0

0.01

0.02

0.02

=3,0

3.17

3.82

3.59

21.42

21.05

16.26

20.67

(%)
0.26
0.02
0.42
0.01
0.22

0.02

0.19

3.75

7.35

8.17

16.76

4.06

22.43

9.37

15.63

CEMII/-M
21%

3.38

7.76

=2,0
=1,2

1 2 ""
,
""
.
"" "".
/ 10% .
1990 () 1,5
0,0668 (6.66%). , 1
1.10

=6,0

CEMI

CEMCEMCEMCEMCEMCEMCEMCEMII/A-D
II/A-V
II/B-V
II/A-P
II/B-P II/A-Q
II/B-Q
II/A-M
6%
6%
21%
6%
21%
6%
21%
6%
(mm) 50

15.25

16.38

16.00

0.16

0.32

0.26

21.42

16.76

22.43

15.63

CEMII/-M
21%

21.05

16.26

20.67

(%)
4.31
0.40
0.20
3.67

0.30

3.10

=3,0
=2,0
=1,2

CEM
-I

15.25
=6,0
=3,0
=2,0
=1,2

0.01
3.17

CEM- CEMCEMCEM CEM- CEM- CEMCEMCEMII/A-D II/A-V
II/B-V
-II/A- II/B-P II/A-Q II/B-Q II/A-M
II/-M
6%
6%
21%
P 6%
21%
6%
21%
6%
21%
(mm) 50
16.38
16.00
21.42
16.76
22.43
15.63
21.05
16.26
20.67
0.02
3.82

0.02
3.59

(%)
0.26
0.02
0.42
0.01
0.22
4.06
3.38

0.02
3.75

0.19

, " ",
"" (=6)
+Cdev=10 mm. ,
13,
.

13

206-1.

1.11

 Cdev=10 mm;
,
)

pH 9,0 ( Ca2+ )
pH 10,5 ( ),

( 14)
. 10 mm
"" .
, 15.

. 197-1,
16.

14

Cdev=10 mm.

15

, , , ...

1.12

 16

3.

1
)

206-1 ( )
Ca2+ ( ).

pH > 11.5.

4 5,
.
+ 10 mm.

""
/. ,
forgiving.

, 2
. ()
2 .

1.13

4.

Pr- EN 1992-1-1. 2003. Euro code 2: Design of concrete structures. Part 1.1: General rules and rules
for buildings
Papadakis V G. Estimation of Concrete Service Life The Theoretical Background, Patras Science
Park, Patras, 2005
Papadakis, V.G. (2000), Effect of supplementary cementing materials on concrete resistance against
carbonation and chloride ingress, Cement Concrete Res., 30(2), 291-299.
Papadakis, V.G., Fardis, M.N. and Vayenas, C.G. (1991), Fundamental modeling and experimental
investigation of concrete carbonation, ACI Mater. J., 88(4), 363-373.
Richardson, M.G., Fundamentals of Durable Reinforced Concrete, Spon Press, London (2002).
H. F.W. Taylor, Cement Chemistry, Tomas Telford Services, London, UK, 2nd edition, 1998.
S. Kosmatka & W. Panarese (1988): Design and Control of Concrete Mixes, Portland Cement
Association.
M. Mamlouk & J. Zaniewski (1999): Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Addison Wesley
Longman, Inc.
ACI Committee 222, Protection of Metals in Concrete against Corrosion, ACI 222R-01, American
Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Michigan, 2001.
CEN EN 197-1, 2000. European Standard for Cement - Part 1: Composition, Specifications and
ConformityCriteria for Common Cements, Brussels.
Swamy, R.N., Holistic design: Key to sustainability in concrete construction, Structures & Buildings,
146, No.4, pp. 371-379.
Mehta, P.K., Concrete Durability 50 Years of Progress?, American Concrete Institute, Special
Publication SP-126, pp. 1-31.
Saetta, A.V., Schrefler, B.A., and Vitaliani, R.V., The carbonation of concrete and the mechanisms of
moisture, heat and carbon dioxide flow through porous materials, Cement and Concrete Research
Vol.23, pp.761-772, 1993.

1.14


206-1/XC 1504-2

1 5:

1.

, CH, C-S-H

CH, C-S-H
,:

(1)

XC
[CO2]
[CH]
[CSH]
De,CO2
t

meters
CO2 (mol/m3).
CH (kg/m3).
C-S-H (kg/m3).
(m2/s)
seconds (
).

H 1 :

(2)

tc C (
).
2,
C ([CH]+3[C-S-H])
. ( )
.
2.1

 ,
CH, C-S-H.
.
top secret
, 1. 197-1.

()

()

2.2

()
1

() CEM-I, () () CEM-II, CEM III. min,

max 197-1.

(kiln),
( Bogue): ,
, .
, C3S, C2S, C3A C4AF.
(Fe2O3)
(Al2O3) (CaO)
.
. (CaO)
(SiO2) (
). ::
- C3S
C3S
. ,
clinker , 50% ..

25%
C3S.
(C3S C2S)

2.3

 - C2S
clinker, 10-60%
C2S C3S
C2S
.

20% C2S
- C3A
clinker 3-10%
(early strength)

40-210% C3
- C4AF
5-10%

37-70 %

Bogue,
) %Al2O3 / %Fe2O3 /F >=0,64
%C3S = 4.0710 %CaO -7.6024 %SiO2 -1.4297 %Fe2O3 - 6.7187 %Al2O3-2,852% SO3
%C2S = 2,867 SiO2 - 0,7544 C3S
%C3A = 2,6504 Al2O3 - 1,6920 Fe2O3
%C4AF = 3,0432Fe2O3
) Al2O3 / Fe2O3 /F <0,64
%C3S = 4,0710 %CaO -7,6024 %SiO2 - 2,859 %Fe2O3 - 4,479 %Al2O3 - 2,852 SO3
%C2S = 2,867 %SiO2 - 0,7544 %C3S
%C3A = 0
%C4AF = 2,10 %Al2O3 + 1,702 %Fe2O3
, .. 2,
Bogue.
2.4

CEM II/A-P 42.5 R.

Bogue
197-1 Bogue, 2.

CEM -I
CEM-II
CEM -III
CEM - IV
CEM-V

C3S (%)
50-65
45-65
55-65
35-45
40-65

C2S(%)
10-30
7-30
5-25
28-35
15-30

C3A(%)
6-14
2-8
5-12
3-4
1-5

C4AF(%)
7-10
10-12
5-12
11-18
10-17

CH, C-S-H,
( Ca2+).
:
2C3S+6H C3S2H3 (C-S-H) + 3CH
2C2S+4H C3S2H3 (C-S-H) + CH
2.5

 CEM-I
3.
Portland (CEM-I) C-S-H 50-60% CH
20-25% .

CEM-I.

kg/m3 .
. Virtual
Cement and Concrete Testing Laboratory (VCCTL) NIST.
CEM II
.
CEM II/A-D ( )
CH = 0.29C - 1.62SF
CSH= 0.57C + 2.49SF
C= SF= . ,
300 kg/m3 CEM II/A-D-6% 282 kg/m3 18 kg/m3
:
CH= 0.29C - 1.62SF = 0.29 (282) - 1.62 (18) = 110,9 kg/m3
CSH=0.57C + 2.49SF = 0.57 (282) +2.49 (18) = 205,5 lgr/m3
:
0.33[CH] + 0.214[C-S-H] = 0.33(110.9) + 0.214(205.5) = 80,57 kg/m3
CEM II/A-P/B-P/A-Q/B-Q ():
CH = 0.30C - 1.30FL
CSH = 0.57C + 1.25FL
2.6

 C= FL= .
, 300 kg/m3 CEM II/B-P 21% 237 kg/m3
63 kg/m3 ,
CH = 0.30C - 1.30FL = 0.30(237) -1.30(63) = -10.80 kg/m3
CSH = 0.57C + 1.25FL = 0.57(237)+1.25(63) = 213.84 kg/m3
:
0.33[CH] + 0.214[C-S-H] = 0.33(-10.8) + 0.214(213.54 )= 42.13 kg/m3
CEM II/A-V/B-V/A-W/B-W ( ):
CH = 0,29C - 0.50 FH
CSH = 0,57C + 0.79 FH
FH = .
, 10 , 4.

Ca2+.

55
kg/m3 o.k. ( "").
CH, C-S-H,
.
, ..
/ > 0,45. 2 water demand CEM
II/A-P 42.5 R 27,84%.
: 55 kg/m3 206-1
;
.. C2 300 kg/m3 270 kg/m3 CEM II/A-D-6%
55 kg/m3.

2.7

 . 206-1 " "

. XC
, , XC (descriptive).
.

CEM II/B-M (P-W-L) 42,5 N
CEM II/A-P 42,5 N
CEM II/B-P 32,5 N
CEM II/B-M (P-L) 32,5 N
CEM II/A-L 42,5 N
CEM I 42,5 R
CEM I 52,5 N
:
! "" CH, C-S-H
. " ;"
, ,

.

2.

XC

XC
.
:
XC1 - ,
XC2 - ,
XC3 - ,

XC4 - , XC2
,
XC1 - : 45% RH < 65%.
XC1 - : RH 98%
XC2 - : 90% RH < 98%
XC3- :- 65% RH < 85%
XC3- : 65% RH < 85%
XC4 - : 75% RH < 90%

2.8

 / ,, , ,
.
1
: :

(3)
3 ,
:

(4)
RH . 5
.

206-1 XC
0.30
XC3

XC1-A

XC2

0.25
XC1-B
XC4
0.20

0.15

0.10

0.05

0.00
40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

105

(%)
XC .

2 .
Ca 2+.
;
2.9

 CO2 (gas)
.
CO2 (gas)
.
. CO2 (gas)
"" CO2 (gas) . ,

CO2(gas)

()

club (face control). club

club . By the way, club

Boulevard 1, 33613 Bielefeld .

club , (H2O) ( )
( ) (CO2) ,
7. face control , 7.
""
"" "" 7. club
" 2 " CO2 (gas) + H2O.
"" "" ...... (HCO3-)
Ca2+ 7.

2.10

() ( club) , (
/).
.
Ca 2+. () .

. . , .
. ......

..... .

2.11

club
, 8. . club
,
. XC1 -
- 45%RH<65%.

()
( )

2.12

()
8

( )

Ladies Night Out, 9.

. , ,
XC1 - - RH 98%, 9.

()

()

()

Ladies Night Out

Ladies Night Out +30 . .

XC1- - RH 98%
, . 90% RH < 98%.
206-1.
( )
( ) , "
". 10 (
club 52% RH
.

2.13

 10

CO2.

4 XC. To
,
,
/. 206-1
, 11.

.
,
.
.

2.14

3.

Club Elephant

club , . club
(
). 3:

:
ec

(air m3/m3),

eair

(entrapped air m3/m3),

(kg/m3)

dA

(kg/m3).

3 :

Club Elephant.
.
. (dC)
,
club
. ,
: .
CEM II/A-D ( ):

(5)

300 kg/m3 CEM II/A-D-6% W=150 kg/m3 ( =0.5)

(150 kg/m3 - 0,267(282 kg/m3) - 0,0278 (18 kg/m3))/1000 = 0,074 kg/m3
.. 300 kg/m3 CEM II/A-D-6% W=170 kg/m3 (
=0,56) 0.094 kg/m3.

2.15

 CEM II/A-P/B-P/A-Q/B-Q () :

(6)
300 kg/m3 CEM II/B-P 21% W=150 kg/m3 ( =0.5)
0.075 kg/m3.
CEM II/A-V/B-V/A-W/B-W ( ):
(7)
, dA
.
/.
.
, .
, 12.

12

5 .

, (AFM).
13.

2.16

()

()

()
()

()
13

.Courtesy of Prof. Dr. M. Setzer, UGE - IBPM

5 (porosity network),
14.

2.17

 14

.
. , ,
... ,
.
. ,
, , ...

4.

(CO2)

().
15, CO2 1750.
400
390

European Enviromental Agency

380
370

CO2 (ppm)

360
350
340
330
320
310
300
290
280
270
1725 1750 1775 1800 1825 1850 1875 1900 1925 1950 1975 2000 2025

Period of Data

15

CO2. Scripps CO2 Program at the Mauna Loa

Observatory in Hawaii.

15
CO2 , 16. ,
CO2
1970 . 1959 CO2
0,5 ppm/.
2.18

Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations

400
390

European Enviromental Agency

380
370

CO2 (ppm)

360
350
340

1st Time CO2 rate

exceed 0.5ppm/year

330
320
310

1st Industrial Revolution

1760-1840

2nd Industrial Revolution

1870-1914

300
290
280
270
1725 1750 1775 1800 1825 1850 1875 1900 1925 1950 1975 2000 2025

Period of Data

16

CO2 2
.

CO2 ( 206-1 375 ppm)

. 1
CO2 .
1

CO2 .

Country

Population

Height of Measurement from Sea

level (m)

Population
Density
(Inhabitants/
Km2)

Min
CO2
(ppm)

Max
CO2
(ppm)

Mean
CO2
(ppm)

Period

Long Island
Sendai
Krakow
Nottingham
Biel
Athens
Attica
Karachi
Nagoya
London
Vancouver
Phoenix
Cincinnati
New Orleans
St. Louis
Basel
Melbourne
Mexico City
Tokyo
Edinburgh

USA
Japan
Poland
UK
Switzerland
Greece
Greece
Pakistan
Japan
UK
Canada
USA
USA
USA
USA
Switzerland
Australia
Mexico
Japan
UK

7,568,304
1,028,214
760,700
310,837
53,051
666,046
3,090,508
23,500,000
2,171,557
6,679,332
2,093,125
1,445,632
325,000
593,471
575,238
173,808
4,442,919
19,415,324
13,185,502
778,000

3-125
0.5-30
0-20
0-40
0-25
0-25
0-35
5-15
5-22.5
0-2
3.7-4.6
0-29
0-40
0-37
0-29
-

2,086
6,879
743
4,073
2,500
17,043
7,501
6,662
6,923
5,223
18,205
1,080
2,245
1,167
5,158
7,300
430
6,000
6,000
1,828

290
339
346
344
423
405
357
384
351
402
323
320
332
388
376
424
364
384

315
354
376
345
487
458
370
427
445
481
411
377
346
452
400
472
484
452

349
373
350
468
412
377
359
375
-

1966
1981
1994
1985
1994
2013
2013
1990
1993
1994
1993
2000
1963
1963
1964
2002
2007
2005
2002
2000

Rome

Italy

2,915,244

2,256

447

477

2004

City

2.19

 17 CO2
(PD-population density).
PD > 1.000 /km2
. ,
PD < 1.000 /km2 , ..
(2007) (2002) PD < 1.000 /km2.
// ,
.
17 375 ppm (0,0375%
0,375 kg/m3) 206-1,
>1.000 /km2 1990.
, .
2
>1000 /km2 2011.

Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations

500
Mean Clobal
Vancouver PD=18,205
Phoenix PD=1,080
London PD=5,223
Krakow PD= 743
New Orleans PD=1,167
Rome PD=2,256
Melbourne PD=430

480
460

CO2 (ppm)

440
420
400
380

375 ppm

360
340
320
300
1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

2020

Period of Data
17

CO2 1.

2.20

PD> /km2. ..

-





-
-

PD
17.042
6.661
14.740
14.309
8.339
6.142
3.374
16.855
14.260
7.617
6.567
4.176
5.323

664.046
61.308
59.345
33.628
71.026
78.153
26.458
325.182
91.279
101.753
84.741
99.245
52.127

,
PD = 6.71 /km2 ( 1)
.
206-1.
500 ppm
1600 ppm, 18.
XC1 - 45% RH < 65% XC3 - 65% RH < 85%.

18

.
1780ppm.

2.21

5.

:
=

( ) x ( Club Elephant)

XC1, 2, 3, 4 ""
"" ""
.

XC1, XC3
.

,
, Greenpeace
. 2/3
. ....

. "
NASA", " ".

. :
.

.
. .
. Porsche 800 ,
, , .....

.

2 .

2.22

6.

. (2010) , .
R. H. Bogue, Calculation of the compounds in Portland cement, Industrial and Engineering
Chemistry, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 192197, 1929.
V.G. Papadakis, S. Tsimas, Supplementary cementing materials in concrete Part I: efficiency and
design, Cement and Concrete Research 32 (2002) 15251532.
Wierig, H.-J. (1984), Longtime studies on the carbonation of concrete under normal outdoor
exposure, Proceedings of RILEM Seminar on Durability, Hanover.
Hallberg, D. (2005), Quantification of exposure classes in The European Standard EN 206-1,
Proceedings of 10th DBMC International Conference on Durability of Building Materials and
Components, 17-20 April 2005, Lyon.
H.J.H. Brouwers, The work of Powers and Brownyard revisited: Part 1, Cement and Concrete
Research 34 (2004) 16971716
A.V. Saetta, R.V. Vitaliani, Experimental investigation and numerical modeling of carbonation process
in reinforced concrete structures: Part I: Theoretical formulation, Cem. Concr. Res. 34 (4) (2004) 571
579.
A.A. Rahman, F.P. Glasser, Comparative studies of the carbonation of hydrated cements, Adv. Cem.
Res. 2 (6) (1989) 4954.
M. Santamouris, K. Argiroudis, M. Georgiou, K. Pavlou, M. Assimakopoulos, and K. Sfakianaki,
Indoor Air Quality in fifty residences in Athens.
Papadakis, V.G. (2000), Effect of supplementary cementing materials on concrete resistance against
carbonation and chloride ingress, Cement Concrete Res., 30(2), 291-299.
Papadakis, V.G., Fardis, M.N. and Vayenas, C.G. (1991), Fundamental modeling and experimental
investigation of concrete carbonation, ACI Mater. J., 88(4), 363-373.
Richardson, M.G., Fundamentals of Durable Reinforced Concrete, Spon Press, London (2002).
H. F.W. Taylor, Cement Chemistry, Tomas Telford Services, London, UK, 2nd edition, 1998.
S. Kosmatka & W. Panarese (1988): Design and Control of Concrete Mixes, Portland Cement
Association.
M. Mamlouk & J. Zaniewski (1999): Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Addison Wesley
Longman, Inc.
ACI Committee 222, Protection of Metals in Concrete against Corrosion, ACI 222R-01, American
Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Michigan, 2001.
CEN EN 197-1, 2000. European Standard for Cement - Part 1: Composition, Specifications and
Conformity Criteria for Common Cements, Brussels.
Swamy, R.N., Holistic design: Key to sustainability in concrete construction, Structures & Buildings,
146, No.4, pp. 371-379.
Mehta, P.K., Concrete Durability 50 Years of Progress?, American Concrete Institute, Special
Publication SP-126, pp. 1-31.
Saetta, A.V., Schrefler, B.A., and Vitaliani, R.V., The carbonation of concrete and the mechanisms of
moisture, heat and carbon dioxide flow through porous materials, Cement and Concrete Research
Vol.23, pp.761-772, 1993.
2.23

Steve Kosmatka & William Panarese (1988): Design and Control of Concrete Mixes, Portland Cement
Association.
Michael Mamlouk & John Zaniewski (1999): Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Addison
Wesley Longman, Inc.
ACI Committee 222, Protection of Metals in Concrete against Corrosion, ACI 222R-01, American
Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Michigan, 2001.
Canadell, J. G., Qur, C. L., Raupach, M. R., Field, C. B., Buitenhuis, E. T., Ciais, P., Marland, G.
(2007). Contributions to accelerating atmospheric CO growth from economic activity, carbon
intensity, and efficiency of natural sinks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the
United States of America, 104(47), 18866-18870.
Woodwell, G.M., Houghton, R.A., Tempel, N.R., 1973. Atmospheric CO2 at Brookhaven, Long Island,
New York: patterns of variation up to 125 m. Journal of Geophysical Research 78, 932940.
Tanaka, M., Nakazawa, T., Aoki, S., 1983. High quality measurements of the concentrations of
atmospheric carbon dioxide over Japan. Journal of Geophysical Research 88, 13391344.
Kuc, T., 1991. Concentration and carbon isotopic composition of atmospheric CO2 in southern Poland.
Tellus 43B, 373378.
Berry, D., Colls, J.J., 1990a. Atmospheric carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide on an urban/rural
transectI. Continuous measurements at the transect ends. Atmospheric Environment 24A, 2681
2688.
Sigrist, M.W., 1994. Laser photoacoustic spectrometry for trace gas monitoring. Analyst 119, 525531.

2.24


206-1/XC 1504-2

3 5: ....

1.

CO2 206-1 - XC1 + XC3

XC1 -
- 45% RH <6 5%. 1
C20/25 .
34.39 MPa 0.29 MPa.

CEM II 42,5 (kgr)

CEM II 32,5 (kgr)
(kgr)
' O(kgr)

w/(c+p)
(kgr)
' (lt)
(lt)

(lt)
(lt)
(kgr/m)

300
0
0
300
0.538
161
103
161
1.4%
14
721
2389

:
:
:
/ :
.. :
(m3):
:

1"
CEM II 42,5

S4
0.644
090578
0.03
02/06/2009

/ %
(kgr),

m
1
2.586
1.62%
50.00%
932
932
AMMO
2
2.657
1.24%
18.00%
345
345
3
2.663
1.44%
32.00%
615
615
4
5
1.000
193.23 kgr
6
CEM I A-P 42,5
3.100
300.00 kgr
7
CEM IV 32,5
2.900
0.00 kgr
8 1
1.00% ...
3.0 kgr
9 2
0.30% ...
0.9 kgr
10 3
11 4

/ C20/25.
( ) 206-1.

3.1

 CO2
1000 ppm. 1150 ppm ( ).
1,
, 2.
( 50 =1.5).
60
55

RH=55%
RH=45%
RH=65%

Carbonation Depth (mm)

50
45
40

EN 1990
35
30
EN 206-1
25
20
15
10
5

XC1/Dry-CO2=1150ppm

0
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Years

. 50 .

1500 ppm, 3, .
70
65

RH=55%
RH=45%
RH=65%

Carbonation Depth (mm)

60
55
50
45
40

EN 1990

35
30

EN 206-1

25
20
15
10

XC1/Dry-CO2=1500ppm

5
0
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Years

. " ".
" "
.

3.2

 , 2500 ppm ,
4, .

Carbonation Depth (mm)

85
80
75

RH=55%
RH=45%
RH=65%

70
65
60
55
50
45
40

EN 1990

35
30
25

EN 206-1

20
15
10
5

XC1/Dry-CO2=2500ppm

0
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Years

. ........ .

" ".
" " " ".
: ; /.
()
206-1 CO2
375 ppm. , 375ppm
(RH=65%) 5.
50
RH=65%

EN 1990

45

Carbonation Depth (mm)

40
35
30
EN 206-1

25
20
15
10
5

XC1/Dry-CO2=375ppm

0
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Years

. 375ppm .

3.3

 ()
,
. , :
" XC1 ( 45% RH < 65%,
55%), [1,4,9],

. tcr
4, , tpr,
. Parrot [15],
100 m,
0.3 m/yr [4,15], tpr >100 .
4
100 , ."
4
206-1.
375 ppm
( ).
.
. Parrot ""

( 100 ).
Parrot (0 , 1
, 2 3 ), 6.

, .

Parrot, ""
"
=1.5, ".
3.4

 "" Parrot 20 oC. ..

25 oC 2
1. 30 oC 2.
Parrot!!!!, 7.

Parrot
( g/m2 ).

,
freddo cappuccino,
"" . '
engineering solution scientific solution.
,
.
,
XC3- - 65%
RH < 85% 8
C25/30 . 36.2
MPa 0.41 MPa.

3.5

CEM II 42,5 (kgr)

CEM II 32,5 (kgr)
(kgr)
' O(kgr)

w/(c+p)
(kgr)
' (lt)
(lt)

(lt)
(lt)
(kgr/m)

0.475
191
117
191
1.4%
14
678
2305

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

340
0
0
340

AMMO

:
:
:
/ :
.. :

1"
CEM II 42,5

S4
0.568
090578

(m3):
:

0.03
09/11/20012

/ %

(kgr),

m
2.586
1.62%
55.00%
964
964
2.657
1.24%
6.50%
117
117
2.663
1.44%
38.00%
686
686
1.000
3.100
2.900

CEM I A-P 42,5

CEM IV 32,5

1
2
3
4

193.23 kgr
340.00 kgr
0.00 kgr
3.4 kgr
1.0 kgr

1.00% ...
0.30% ...

/ C25/30.
( ) 206-1.

CO2 XC1,
9 10. (
). 3 .
.
65
60

RH=85%
RH=75%
RH=65%

Carbonation Depth (mm)

55
50

EN 1990

45
40

EN 206-1

35
30
25
20
15
10
5

XC3/Wet-CO2=1150ppm

0
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Years

3.6

Carbonation Depth (mm)

95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0

RH=85%
RH=75%
RH=65%

EN 1990
EN 206-1

XC3/Wet-CO2=2500ppm
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Years

10

again.

CO2
. ,
2 1237 ppm
CO2 (45mm 50 ). 65% RH < 85%
Parrot (100 ).
XC3- 65%RH<85%. - XC3
CO2, 11.

Carbonation Depth (mm)

65
60

CO2=1150ppm

55

CO2=375 ppm

50
EN 1990

45
40

EN 206-1

35
30
25
20
15
10
5

XC3/RH=85%

0
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Years

11

CO2
.

- XC3
. ,
206-1
.
3.7

1.1. ...;
, " , //,
",
.
XC1 -
- 45% RH <6 5%.
by the book, ..... 20701-1/2010 12,
Parrot .
50%. , , .
30 oC
5000 m3/h ,
;
.
13, ,, ,
. 4 ,
, , 3 .

.

13

3.8

3.9

 - XC3 - 65% RH < 85%.

,
CO2 , , .
, ,
CO2, .
14 /
. .

14

()

()

()

()

() , ()
, () /
() - ()
) 9 . .
.

3.10

 - XC3 - - 65%
RH < 85% 206-1. H XC1 - - RH 98%
206-1 2 : () CO2
120 ppm ( 50-70
ppm ) ()
CO2 , 15.
0.4

XC1-70 ppm

Carbonation Depth (mm)

RH 98%

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Years

15

2.

, . XC1 - - RH 98%

CO2 206-1 - XC2 + XC4

H XC2
, .
,
.
" XC2 ( - ,
90%RH<98%, : 90%),
XC1 ( ),
[4,15]."
CO2
, 16, 17. 18
20 cm 2012.

3.11

 16

CO2 20 200cm. S.A. Billings, D.D. Richter and J. Yarie,

Soil carbon dioxide fluxes and profile concentrations in two boreal forests Can. J. For. Res. 28:
17731783 (1998).

17 CO2 10 cm Auckland, New Zealand. E.Smid and A. Mazot Soil Gas CO2
Concentrations & CO2 Fluxes in the Auckland Volcanic Field, DEVORA Project, January 2012.

3.12

 18

CO2 ) 20cm ) 80cm, , .

RISCS. -.
1000 ppm=0.1%.

, ,
, , , , , .
19 ,
( ).
,
, , - ( ).
XC4.

3.13

 19

3.14

 XC2
.
, ,
30% 70% RH, 20.

20

XC4. 21
XC2 C25/30
CO2 2000 ppm.
60
55

RH=95%
RH=90%

Carbonation Depth (mm)

50

EN 1990

45
40

EN 206-1

35
30
25
20
15
10
5

CO2=2000ppm

0
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Years

21

90%RH<98% CO2 2000ppm.

3.15

 XC4 75%RH<90%. 206-1 C30/37,

320 kg/m3 / 0.5.
22 .

CEM II 32,5 (kgr)

CEM II 32,5 (kgr)
(kgr)
' O(kgr)
w/(c+p)
(kgr)
' (lt)
(lt)

(lt)
(lt)
(kgr/m)

410
0
0
410
0.480
203
141
203
1.4%
14
642
2317

:
:
:
/ :
.. :

22

1
2
3
4

AMMO

0.03
02/06/2014
kgr/m
kgr/m

/ %

2.586
1.62%
52.90%
2.657
1.24%
6.80%
2.663
1.44%
40.30%

CEM II / B-M (P-L) 32,5 N

CEM IV 32,5

S4
0.532
090578

(m3):
:
. .

. .
0h+5'
0h+30'
0h+45'

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

1"
CEM II 32,5

1.000
3.100
2.900
1.20% ...
0.53% ...

/ C30/37.
( ) 206-1.

23 24 XC4 375 ppm

206-1 500ppm .

3.16

50
EN 1990
45

Carbonation Depth (mm)

40
EN 206-1
35
30
25
20
RH=75%
RH=85%
RH=90%

15
10
5

XC4, CO2=375 ppm

0
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

Years

23

XC4 375 ppm.

55
50
EN 1990

Carbonation Depth (mm)

45
40
EN 206-1
35
30
25
20
RH=75%
RH=85%
RH=90%

15
10
5

XC4, CO2=500 ppm

0
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

Years

24

XC4 500 ppm.

.
to CEM II/B-M 32.5N CEM II/-P 42.5N
410 kg/m3 380 kg/m3 ( C30/37, N/T 0.5), 25.

3.17

55
50
EN 1990

Carbonation Depth (mm)

45
40
EN 206-1
35
30
25
20
15

CEM II/B-M 32.5N

CEM II/-P 42.5N

10
5

XC4, RH=75%, CO2=500 ppm

0
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

Years

25

XC4 500 ppm 2 . forgiving;

3. ....
" ;"
.
25 , ()
25.

25

.... .

2 ; . ;
)

"" CO2 = 500 ppm 200 .

"" 300 ppm . 500 ppm.
3.18

"" 74-76%. "" 60-62%.

37-40 C. "" +42 C, ...

Parrot.

()
XC3. C25/30 , 26.
60
55

,
,

Carbonation Depth (mm)

50

EN 1990

45
40

EN 206-1

35
30
25
20
15
10
5

XC3
0
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

Years

26

35 mm .
. "
, () ()
".

"" q ( 27).
XC3.

27

........ XC2. XA (
).

3.19

To XC3 .
.
(
),
(by the way 15-20 ) ,
206-1 . 206-1 ,
; Second Order
Operational Load.
XC3 C2 -
- 90% RH <9 8%. C2
( ) XC4.
80%, 28.
.
60
55

,
,

Carbonation Depth (mm)

50

EN 1990

45
40
EN 206-1
35
30
25
20
15
10
5

XC3 XC2
0
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

Years
28

XC2 XC3 RH=80%.

100 . 35mm .

, ,
- , ().
, ,
. ,
. ,
.
150 m/year.
3.20


, Benzaldehyde, Benzothiazole, Cyclobutene, Cyclohexanone,
Formamide .

, rocket fuel, NASA
.
Second Order Operational Load High Order Operational
Load "" (Gantemia Load).
. XC4.
, 206-1,
( time of wetness)
28. XC2 = XC4.
. , .
. 3000 ppm CO2
,, , ,
.. 1000 ppm.
645-723 mm 486-565 mm .
60% 40%.
. ;
) XC1 - - 45% RH < 65%.
) XC1 - - RH 98%
) XC2 - - 90% RH < 9 8%
) XC3- - 65% RH < 85%
) XC3- - 65% RH < 85%
) XC4 - - 75% RH < 90%

.
. CO2
.
" "
Ca 2+ .

3.21

4.

1.

2 ,
CO2 . , much ado
about nothing 1600.

2.

CO2.

3.

.
.

3.

. 500 ppm.
.

4.

,
29. .
. . ,
10
.
.... .

30

5.

, /, .

, , ,

3.22

5.

Broomfield, J. P. (2003) Corrosion of Steel in Concrete. Understanding, Investigation and Repair,

Spon Press, London, UK.
Gulikers, J. and Raupach, M. (2006) Preface. Modelling of reinforcement corrosion in concrete,
Materials and Corrosion, Vol. 57, No. 8, pp 603-604.
Parrott, L.J. (1987) A review of carbonation in reinforced concrete Cement and Concrete Association.
Raupach, M. (1996a) Investigations on the influence of oxygen on corrosion of steel in concrete Part
1, Materials and Structures, Vol. 29, pp 174-184.
Peng J and Stewart M (2008). Carbonation-induced Corrosion Damage and Structural Safety for
Concrete Structures under Enhanced Greenhouse Conditions. Research Report, the University of
Newcastle.
V Zivica (2002) Significance and influence of the ambient temperature as a rate factor of steel
reinforcement corrosion, Bull. Mater. Sci.,Vol.25, No.5, pp.375379.
R. Jassal, A. Black, M. Novak, K. Morgenstern, Z. Nesic and D. Gaumont-Guay (2005) Relationship
between soil CO2 concentrations and forest-floor CO2 effluxes, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
130, 176192
Hinkle, M.E., 1994. Environmental conditions affecting concentrations of He, CO2, O2 and N2 in soil
gases. Applied Geochemistry. 9: 5363.
Gunn, J. and Trudgill, T.S., 1982. Carbon dioxide production and concentrations in the soil
atmosphere; a case study from New Zealand volcanic ash soils. Catena Giessen 9: 1-2.
Bowden, R.D., Newkirk, K.M., Rullo, G.M., 1998. Carbon dioxide and methane fluxes by a forest soil
under laboratory-controlled moisture and temperature conditions. Soil Biol. Biochem. 30, 15911597
Fernandez, I.J., Son, Y.W., Kraske, C.R., Rustad, L.E., David, M.B., 1993. Soil carbon-dioxide
characteristics under different forest types and after harvest. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 57, 11151121

3.23

3.24


206-1/XC 1504-2

4 5: 206-1 vs EN 1990
1.

3
,
. 200 mm ,
( 1). 3 CO2
. , Ca2+
.

4.1

 C25/30, 3
. 2.
70
CO2=375ppm, RH=75%
CO2=1000ppm, RH=60%
CO2=2000ppm, RH=60%

Carbonation Depth (mm)

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Years
.

2
:

2000 ppm 1500 3500 ppm;

60% 45 75%;


60% 30 90%;
.
.
CO2 400 ppm 60 ppm ( 3)
50% 15% ( 3).
0.007

0.030

CO2

0.005

0.004

0.003

0.002

0.001

0.000
200

250

300

350

400

CO2 (ppm)

450

500

550

RH

0.006

600

0.025

0.020

0.015

0.010

0.005

0.000
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

RH (%)

4.2

, CO2 .

. CO2
400ppm. 50-75%
, 75-95%

, 4.
50

Carbonation Depth (mm)

40

30

20

10

0
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

Years

. engineering, is better to be 50% right than 50% wrong.

CO2 1000 ppm

150 ppm ( 5) 50% 10%,
( 5). 2 (/
). 6.
0.0025
CO2

Probability Density

0.0020

0.0015

0.0010

0.0005

0.0000
300

400

500

600

700

800

900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700

CO2 (ppm)

. , TV
.
. 5 , ...
, ...

4.3

0.05
RH

Probability Density

0.04

0.03

0.02

0.01

0.00
10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

RH (%)

... 50%. !
!
!
!
!
. ?
.
80

Carbonation Depth (mm)

70
60
50
40
30
20

10
0
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Years
. ' ' .

4.4

 4 6
.
206-1.
. . /
200 m2. /
,
1.

( , ' );

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

CO2 ;

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. ,
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50 . .
/ 200 m2. /
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?" / " 50 ".
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, ,
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". / " ,
100 ...".
:
CO2 ;
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For Schools Program) CO2 7000 1452
2250 ppm. 50 m2 40 (1,5 m2
., , , ) .
3000 ppm. ,
CO2 10000 ppm.
,
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Mrsch, Der Eisenbetonbau 1909".
:
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, 1990:2002.
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(1)

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:
-

: 1992 1999
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(3)

(4)

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CO2.

2.

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() () rain runoff
angle . ()
. Ca2+ .

. 206-1.

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" "
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lego.

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5.

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Ca2+ .

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CO2. C1-XC4 .

7.

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loops
.
"
", .

8.

" "

. .
,...,
.
,
.
control
permeability liners ( 10).

4.9

 10

Control permeability liners. , .

!,
1995,
60%
( 11).

11

3 mm 10 mm
/ = 0,55 !!!. .

" "
1990,
4.10

2.5

(1)

,
. :
-
-
- , , .

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.
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50

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3,8
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(2)

2,9

1,5

, .

,
(
).
.
2 = 1.5
=50 .
Pf 0,0668.

. , , ,
. ,
.
,
.
= 1,5 ,
= 2,5 = 3,8
. , = 3,8
100 mm .
4.11

 ,
- -,
, .

:
() / ,
()
() /.
( 5
) ,
.
. ..
.
/
.
.

Damage Tolerance.

.
.

.
.
( )
, , 30%.
(residual
bond strength) 70% (nominal bond strength).
.
.
" " . ,
.
, ..
6.
( 12),
=50 . 30 mm (
). 30%
60%.

4.12

80

A O

Carbonation Depth (mm)

70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Years
12

, !!!

RH = 50% CO2 = 1000 ppm ( )

46,4 66 .
50 30% .
RH = 80%
CO2 = 1600 ppm ( ) 12,8 19,6 .
50 - 19,6 = 30,4
60,8%
(0-30%). , 50 - 34,9
= 15,1 30 - 60%, ...
,
.
: ) , )
( ) )
(
).
25 mm .
25 mm 18 mm 27 mm; 25 mm ;
.

. 5 15 mm ,
.
, .. > 10mm
100%, 5 10mm ;
4.13

 : () () budget .

9. , , . budget
( 5-10%).
.
10 m, 5 m 0,4 m, 19,6 m3.
30 mm 1,62 m3 ( 40 mm
10 mm ). 60 .
1,62 x 60 = 97,20 .
10
mm. 20 1,8
. 97,2 + 36,0 = 133,2 .
5 mm, 40 2,5
( , , ASTM D 256, ) 97,2 + 100 = 197,2 .
, 97,2 , m3
mm 6,5 / mm 3,65 / m2
30 mm. , 2000 m2
7300 .
,/,/ 7300
. ; //. :
19,6 . 100 !,
//.
H , .
( 12), .
" 30 mm 30 mm ;"

12

.
.

,
!!
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, ,
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120 kg/ 180, . 125487
. 125488, , ,
, ,
,
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7300 .
. , , "
;"
, " , ,
". ,
" overlap;
, ;
... ... ;
30 mm . 20 mm
10 mm 3,65 /m2 30 mm 3,65 /m2
2 0mm". , control permeability liner
/ =0,55 ( 206-1)
, 206-1 400 /=0,5;
30 mm :
97,2 + 100 + 50 (1 /m2 liner)= 247,2 54 m2 . 2.000 m2 ;
= 9.155 .
9.155 19,6 !!!
, 3,25%, :
K 14,986 19,6 !!!
, 250 m3 19,6 100
! 100 , ;
.
SIA SN 505 262/1,
Annexe E (2005)
( 13).
(Torrent air permeability). .

( 14.)

4.15

 " ".
1 14.986 , 2 -,
10.500 , 3 , 3.000 , 4
2.000 5
.

13

14

. !!.

:
)

Ca2+ ,

/ ,
, ,
4.16

500, 1500 5000 ppm CO2,

50% 75% 98% ,

; 206-1
,
. politically correct . politically incorrect
206-1 /
:
2015
/ ,

. ( 20/4), (
), ( 15/4) ( ) ,
, , ,
, .

"" .
= 1,5.

3.

1990

= 1,5 1
. ISO 2394
target reliability index, (target)
D=50 .. D=50 50 .
Parrot
3 . ,
,
"
, ... , "
, ,
.
= 1,5
, XC3.
350 ppm 30
ppm CO2 60% 5%.

(
, , )
26 mm 4 mm, 45mm (35 mm
206-1 + 10mm) .
4.17

 10 C25/30 3
8.5mm 0.48 mm. 2
( ) by the book (
) ,
( 15).
1.0

T=10 years
Cover in mm
Carbonation in mm

Probability Density

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0
5

.
15

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Depth (mm)

=10 .

=10 , D=10 :

cov carb,T=10
=10 .
, 2 :

cov carb,T=10
=10 .
=10 :

16 =30 .

4.18

0.6

T=30 years
Cover in mm
Carbonation in mm

Probability Density

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0
10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Depth (mm)

16

=30 .

=30 :

=40 :

=50 :

, 1990, = 1,23 = 1,5!

:
)

< 50 1990 206-1

=100 .

206-1 =50 - o.k..

,
3, ,
. 26 mm 4
mm 21 mm 4 mm 32
< 1,5. ( ppm).
4.19

 4
, , 206-1
, "" //.
3 :,
)

14.986
,

14.986 19,6

2, 50 mm
forgiving .

, .
, :
9.10.07

95,00 /m3

9.06

6,00 /m2

, EN
934-2
( 206-1)

9.23.02

0,71 /kg

EN 14889-2
( 50 mm)

9.23.05

5,50 /kg

(curing)
( ""
2)

9.25

1,24 /m2

10,00 /m2

C30/37

3,5 x 1,2 x 5,0= 21,0 m3,

2 x (3,5 + 1,2) x 5,0 = 47,0 m2

9.10.07 : 21,0 m3 x 95,00 /m3 =

3

o 9.23.02 (, 6,8 kg/m ): 21,0 x 6,8 x 0,71 =

3

9.23.05 (, 1,5 kg/m ): 21,0 x 1,5 x 5,50 =

2

1.995,00
101,39
173,25

9.06 () 47,0 m x 6,00 /m =

9.25 (curing): 47,0 m2 x 1,24 /m2 =

58,28

: 47,0 m2 x 10,00 /m2 =

470,00

21,0 :

282,00

3.079,72

, .
T ,
. , ...
4.20

... .
.
.
15,000 .
T 206-1 2-5%
, , ""
.
. C30/37 C30/37 ,
"" C20/25 !

4. 4
206-1, !
,
206-1 ,
.
"
, , ( ). ,
""
. ,
, , CO2 footprint, .
, liners.
- 60 ,
, .

.
CO2 RH.
3 , ,
:
)

.
.
206-1.
, , "
".

,
. 206-1 50% !!!

" " .
,
.

4.21

 17.
4 4 XC,
. Android 715-X CO2 RH
. 10 mm
. forgiving
forgiving.
.
1062-6 ( CO2).
206-1, 1990
1504-2.
e-mail.

CEM II/-P 42.5N- 340Kg/m3, N/T=0.5

Cover, T=50 Years
100
95

mm
15

80

mm
20

40
m

m
10m

85

90

5mm 10mm
15mm0mm m
2
m
2530mm mm
35
m
40m
m
m
45 mm mm
50 55
mm
mm
mm
55
5
25
3

m
m
m
40

60

35
m

55

45

15
mm

20
m

25
m

m
30

50

m
55m
m
50m

65
45m

RH (%)

70

75mm
70mm
65mm
60mm

75

40
35

10
mm

30
5mm

25
20
100

1000

CO2 (ppm)
17

smartphones!!. ,
.

4.22

 4
Tepl B., Krlov H., Stewart M.: Ambient Carbon Dioxide, Carbonation and Deterioration of RC
Structures. International Journal of Materials & Structural Reliability, Vol. 1 (2002), p. 3136
Sarja, A. 2002, Integrated Life Cycle Design of Structures, 1st ed. London, Spon Press.
Mitchell, D., Frohnsdorff, G.: Service-Life Modelling and Design of Concrete Structures for
Durability, Concrete International, December 2004.
ISO 2394:2015, General principles on reliability for structures
Potter, RJ, Background to design for durability in AS3600, Pacific Concrete Conference, 8-11
November 1988, p559-567.
Merretz, WE, Design for durability curing of concrete the relationship between AS 3600 and the
BCA, National Precast Concrete Association of Australia, 2002.
Kropp, J. & H.K. Hilsdorf (ed). 1995: Performance criteria for concrete durability.- RILEM report 12,
E & FN Spon.
SIA 262/1: Concrete Structures Supplementary Specifications (in German).- SIA Zrich,
Polder, R. et al. 2000: Test methods for on site measurements of resistivity of concrete. RILEM TC
154-EMC, Materials & Structures, 33, 603-611.
NAHE (2004), Durable concrete structures Part 2: Practical guidelines for durability design and
concrete quality assurance, 1st Ed., Norwegian Association for Harbor Engineers, TEKNA, Oslo. (In
Norwegian)
Sengul, O. and Gjrv, O.E. (2008), Electrical resistivity measurements for quality control during
concrete construction, ACI Mater. J.,105( 6), 541-547.
Alonso C., Andrade C., Rodrguez J. y Dez J.M. : Factors controlling cracking of concrete affected by
reinforcement corrosion. Materials and Structures, Vol. 31 pp 435-441 (1998)
Rodrguez, J., Ortega, L.M., Casal, J.: Load bearing capacity of concrete columns with corroded
reinforcement 4th Simposium on Corrosion of Reinforcement in Concrete Structures, Cambridge,
UK, Edited by C.L Page, P.F Bamfort and J.W. Fig., SCI, The Royal Society Chemistry, (1996)
Pantazopoulou S J, Papoulia K D. Modeling cover cracking due to reinforcement corrosion in RC
structures. Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 2001, 127(4): 342351.
Lundgren K. (2002). Modelling the effect of corrosion on bond in r.c. Magazine of Concrete
Research, Vol. 54, No. 3, pp. 165-173.
DuraCrete. Probabilistic Performance based Durability Design of Concrete Structures, Brite EuRam
III, BE95-1347.

4.23

4.24


206-1/XC 1504-2

5A 5: " "

1.

50 ...

... .

. ;

... ; , ;

, 10 .
, .

5-1.1

50 ...

.
.

40 mm, .

!!

. .

40 mm;

!.

C25/30 206-1.

C25/30;

. C25/30.

, ;

.
.

,
;

,
50 .

50 =1,5 ;

5-1.2

=3.

=3;

, .

, .

.
1

, ,

.

. 50


.

, ,
50 .
.

, ,

.

. .

,
;

,
. .

1504-2
.
5-1.3

.
.

1504-2
206-1 ;

, 1504-2
206-1.

206-1;

. 1504-2
.

,
.

. 2 3
, .
.

2 .

!.

, ;

E SUPER X Coupe.
5-1.4

, ABS, ESP crash test ;

. 12 , 2 ABS, ESP
crash test.

SUPER X Coupe ;

MEDIUM M Coupe 1
1 ABS ?

, , ,
.

SUPER X Coupe;

62.000

, 62.000 ;

!.

305.000.

MEDIUM M Coupe, 22.000 , 100.000

.

() SUPER X Coupe () MEDIUM M Coupe

.
SUPER X Coupe.

2 3
.
5-1.5

. ;

206-1 1504-2
MEDIUM M Coupe SUPER X Coupe.

12 ...

. !.

, , 21 ,
. ,
"" "":
1990 :

" .
1,5"

206-1 :

"
.
1990 ."

1504 :

" ,

"

:
1990 :

" ,
. email info@engineering-mathematics.com "

206-1 :

"
. email info@euros-per-riskratio.com "

1504 :

" .
email info@chemistry-et-al.com ".

2. engineering! ...
- .

,
10.

" "

+70 mm,
, C500/750, liners, , ....

5-1.6

;
; ...!

: : " Champions
League!!"
:

.
.
70 , , ...
; Where is the "catch?

,
, 50
.

.
.

.
, , .

.
. .
, .
.
.
,
70 .
2001, 86. .
, 2005.
. : "
"..
, , ..
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.
, ,
... 70 800.000 !
. 2
. 6 .
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. ( , ,
200 ) 8-9 .
2 . ;

5 15.
/. , , , ,
, .
.
, 1,2 mm.
!!!... 1,2mm.
. : "
, , !!!"

,
, , . .
Parrot, ;

: "
. ,
. "

. ,
Parrot, 1990, 206-1 .
.
70 .
, .
, 1504-2 !!!

: " , Prof ...

Einstein.
. ".

;
. (
ppm CO2)
. 1,2 mm
. 1500 ppm
, 65%.,
200 (/=0.7).
ppm 1000
35%. 4.
1504-2
,
...,
, ... 35% Parrot
. , 5,
1504-2 !

5-1.8

120

(mm)

100

80

60

40

20

0
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

!!!.

5
: " , 1990,
206-1, ...."

, ,
( 6).

()

()

()

: ... 500 1000

... () , ()
() () () .

5-1.9

, , , , ,
;

!!!
, ,

30 .

.
.

( 7)

. .
( ).
, ,
.
1504-2 .

.
, !

( 8).

.

5-1.10

( 9). .
!!!
,
XA 206-1.

9 !

1504-2 .

.
.

. 10
1504-2 .
5-1.11

()

()
10

1504-2.

11

!!

5-1.12

 , 3
, 11.
. 800 ppm CO2 RH=70%.
. 500 ppm CO2 40% .
300 ppm CO2 30% ,
200 ppm CO2 20% .
100 ppm CO2 10% .
C25/30 4 50
0.3 mm!!!
206-1+
1990 35mm, ( >>> 1,5)
.

?
Einstein? "

206-1, 1990
1504-2;

() e-mail
( ) ()
.

, .
:
) 1990,
,
.
C30/37,
C30/37.
)

206-1 , , XC
forgiving
, , forgiving , ..
197-1,
. forgiving

. 2-5%
100%.

1504-2 () ()
, .
Super Cruiser Missiles.

...
5-1.13

3. , 2015, 206-1
.

( ): " ; ;
; ; ;"
( )

: " ."

3 :

: " ; "

: " " ( , , ,
, )

: " , ."

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)

( ) 3 :

: " ;" ( 1990)

: "."

3 :

: " ; "

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: " ;"

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...

3 : " ;" (
. .)

: ""

: " ;"

: " , , ,
."
( 1990, 206-1 1504-2)

, ,
. "
" , .
5-1.14

 . ,
.
()
"" ,
(cut
corners ).
""
"", 8 . ,
, 206-1 -2015 ...
2015:
2.2.5.2

,
20 mm
15 mm,
.
,
XC2, XC3 XC4, XC1, XC2 XC3 .
C1 min 270 kg/m3.
,
.

4 ,
, ppm, , 2015 2
!!
: " 1990 ,
, ;"
: " !!
1990 "
2015 .
, "Effect of composition, environmental factors and
cement-lime mortar coating on concrete carbonation, Materials and Structures, 1992, 25, 293304 .
:
In what follows we will concentrate on this latter case, i.e. on the application of a lime-cement mortar
coating and on its effect on the rate of carbonation. We will consider only lime produced by hydration
of high-calcium quicklime, as that originating from the burning of limestone. Finally, in the following
we will call dry hydrated lime, i.e. Ca(OH)2 without excess water, simply 'lime', and we will denote by I
its weight in the mixture in a water-saturated, surface-dry form.
, CEM I, lime, , CH, C-S-H, :

5-1.15

Provided that its water/cement ratio is relatively low and its lime content high, a lime-cement mortar
coating of the usual thickness (around 20 mm) is found to be an extremely effective means of
postponing or even preventing carbonation-induced corrosion initiation: it postpones the onset of
concrete carbonation by the time required for carbonation to fully penetrate the coating, and it retards
its further penetration into the concrete because atmospheric CO2 has to travel further to reach the
carbonation front.
2
;
,
, :

:
206,
, :

, ( ),
,
XC1-XC4, .. . ,
,
,
CO2. XC3
( W/C: 0.50,
C 300 kg/m3)
XC4. CEM II CEM V
30 mm. ,
,
, .

/=0,50 0,55!
"" ,
!!!
1990
..,
,
20 mm
15mm,
.
( ):
,
XC2, XC3 XC4, XC1, XC2 XC3 .
.

5-1.16

 2015 :
XC1 - (45% RH < 65%)
XC1 - (RH 98%)
XC2 - (90% RH < 98%)
XC3- (65% RH < 85%)
XC3- (65% RH < 85%)
XC4 - (75% RH < 90%)
XC3 XC2 XC3 -
XC2 -
(90% RH < 98%) !!
1500 ppm 150 ppm;
Nature.
, please, , .
2015 ""
"" ,
20 15 mm,
1504-2.
1504-2 ()
, 2010!

4. 51
, .
, .

5 "" 5 5

5-1.17

5-1.18


206-1/XC 1504-2

5B: 1504. ...
1504-2 1990. ;
5B 1504
206-1
.
,
1504: " "

. 5A
( 1).

()

()
1

1504-2, () ()
.

2 : () ppm
() .
5.2.1

,
, XC4 - ,
;

30 cm C30/37,
"" , .

(water content) , Building
Materials Physics,
( !!)
.
"" "" ( 2).
(. 2), .
(. 2).

()

()

5.2.2

()
2

C4 : () , , ()
, - () , .
10 1/5 206-1.

.
.
, ,
.
1,0 mm 1504-2
Sd H2O = 1,0 m ( ).
( 3).
. , 70% 50%
15% ( )
. .

1504-2 Sd
.

H2O=1

5.2.3

 I ( ) SdH2O = 1000 m.
1,0 mm ( 3).
Sd H2O , !!
I "".

1504-2 SdH2O = 1000 m

.

" kg/m3 ;"

. 40%
.
.. 5% 45%.
150 55% 82,5 .
(gas).
,
, , , /,
, .

,
. ,
.

C25/30 C30/37. ;
( 4).

5.2.4

Corrected Carbonation Depth (mm)

100

80

60

40

20
HU- Athens, Greece
HU- Thessaloniki,Greece
0
5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

Age at Measurement (Years)

4

XC4 .

SdH2O = 1,0 m
SdH2O = 2,4 m ( ), 5.

. 5

2 . 2 ""
.

( !!) 2 5
95 " " 65
" ". .
5.2.5

 150 , .. 67,5 82,5

. 82,5
95 .
65 . 30 . 30
;
120 kg/m3.
300 kg/m3 (/T = 0,5 150 kg ),
/T =120/300 = 0,4. / = 0,4 / = 0,5
S4. / = 0,4 S4,
. 1504-2
.
"". .
, ""
. 1504-2;
. .
.
. .

" "
;

.
, , , , 400
ppm , (20-22
), 40-60% ,
(1500 ppm). C30/37 ,
. ( 6).

"" . .

( ) .
20 mm ""

( 6).
5.2.6

: " .
. ... ".
: " C30/37 ".

30 . 30,
30. , ( 6).

: " 5000 2
". : "
".

.
30 mm / ""
, ,
(. 6).

5.2.7

: " , 10 4,5 .
".

"
, ;". 1,0 mm
SdH2O = 1,0 m SdH2O = 2,4 m ( 7).

: " , 10
14,5 . ."

2.
( , ); Club
Elephant (CO2)
, pH
,
, , 10
.

5.2.8

 : "
RH;"
!
, %
.
Sorption Isotherm ( 8).
.
5.0
C25/30

4.5

Moisture Content (%)

4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

RH (%)
8

Sorption Isotherm .

.. 50% "" 50% .

, , ,
.
206-1 :
XC1 - - 45% RH < 65%
... , ... .

XC3- - 65% RH < 85%
RH
; (
!!) RH ,

.

. , , 206-1
.

5.2.9

 ;. ,
:
, .
,
, .
...
, .
SdH2O < 5m .
SdH2O .
5 ; Of course !!
. ppm
.

. .

, ;

,
;

" ;"

.
1504-2
" ,
".

XC1 .

XC1 = C20/25
25 mm XC3=C25/30 35 mm;

...
. XC1 Las Vegas
Nick the Greek. Las Vegas
, ....

5 ;

, , ppm.

, NO, NEIN, , 1,5.

,
, ...

5.2.10

!!

,
!!

. .
20 C20/25, ( 9).


. 23-33
91-99%. . .....
20701-1/2010, ASHRAE 62 , .
( 9).

, , , .
saouseskou . ,
. ...

........ .

91-99% 9.
50 ; ... 9. ;
( 9).

5.2.11

. ...
XD ,
(
,
). ,
... . stray
current, " ", " ".

, C0/0. ""
... .

5.2.12

" ".

( ).
(. 9).

206-1
!!! 206-1
.

C30/37,
( 10).

5.2.13

 10

C30/37 .
...

(
).
:

1504, ...

. 50

;

... , ( 1990
) .

o.k.
. ;

5.2.14

.
,
" , "

!!! ;

. The Fix Were In For: The State of Our

Bridges. .
Fairmount New Jersey

. 10, 20 .

. .

. 3
.

. 30-40%
.
.

,
ppm ;
; .
100 300 800 ppm.

. 1 3,
.
1990 International Federation for Structural Concrete
Fdration internationale du bton ( )
( ):
(1)
:

mm year-1/2

mm.

10 ,
10 mm, :
(2)

1 :
(3)
2

D mm / year.

5.2.15

!!

1 3
ppm .
.

- () Hong Kong () Model Specification

for Protective Coatings for Concrete
1994 ( Hong Kong vs
20-, ),

:
Sc mm
mm
m mm Tm .

coatings ,
( 1 ). "
" .
D
( 11).

11

. :
D 3.2 mm2/year, = 8 mm = 10 .
25 mm (m).
Tm = 50 ;

;
(1), . 12. .
.

5.2.16

`
!

12

25 mm 15 mm;

(
) ( 13).
30

(mm)

25

20

15

10

5
=3.16 mm/sqrt(year)
0
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

13

23 .

;
.

5.2.17

 Sd,CO2 1504-2;
.

( !!), .
CO2 , , ,
CO2 .
;
:

( CO2) ,
= 400 CO2.
:

Sd,H2O;
. .
, CO2 CO2,
Marlboro Lights Marlboro Lights, .
( ).
SO 10456:2007, 14.
. , 15.

5.2.18

 14

ISO.

5.2.19

 15

, .
, . .
SdCO2 R ( interview
). .
perms . perm permeance
.

XC4. To ELOT EN 206-1

320 kg/m3, / = 0,5 C30/37.
35 mm + 10 mm 1990. .

5.2.20


( ) (2 , 2
).
, .
CO2 450 ppm 20 ppm.
50 15,7 mm
max 24,85 mm. , ..
, :
:

- o.k. 100 !
35 mm,
, , ,
28 mm (7 mm ... !!). .
140 7 mm; , !
:

5.2.21

 ( )
SdCO2 71,6 mm x 400 = 28,6 m.
100 , 206-1, 2015.
206-1
>50 !! ;
50 , 1,5 ( 16).

16

..., 2015 T 50
2-7
; ;

1504-2. , , ...
CO2.
1504-2 SdCO2 50 m.
2 mm 4 mm.
, .
, ( )
.... , , .

( 17). 250-300 m2 .
600-800 .

.

5.2.22

 17

. "",
,
. Hopper Gun. ,
, 2 straps
. ,
, freddo, .

2-3 , 15 ,
.
. "
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19 .
( 18).
Made in China.

18

1875.
.
. " " " ".

"" , 17,
, Durability Expert
,
. ,
, 2015, 206-1 .
1504-2 SdCO2 50 m :

5.2.23

 = 400 .
:

e
,
filter .
( ) D = 6,17 mm2/year
.
"" 0,1 mm
( ), , ,
e=100 , :

: 100 , , 5 mm.
please .
>> 1,5 10 mm .
1504-2, SdCO2 = 50 m
100 206-1.
,
206-1, , 55, , .

(mm)

D = 40 mm2/year = 8,94 mm year-1/2 18.

95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0

, ,

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100105

18

... 200 , /T = 0,75

C12/15. 100 9 .

5.2.24

 ;
35 mm .
;
)

C20/25 C30/37.

. 1.5
100 50 206-1 ( ).

( ).

ppm, , , , .

,
; ! ( 19).

19

CE (
35 mm !!!).

--ppm. ppm
100 4,93 mm ; .... 60 ppm.
SdCO2=50 m
. ( ) SdCO2 = 90m SdCO2 =
210m. , , ,
.
( ,
) ,

2015;
2.2.5.2

,
20
mm 15 mm,

.
5.2.25

 ,
XC2,XC3 XC4, XC1, XC2 XC3 .
C1 min 270
kg/m3. ,
.
2.2.5.3

2.2.5.2, (, ,
, , , ..)
2-7.

@@@ , :

' ' ,
:
, .
1504-2 .
. Selection of
Protective Coatings according to ELOT EN 1504-2 Against Concrete Carbonation,
http://e-archimedes.gr/component/k2/item/5888 5
.

5
2015:

"
, , .
email .
Silver Alert."

5.2.26

, 1504-2
1990 206-1
.
CO2, , "" , ,
.
.
206-1 .
1990 .

.
, , , ,
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. 1990
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40 ;". , "
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.
.

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0. ""
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.
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, . ,
Model Code
2010, . ,
. ,
, . driving
force .
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5.2.27

 5, , Building Physics,
Materials Science, Corrosion Science .
, , 21
.
,
,
.
3,5% ""
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70% .
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. .
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15
10
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5.2.28

 .
.

. .

.

, 2015

.. Eduardo de los Rios

2014, , ,


.

5.2.29

www.e-archimedes.gr