Distrubution of Power

PBR VISVODAYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
AND SCIENCE
Course File
IV Year B.Tech (EEE) I Semester
Contents
1. Syllabus
2. Objective
3. Lesson Plan
4. Question Papers Mid-semester examinations
5. Question Bank
6. Previous years question papers JNTUA
DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
Syllabus
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR
B.Tech IV-I Sem. (E.E.E)
(9A02701) DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
UNIT I GENERAL CONCEPTS
Introduction to distribution systems, Load modelling and characteristics. Coincidence factor,
contribution factor loss factor - Relationship between the load factor and loss factor.
Classification of loads (Residential, commercial, Agricultural and Industrial) and their
characteristics.
UNIT II GENERAL ASPECTS OF D.C. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
Classification of Distribution Systems - Comparison of DC vs AC and Under-Ground vs Over Head Distribution Systems- Requirements and Design features of Distribution Systems- Voltage
Drop Calculations (Numerical Problems) in D.C Distributors for the following cases: Radial D.C
Distributor fed one end and at the both the ends (equal/unequal Voltages) and Ring Main
Distributor.
UNIT III A.C. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
Design Considerations of Distribution Feeders: Radial and loop types of primary feeders, voltage
levels, feeder loading; basic design practice of the secondary distribution system. Voltage Drop
Calculations (Numerical Problems) in A.C. Distributors for the following cases: Power Factors
referred to receiving end voltage and with respect to respective load voltages.
UNIT IV SUBSTATIONS
Location of Substations: Rating of distribution substation, service area within primary feeders.
Benefits derived through optimal location of substations. Classification of substations: Air
insulated substations - Indoor & Outdoor substations: Substations layout showing the location
of all the substation equipment. Bus bar arrangements in the Sub-Stations: Simple arrangements
like single bus bar, sectionalized single bus bar, main and transfer bus bar Double breaker One
and half breaker system with relevant diagrams.
UNIT V POWER FACTOR AND VOLTAGE CONTROL
Causes of low p.f -Methods of Improving p.f -Phase advancing and generation of reactive KVAR
using static Capacitors-Most economical p.f. for constant KW load and constant KVA type
loads, Numerical Problems. Dependency of Voltage on Reactive Power flow.- Methods of
Voltage Control: Shunt Capacitors, Series Capacitors, Synchronous Capacitors, Tap changing
and Booster Transformers
UNIT VI SYSTEM ANALYSIS
Voltage drop and power-loss calculations: Derivation for voltage drop and power loss in lines,
manual methods of solution for radial networks, three phase balanced primary lines.
UNIT VII COMPENSATION FOR POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT

Capacitive compensation for power-factor control - effect of shunt capacitors (Fixed and
switched), Power factor correction- Economic justification - Procedure to determine the best
capacitor location.
UNIT VIII PROTECTION AND COORDINATION OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
Objectives of distribution system protection, types of common faults and procedure for fault
calculations. Protective Devices: Principle of operation of Fuses, Circuit Reclosures, line
sectionalizes, and circuit breakers Coordination of Protective Devices: General coordination
procedure.
TEXT BOOK:
1. Electric Power Distribution system, Engineering by Turan Gonen, Mc Graw-hill Book
Company.
2. Electric Power Distribution by A.S. Pabla, Tata Mc Graw-hill Publishing Company, 4th
edition, 1997.
Objective
DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRICAL POWER
Course Objective
The distribution of electrical power course explains about the electrical engineering in
between the substation to the consumer end point. In this the design of substation and design of
electrical feeders in both primary and secondary networks, and the types of loads that the
customers having explained in detail. Similarly how to improve the reactive power with help of
capacitor banks and how to increase the power factor of the system with reduction of losses.
Lesson Plan
PBR VISVODAYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE::KAVALI
DEPARTMENT OF EEE
LESSON PLAN
Academic Year: 2012 2013
CLASS: IV YEAR- I SEM
Faculty Name: A. BHAKTHA VACHALA
S Subject: DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
periods
S.No
Dates
In week
Topic to be covered
No. of
Periods
Periods
Per unit
Requd.
Unit I General Concepts: Introduction to
1
5
Distribution systems
Load modeling and characteristics - load forecasting
Coincidence factor, contribution factor &loss factor
Relation between loss factor and load factor
Classification of loads-residential loads
Commercial loads, agricultural loads
Industrial loads
Unit II: General Aspects of D.C Distribution:

3
5
Classification of distribution systems-Comparison

b between AC and DC Distribution, Under ground
And overhead distribution systems, requirements
And design features of distribution systems
2
1
1
1
Voltage drop calculations in dc distributors for the
Following cases: Radial distributor fed at one end
And at both ends and Ring main Distributor
10
Unit III: A.C. Distribution Systems

Design Considerations of Distribution Feeders:
a Radial and loop types of primary feeders, voltage
5
2
1
levels, feeder loading; basic design practice of the

5
1
secondary distribution system
1
Voltage Drop Calculations in A.C. Distributors for the

following cases: Power Factors referred to receiving end
voltage and with respect to respective load voltages.
2
1
1
Unit IV: Substations
Location of Substations: Rating of distribution
substation, service area within primary feeders.
Benefits derived through optimal location of
Substations
Classification of substations: Air insulated substations Indoor & Outdoor substations: Substations layout
showing the location of all the
8
3
substation equipment. Bus bar arrangements in the SubStations: Simple arrangements like single bus bar
1
1
1
1
9
sectionalized single bus bar, main and transfer bus
5
9
bar Double breaker One and half breaker system
with relevant diagrams

R evision for I Mid Exams
1
2
I MID EXAMINATIONS (03-09-2011 to 05-09-2011)

Unit V: Power Factor And Voltage Control
10
Causes of low p.f -Methods of Improving p.f -Phase

advancing and generation of reactive KVAR using static
Capacitors-Most economical p.f. for constant KW load
and constant KVA type loads, Problems
Dependency of Voltage on Reactive Power flow.5

11
1
1
1
Methods of Voltage Control: Shunt Capacitors,
Series Capacitors, Synchronous Capacitors, Tap
changing and Booster Transformers
Unit VI: System Analysis

12
Voltage drop and power-loss calculations: Derivation

for voltage drop and power loss in lines, manual
methods of solution for radial networks,
1
2
2
13
three phase balanced primary lines.
Problems
Unit VII: Compensation For Power Factor
Improvement: Capacitive compensation for powerfactor control - effect of shunt capacitors (Fixed and
switched),
Power factor correction-
Economic justification
14
Procedure to determine the best capacitor location.

Problems
Unit VIII Protection And Coordination Of Distribution

Systems:
Objectives of distribution system protection,
15
types of common faults and

1
procedure for fault calculations.
2
Protective Devices: Principle of operation of Fuses,
Circuit Reclosures, line sectionalizes, and circuit
1
1
16
breakers Coordination of Protective Devices: General

coordination procedure.
2
1
Problems
11
Discussion on previous Question Papers

17
And Revision
Revision for II Mid Exams
18
Total Available
78
Total Required
74
Signature of the staff-in charge
Signature of the HOD
Question Papers Mid-semester

examinations
PBR VISVODAYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE: KAVALI
IV. B.Tech, I-Sem, I-Mid Examinations, September - 2012
Branch: EEE
SUB: Distribution of Electrical Power
***Answer any three questions

***All questions carry equal marks
Date: 03/09/2012(FN)
Time: 90 Min
Maximum Marks 30
1. (a) Prove that approximate formula for loss factor (FLS) = 0.3FLD + 0.7F2LD, where FLD = load
factor.
(b) The annual average load is 1234 KW and monthly peak load is 3600KW. Find the load
factor and loss factor by using approximate formula.
2. Derive the equations for voltage drop and power loss in a radial feeder with uniformly
distributed load fed at one end.
3. Consider the singe phase radial distributor shown in the following f figure
The magnitude of load currents, p.fs and distances are indicated in the figure. The resistance
and reactance of each wire are 0.1 ohm and 0.2ohms per km respectively. It is required to
maintain voltage at point B as 230L0 Volts, find
(a) voltage drop in the three sections
(b) total voltage drop in the feeder
(c) supply voltage, current and power factor
(d) KVA output of supply,
The p.f. angles of individual loads are w.r.t. voltage at point B.
4. (a) Explain the methodology to fix the rating of a distribution substation.
(b) Explain about benefits derived through optimal location of substation

5. (a) Explain the following terms
i. maximum demand
ii. coincident demand and
iii. non - coincident demand.
(b) Compare the four and six feeders patterns.

IV. B.Tech, I-Sem, I-Mid Examinations, September - 2012
Branch: EEE
1. Demand factor is the ratio of

a) maximum demand to connected load
c) average demand to maximum demand
Date: 03/09/2012(FN)
Time: 20 Min
[
]
b) connected load to maximum demand
d) maximum demand to average demand
2. The coincidence factor for lighting loads in domestic loads about..

a) 0.7
b) 0.8
c) 0.9
d) 1
3. Heavy industrial have demand factor of ..

a) 0.7
b) 0.8
c) 0.9
d) 1
4. A feeder supplying 1 MW load to an area has peak load losses of 65 KW and supplies
2.704 million units is a year. The load factor is..
[
]
a) 0.4
b) 0.5
c) 0.6
d) 0.7
5. Cross section of the conductor is obtained, on the basis of volt drop for..
a) feeders
b) distributors
c) service main
[
]
d) none of the above
6. The voltage most commonly used for the primary distribution is

a)11 KV
b) 440 V
c) 13.2 KV
d) 33KV
7. Which of the following power distribution system gives the better reliability [
a) radial system
b) ring-main system c) either (a) or (b)
d) all of above
8. A uniformly-loaded distributor fed at one end only has power loss X watts,
if the distributor is now fed both ends.
a) X2
b) X/4
c) X/2
d) X/3
9. Standard 3 phase 4 wire L.T distribution in India is

A) 400V, 3-phase
B) 11KV,3-phase
c) 230 V 1-phase
10. The conductors are designed based on its .
d) none
a) voltage drop
b) current carrying capacity c) power rating d) losses
11. Single phase AC distribution with midpoint ground is used for..

[
]
a) rural low voltage systems b) urban areas c) metro high voltage d) rural high voltage
12. In solving AC networks and distributors, the resistances have to be replaced by [
a) reactance
b) admittance
c) susceptance
d) impedance
13. The device used under the no-load condition in the substation
[
a) relay
b) circuit breaker
c) isolator
d) any one of them
14. In constant impedance loads the power is proportional to the square of

[
a) current
b) voltage
c) resistance
d) power factor
15. According to the type of service, the distribution systems are

Ans:
16. Give the function of lightning arresters.

Ans:
17. Why auto transformers are used in the high rating substations?
Ans:
18.Define the function of substation and its purpose?

Ans:
19. What is meant by distribution substations?

Ans:
20. Define voltage square law?

Ans:

IV. B.Tech, I-Sem, II-Mid Examinations, November - 2012
Branch: EEE
***Answer any three questions

***All questions carry equal marks
Date: 01/11/2012(FN)
Time: 90 Min
Maximum Marks 30
1. Voltage control and power factor correction why these are necessary in power systems?
What are the disadvantages of low voltage and low power factor of the system?
2. Derive the equation for load power factor for which the voltage drop is maximum in terms
of the parameters of the feeder.
3. (a) Explain the practical procedure to determine the best capacitor location.
(b)A single phase motor connected to a 240V, 50HZ supply takes 20A at a p.f. of 0.75 (1ag).
A capacitor is shunted across the motor terminals to improve the p.f. to 0.9(1ag). determine
the capacitance of the capacitor used.
4. (a) Explain fuse-fuse co-ordination.
(b) Explain fuse-circuit breaker co-ordination.
5. (a) Explain different types of faults that occur in distribution system and their probability.
Explain the procedure for calculation of fault current in L-L fault.
(b) Consider the three-phase four wire 416V secondary system with balanced per-phase loads
at A, B, and C shown in the figure. Determine the following:
a) Calculate the total Voltage drop,
b) Calculate the real power per phase for each load
c) Calculate the reactive power per phase for each load
d) Calculate the total (3-) KVA output and load power of the distribution T/F.

IV. B.Tech, I-Sem, II-Mid Examinations, November - 2012
Branch: EEE
Date: 01/11/2012(FN)
Time: 20 Min
1. The most economical power factor of a consumer is generally..

a) 0.8
b) 0.9
c) 1
d) 0.7
2. An over-excited synchronous motor on no load is known as

a) Synchronous condenser b) capacitor
c) inductor
[
d) generator
3. Permissible voltage variation is..

a)
6%
b) 7%
c)
4%
d)
[
5%
4. The purposes of using the booster transformer is for.the voltage

[
a) boosting
b) bucking
c) bucking &boosting d) reducing
5. Changing a 1- lateral to an equivalent 3- lateral the per unit voltage drop

and power losses are approximately..
a) halved
b) 3/4th
c) 6/3th
d) 1
6. According to Morrison, the return current in the neutral wire is..

a) In = 2 1 Ia
b) In = 31 Ia
c) In =4 1 Ia
[
d) In = 1 Ia
7. When full capacity and reduced capacity neutrals are used, the valves of KR
[
a) 3, >3
b) 3, <3
c) 3,3
d) 3, -3
8. The point of minimum potential for a uniform distributor, fed at one end is at [
a) the sending end
b) the far end
c) middle of the line d) (a) & (c)
9. The phase advancers are used to improve the power factor of .
a) dc motors
b) synchronous motor
c) induction motors
d) special motors
10. Industrial heating furnaces such as arc and induction furnaces operate on..
[
a) very low lagging p.f
b) very high lagging p.f
c) unity p.f
d) leading p.f
11. The main reason for low power factor of supply system is due to the use of [
a) resistive loads
b) capacitive loads
12. kVAr is equal to

a) KW sin
b) KW cos
c) inductive load
d) none
[
c) KW tan
d) kilo watts
13. An over current device with a circuit-opening feasible member directly heated and
destroyed by the passage of over current through it
[
a) circuit breaker
b) fuse
c) line sectionalizer d) recloser
14. Power fuses are employed above the voltage.

a) 34.5 KV
b) 33.6 KV
c) 32.5 KV
[
d) 30.5 KV
15. What is the probabilities of 2L-G and 3- faults are. and.

[
]
a) 15% and 5%
b) 10% and 5%
c) 15% and 15%
d) 10% and 15%
16. An automatic interrupting devices which are capable of breaking and reclosing
a circuit under all conditions
[
]
a) automatic circuit breaker
b) fuse
c) recloser
d) line sectionalizer
17. When is the shunt inductor compensation is required?
Ans:
18. What is the range of typical values of resistances of ground electrodes in 3-,4-wire system.
Ans:
19. Does the system operate at unity power factor? If yes, justify?
Ans:
20. The maximum fault current is calculations are based on what assumptions?
Ans:
Question Bank
DEPARTMANT OF EEE
SUB: Distribution of Electric Power
ASSIGNMENT-1
STAFF: A. BHAKTHAVATSALA
DATE: 15/07/2012
1. Examine the present trend for the future distribution system planning.
2. (a) Explain the following terms
i. maximum demand
ii. coincident demand and
iii. non - coincident demand.
(b) Explain following factors
i. Contribution factor
ii. load diversity
iii. loss factor
3. (a) Prove that approximate formula for loss factor (FLS) = 0.3FLD + 0.7F2LD, where FLD = load
factor.
(b) The annual average load is 1234 KW and monthly peak load is 3600KW. Find the load
factor and loss factor by using approximate formula.
4. (a) Explain the characteristics of residential, industrial and commercial loads.

(b) A distribution substation supplies the following loads: 15,000KW, 8,500 KW, 6000KW and
450 KW. The station has a maximum demand of 22,000KW. The annual load factor of
the station is 48%. Calculate:
(i) The energy supplied annually
(ii) The diversity factor and
(iii)Demand factor.
5. (a) Explain load modeling and their characteristics.
(b)The annual peak load of a substation is 5000KW and the total annual energy supplied
to the feeder is 15105 KWh. The peak demand occurs is demand due to A-C load then find
i) Annual average power demand.
ii) Annual load factor.
iii) Annual loss factor using approximate formula.
Objective Questions:
1. Demand factor is the ratio of ..maximum demand to connected load
2. Load duration curve is between. Load and time over which it occurs
3. The coincidence factor for lighting loads in domestic loads about..0.9
4. Load growth followslaw.power law or compound interest law
5. Load diversity is the difference between.. and,,,
Ans: sum of the peak demands of the individual loads and coincident maximum demand
6. Small industrial motors work at power factor of .0.4 to 0.75
7. The laod in an area has load factor has 0.6, loss factor may be.0.432
8. Heavy industrial have demand factor of ..0.9
9.Domestic loads have power factor of .0.6 to 0.7
10. A feeder supplying 1 MW load to an area has peak load losses of 65 KW and
supplies 2.704 million units is a year. The load factor is..0.4

DEPARTMANT OF EEE
ASSIGNMENT-II
DATE: 30/07/2012
1. Explain the different types of distribution feeders. Also, state the advantages
and disadvantages of different feeders.
2. Derive the equations for voltage drop and power loss in a radial feeder with uniformly
distributed load fed at one end.
3. Explain classification of distribution systems.
4. A two wire 400 m long distributor is loaded as follows:
Meters from feeding point :
100
200
275 325
400
Load in Amps :
25
10
30
50
20
-8
If the resistivity of the conductor is 1.5 X 10 -m, what must be the cross-section of each
Conductor, in order that the voltage drop may not exceed 10v.
5. Explain about the Ring main or Loop distributor.
1.Cross section of the conductor is obtained, on the basis of volt drop for..Distributors
2. Conductors which carry bulk loads from a generating station or a substation are called
Ans: feeders
3. The number of circuits through which, a consumer is fed in a ring-main system is
Ans: 2
4. the total voltage drop is equal to that produced by the whole of the load assumed concentrated at
the midpoint, in DC two wire distributor..Fed at one end with uniform load
5.Thevenins theorem is used to solve..either dc or ac networks
6. The voltage most commonly used for the primary distribution is11 KV
7. A line which connects consumer to the distributor is.service main
8. which of the following power distribution system gives the better reliability
Ans: Ring-main system
9. A line which connects the distributor to the substation is called..feeder
10. A uniformly-loaded distributor fed at one end only has power loss X watts, if the distributor is
now fed both ends.X/4

DEPARTMANT OF EEE
ASSIGNMENT-III
DATE: 15/08/2012
1. Draw the one line diagram of radial type primary feeder and mention the factors that
Influences the selection of primary feeder.
2. Consider the singe phase radial distributor shown in the following f igure
The magnitude of load currents, p.fs and distances are indicated in the figure. The resistance
and reactance of each wire are 0.1 ohm and 0.2ohms per km respectively. It is required to
maintain voltage at point B as 2306 00Volts, find
(a) voltage drop in the three sections
(b) total voltage drop in the feeder
(c) supply voltage, current and power factor
(d) KVA output of supply,
The p.f. angles of individual loads are w.r.t. voltage at point B.
3.(a) Explain various factors that influences the number of conductors and size of conductor of
Primary feeder.
(b) Distinguish between a feeder, distributor and service mains in a secondary distribution
system.
4. Explain single line diagram of a simple radial secondary distribution and explain design
practice of this system.
5. Explain about voltage drop calculation in A.C. distributor with respect to load voltages.
1. If the distribution line voltage is changed from 22 KV to 33KV, the power transmitted can be
Ans: Four Times
2. Single phase AC distribution with midpoint ground is used for..Rural low voltage systems
3.Standard 3 phase 4 wire L.T distribution in India is400V, 3-phase
4. %VD for underground cables estimated.Same as over head lines
5. A distribution transformer usually is a..delta-delta transformer
6. which of the following distribution systems is the simplest and has lowest installation cost
Ans: Radial system
7. In solving AC networks and distributors, the resistances have to be replaced byImpedance
8. In a distributor fed at both ends with concentrated loads, the point of minimum potential
Always occurs at a..point .mid point
9. An interconnected system provides..greater security of service

10. The conductors are designed based on its .current carrying capacity
DEPARTMANT OF EEE
ASSIGNMENT-IV
DATE: 30/08/2012
1. (a) What are the various factors that are to be considered in selecting substation location?
(b) Compare the four and six feeders patterns.
2. Give the classification of different types of substations. State the advantages and
disadvantages of each substation.
3. How do you analyse a substation service area with `n' primary feeders.
4. Give the classification of different types of substations. State the advantages and disadvantages
of each substation.
5. (a) Explain the methodology to fix the rating of a distribution substation.
(b) Explain about benefits derived through optimal location of substation
Objective questions:
1. Define substation.
2. What is meant by transmission substation?
3. what is meant by sub transmission substation
4. What is meant by distribution substation?
5. what is meant by switching substation?
6. What is the function of an isolator?
7. What is the difference between circuit breaker and isolator?
8. what is the need of lighting arresters?
9. what is the need of instrument transformer?
s10. why auto transformer is used in the high rating substations?
DEPARTMANT OF EEE

ASSIGNMENT-V
DATE: 15/09/2012
Descriptive questions
1. Write short notes on any two methods of voltage control?
2. Voltage control and power factor correction why these are necessary in power systems?
What are the disadvantages of low voltage and low power factor of the system?
3. Derive the equation for most economical power factor for a constant KVA type loads.
4. Explain various methods of power factor control?
5. (a) Write about the importance of power factor correction.
(b) Explain how d series capacitor boosts the voltage with the help of a phasor diagram.
What are the drawbacks of this method?
Objective questions
1. The major reason for low lagging power factor of supply system is due to the use
of.motors (Induction motors)
2. The most economical power factor of a consumer is generally..(Unity)
3. An over-excited synchronous motor on no load is known asSynchronous condenser)
4. A disadvantage of synchronous condenser..
(continues losses in motor, high maintenance cost, noisy)
5. Low voltage reduces the from incandescent lamps (light output)
6. Permissible voltage variation is..(+ or - 5%)
7. The excitation-control method is only suitable for.lines (short)
8. An over excited synchronous machine operated as generator or motor generates(KVAr)
9. Disadvantages of shunt capacitors are..
(fall of voltage, reduction in VArs, reduction in effectiveness)
10. The purposes of using the booster transformer is for.the voltage (bucking and boosting)
DEPARTMANT OF EEE
ASSIGNMENT-VI
DATE: 30/09/2012
1. (a) Write short notes on three phase balanced primary lines.
(b) What are the different types of manual methods used for the solution of radial networks?
Explain them.
2. Obtain an approximate voltage drop and power loss expression for primary feeder.
3. Derive the equation for load power factor for which the voltage drop is maximum in terms
of the parameters of the feeder.
4. Consider the three-phase four wire 416V secondary system with balanced per-phase loads at
A, B, and C shown in the figure. Determine the following: a) Calculate the total Voltage Drop,
b) Calculate the real power per phase for each load c) Calculate the reactive power per phase for
each load d) Calculate the total (three-phase) kilovoltampere output and load power of the
Distribution Transformer.
5. An unbalanced 3- star connected load is connected to a balanced 3- 4-wire system. The

load impedances are ZR, ZY and ZB are 6030o , 80-45o and 5035o per phase
respectively. and the line voltage has an effective value of 13.8kv. Use line to neutral of
phase R as the reference, determine the line and neutral currents and total active and
reactive losses.
1. In a 1-, 2-wire lateral with ungrounded neutral, the current in the 1- lateral is larger
than one in the equivalent 3- lateral (1.73)
2. The voltage drop in the 1- ungrounded neutral is approximatelytimes larger than the
One in the equivalent 3- lateral (3.46)
3. Changing a 1- lateral to an equivalent 3- lateral the per unit voltage drop and power losses
Are approximately..(Halved)
4. The voltage drop in the 1- , 2-wire uni-grounded lateral with full capacity neutral is...times
larger than the one in the equivalent 3- , 4-wire balanced lateral (6 times)
5. The power loss due to load currents in the conductors of the 1- , 2-wire uni-grounded lateral
with full capacity neutral is...times larger than the one in the equivalent 3- , 4-wire
balanced lateral (6 times)
6. According to Morrison, the return current in the neutral wire is.In = 1 Ia
7. When full capacity neutral is used KR = 3, when a reduced capacity neutral is used KR > 3.
8. The most commonly used system due to its economic and operating advantages(3-,4-wire)
9. The point of minimum potential for a uniform distributor, fed at one end is at(the far end)
10. Floating neutral in a 3- supply is considered undesirable as it causes..
(unequal line voltages across the load)

DEPARTMANT OF EEE
ASSIGNMENT-VII
DATE: 15/10/2012
1. (a) Compare and explain the role of shunt and series capacitors in P.F. correction.
(b) A 400V, 50 cycles three phase line delivers 207KW at 0.8p.f. (lag). It is desired to
bring the line p.f. to unity by installing shunt capacitors. Calculate the capacitance
if they are
i. star connected
ii. delta connected.
2. A 3-phase transformer rated 7000KVA and has a over load capability of 125% of the rating. If
the connected load is 1150KVA with a 0.8 pf (lag), determine the following :
(a) The KVAR rating of shunt capacitor bank required to decrease the KVA load of the
transformer to its capability level,
(b) the p.f. of the corrected level,
(c) the KVAR rating of the shunt capacitor bank required to correct the load p.f.to unity.
3. (a) Compare shunt and series capacitor schemes of compensation.
(b) A synchronous motor having a power consumption of 40KW is connected with a load of
150KW, a lagging p.f. of 0.8. If the combined loads has a power factor of 0.9. What is the
leading reactive KVA supplied by the motor and at what p.f. is it working?
4. (a) Explain the practical procedure to determine the best capacitor location.
(b)A single phase motor connected to a 240V, 50HZ supply takes 20A at a p.f. of 0.75 (1ag).
A capacitor is shunted across the motor terminals to improve the p.f. to 0.9(1ag). Determine
the capacitance of the capacitor used.
1.The smaller the lagging reactive power drawn by a circuit, its power factor will be(better)
2.kVAr is equal to(KW tan)
3. Synchronous capacitors are normally .cooled (air)
4. The power factor improvement equipment is always placed .
(near the apparatus responsible for low power factor)
5. The phase advancers are used to improve the power factor of . (induction motors)
6. A machine designed to operate at full load is physically heavier and is costlier if the operating
power factor is..(lagging)
7. Industrial heating furnaces such as arc and induction furnaces operate on..(very low lagging p.f)
8. To improve the power factor of three-phase circuits, the size of each capacitor when connected in delta
With respect to when connected in star is. ( 1/3rd)
9. The maximum value of power factor can be.. (unity)
10. The main reason for low power factor of supply system is due to the use of..(inductive
load)

DEPARTMANT OF EEE
ASSIGNMENT-VIII
DATE: 30/10/2012
1. (a) What are the main objectives of distribution protection? Discuss.
(b) The per unit values of positive, negative and zero sequence reactances of a network at fault
are 0.08, 0.07 and 0.05 respectively. Determine the fault current if the fault is double line
to ground.
2. (a) Explain the operation of lines sectionalizer with a neat circuit diagram.
(b) Explain the operation of a circuit breaker with a neat sketch
3. (a) Explain fuse-fuse co-ordination.
(b) Explain fuse-circuit breaker co-ordination.
4. Discuss the procedure for fault current calculation in the following faults:
(a) 3-phase fault
(b) Single line ground fault
(c) Double line ground fault
(d) Line-Line fault.
5. Explain general coordination procedure and discuss different types of coordination of protective.
6. (a) Explain the construction and principle of operation of fuses used in distribution system.
(b) Explain Recloser - Recloser condition.
7. (a) Explain the principle of operation of circuit breaker.
(b) Explain different types of faults that occur in distribution system and their probability.
Explain the procedure for calculation of fault current in L-L fault.
1. An over current device with a circuit-opening feasible member directly heated and destroyed
By the passage of over current through it(fuse)
2. Fuses designed to be used above 600V are categorized as.(distribution cutouts)
3. The speed ratio of fuses is defined... (melting current at 0.1sec / melting current at 300 or 600 sec)
4. Power fuses are employed above the voltage.(34.5 KV)
5. An over current protective device that automatically trips and recloses for a preset number of times
to clear temporary faults or isolate permanent faults..(Automatic Circuit Reclosers)
6. What is the probabilities of 2L-G and 3- faults are. and. (10% and 5%)
7. An automatic interrupting devices which are capable of breaking and reclosing a circuit under
All conditions.(automatic circuit breaker)
8. An over current protective device installed only with backup circuit breakers or reclosers.
(automatic line sectionalizers)
9. Define the process coordination of protective devices.
10.Give the primary objectives of the distribution of system protection
Previous years question papers JNTUA

1
(a) A 50 MW hydro generator delivers 320 million KWh during the year. Calculate the
plant load factor.
(b) Explain the load characteristics of distribution system.
(a) Distinguish between primary and secondary distribution systems with suitable
examples.
(b) A 2-wire DC distributor AB, 600m long as loaded as under: Distance from (mts):
150 300 350 450 loads (Amps): 100 200 250 300. The feeding point A is maintained
at 440V and that of B at 430V. If each conductor has a resistance of 0.01 per 100 m,
calculate i. The currents supplied from A to B.
ii. The power dispatched in the distributor.
(a) Classify different types of primary feeders and give their merits and demerits.
(b) Derive the condition of load factor for which the voltage drop is maximum.
(a) What are the factors to be considered for selecting location of substations?
(b) Explain the single bus bar system with sectionalization and what are its merits and
demerits.
(a) Explain the effect of shunt compensation on distribution system.

(b) A 3-phase substation transformer has a name plate rating of 7250KVA and a thermal
capability of 120 of the name plate rating. If the connected load is 8816KVA with a
0.85pf lagging p.f., determine the following:
(i)
The KVAR rating of the shunt capacitor bank required to decrease the
KVA load of the transformer to its capability level.
(ii)
The power factor of the corrected level.
Show that power loss due to load currents of the two phase, 3 wire lateral with full
capacity neutral is exactly equal to 2.25 times larger than the one in which equivalent
three phase lateral is used. Also prove that VD pu, 2 =2.1xVDpu, 3 for the above
system.
(a) Why the improvement of power factor is very important for both consumers and
generating stations? List the various causes of low power factor and explain.
(b) A single-phase motor takes a current of 10 amps at a p.f. of 0.707 lagging from a
230V, 50 Hz supply. What value must a shunting capacitor have to raise the p.f. to
unity.
(a) Explain the salient points in general co-ordination procedure.

(b) Explain fuse-fuse coordination.
*
*
*
*
*
Discuss about different load modeling and their characteristics.
(a) Discuss briefly the requirements of a distribution system.

(b) A 2-wire DC ring distributor is 300 m long and is fed at 240 V at point A. At point B,
150 m from A, a load of 120 A is taken and at C, 100 m in the opposite direction, a
load of 80 A is taken if the resistance per 100 m of single conductor is 0.03, find
i.
Current in each section of distributor
ii.
Voltage at points B and C.
(a) Explain radial type primary feeder with neat diagram.

(b) Assume that feeder has a length of 2 miles and that the new feeder uniform loading
has increased to 3 times the old feeder loading. Determine the new maximum length
of the feeder with the same percent voltage drop if the new feeder voltage level is
increased 34.5 KV from the previous voltage level of 12.47 KV.
(a) Explain the main and transfer bus bar system with circuit diagram.
(b) What is the difference between single bus bar with and without sectionalization
arrangement?
(a) Write short notes on any two methods of voltage control.

(b) Voltage control and p.f correction are necessary in power systems. Explain. What are
the disadvantages of low voltage and low p.f of the system?
A single phase line (ABC) of length 2 Km having resistance and reactance (go and
return) as 0.06 and 0.1 ohms/Km. A is the feeding point, B is the mid-point of the line
taking a load of 100A at 0.9 p.f leads and C is the far end taking a load of 12 A at
UPF. The voltage at the C is 230V. Find the voltage at the sending end and the
phase angle difference between the voltages of two ends. If
(a) Power factors of the loads are with reference to far end voltage.
(b) Power factors of the loads are with reference to the voltages at the load
points.
(a) How is economical p.f arrived at for a given distribution system with different loads?
(b) A 440 V, 50 cycles three phase line delivers 250 KW at 0.7 p.f (lag). It is desire to
bring the line p.f to unity by installing shunt capacitors. Calculate the
capacitance if they are: i. star connected
ii. delta connected.
(a) What are the objectives of distribution system protection?

(b) What are the advantages and disadvantages of fuses?
*****
(a) Give the classification of loads and draw their characteristics.

(b) A load of 100 kW is connected at the riverside substation. The 15 min weekly
maximum demand is given by 75 kW and the weekly energy consumption is 4200
kWh. Find the demand factor, the 15 min weekly load factor of the substation and its
associate loss factor.
(a) Write short notes on various systems of D.C distribution.

(b) Distinguish between a feeder, distributor and service main in a distribution scheme.
(a) Classify different types of primary feeders and give their merits and demerits.
(b) Explain basic design practice of secondary distribution system and also discuss
about secondary banking.
What are the different types of bus-bar arrangements used in sub-station? Illustrate
your answer with suitable diagrams?
(a) Define:
i.
Voltage regulation
ii. Voltage drop
iii.
Nominal voltage
iv. Rated voltage
v.
Utilization voltage
vi. Maximum voltage
vii.
Minimum voltage
(b) Describe different types of equipment for voltage control with neat diagrams.
Derive the equation for voltage drop of square shaped service area of substation
where the service area is provided with balanced load and lumped at different
locations of laterals.
A 3-phase transformer rated 7000 KVA and has a over load capability of 125 of the
rating. If the connected load is 11150KVA with a 0.8 pf(lag), determine the following:
(a) The KVAR rating of shunt capacitor bank required to decrease the KVA load
of the transformer to its capability level.
(b) The p.f. of the corrected level.
(c) The KVAR rating of the shunt capacitor bank required to correct the load p.f to
unity.
(a) Explain fuse-circuit breaker coordination.

(b) Explain recloser-circuit breaker coordination.
*****
(a) Define coincidence factor and contribution factor.

(b) Obtain the relation between the load factor and loss factor.
(a) Discuss the relative merits and demerits of underground and over head systems.
(b) An 800m distributor fed from both ends A and B is loaded uniformly at the rate of 1.2
A/m run, the resistance of each conductor being 0.05 per/km. Determine the
minimum voltage and the point where it occurs if feeding points A and B are
maintained at 255 V and 250 V respectively. Find also the current supplied from
feeding point A and B.
Derive the total area served by four feeders is 0.667 times the total area served by
six feeders if they are thermally loaded.
(a) Explain the classification of substations according to design.

(b) What are the advantages and disadvantages of outdoor substation as compared to
indoor substation?
(a) How is economical p.f arrived at for a given distribution system with different loads?
(b) Discuss the effect of series capacitors on voltage control.
(a) What are the different types of manual methods used for the solution of radial
networks? Explain in detail.
(b) Derive the equation for load p.f for which the voltage drop is maximum.
(a) Explain the disadvantages of low power factor.

(b) A single-phase motor connected to a 240V, 50 Hz supply takes 20 A at p.f. of 0.75
lag. A capacitor is shunted across the motor terminals to improve the p.f to 0.9 lag.
Determine the capacitance of the capacitor to be used.
(a) What is coordination? What is a protective device?

(b) Explain general coordination procedure.
*
*
*
*
*
*****
Digital Signal Processors
Syllabus
UNIT-I:INTRODUCTION
Introduction to digital signal processing: discrete time signals and sequences, linear shift invariant
systems, stability and causality, linear Constant coefficient difference equations. Frequency domain
representation of discrete time signals and systems.
UNIT-II:DISCRETE FOURIER SERIES

Properties of discrete Fourier series, DFS representation of periodic sequences Discrete Fourier
transforms: properties of DFT, Linear convolution of sequences using DFT, computation of DFT.Relation
between Z-Transform and DFS.
UNIT-III
FAST FOURIER TRANSFORMS
Fast Fourier transforms (FFT)-Radix2 decimation in time and decimation in frequency FFT algorithms
problems inverse FFT and FFT for composite N.
UNIT-IV:REALIZATION OF DIGITAL FILTERS
*****
Review of Z-transforms, applications of Z-Transforms, solution of difference equations of digital filters,

block diagram representation of linear constant-coefficient difference equations basic structures of IIR
systems, transposed forms, basic structures of FIR systems, system function.
UNIT-V:IIR DIGITAL FILTERS

Analog filter approximations-Butterworth and chebyshev, design of IIR digital filters from analog filters,
design examples analog-digital transformations, Illustrative Problems.
UNIT-VI :FIR DIGITAL FILTERS

Characteristics of FIR digital filters, frequency response. Design of FIR digital filters using window
techniques
frequency sampling technique,comparison of IIR and FIR filters, , Illustrative Problems.
UNIT-VII
MULTIRATE DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING FUNDAMENTALS:
Basic sample rate alteration devices Multirate Structures for sampling rate Converters, Multistage
design of decimator and Interpolator,Polyphase Decomposition, Nyquist filters.
UNIT-VIII
APPLICATIONS OF DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING
Spectral analysis of nonstationary Signals, Musical Sound processing, signal Compression,
Transmultiplexers, Discrete Multitone Transmission of digital data.
*****
Objective
The Importance of Digital Signal Processors (DSPs)
A signal is a piece of information in binary or digital form. Digital Signal Processing techniques improve
signal quality or extract important information by removing unwanted parts of the signal.
The introduction of general purpose microprocessors in the late 1970's and early 1980's made it possible
for DSP techniques to be used in a much wider range of applications. The microprocessors such as the
Intel x86 family were not suitable for the numerically-intensive requirements of digital signal processing,
and the increasing importance of DSP led major electronic manufacturers to develop DSP chips, the
design of which met all the requirements of digital signal processing.
DSP is a programmable chip and is capable of carrying out millions of floating point operations per
second. Typical DSP application fields are audio signal processing, video signal processing, image
processing and telecommunications devices. DSP is the basis of many technologies including mobile
phones, personal computers, video recorders, CD players, hard disc drive controllers and modems.
The application of digital signal processors in cellular phones is very significant. Signal compression, an
important application of DSPs, is used in cellular phones to permit a larger number of calls to be handled
simultaneously within each local "cell". The signal compression technology helps to communicate to one
*****
another by seeing them while talking. This facility is available with the help of a computer monitor, small
video camera and a conventional telephone line linking them together. DSPs can be used in applications
that require a high computational speed. Such applications include computer video boards and
specialized co-processor boards designed for intensive scientific computation.
Digital signal processors [http://www.fx-music.co.uk] account for a substantial proportion of the world
market for electronic devices. And therefore, the leading electronics manufacturers have invested
heavily in DSP technology.
Lesson Plan
PBR VISVODAYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, KAVALI
LESSON PLAN
YEAR: 2012 2013
BRANCH: EEE
Name of the Faculty:
S.No.
Dates
Ms.M.Surekha
No. of
periods
CLASS: IV.Tech./Isem
Subject:Digital Signal Processing
Topic to be covered
In week
No. of
Total
Periods
Periods
required
Per unit
UNIT-I:INTRODUCTION
Introduction to digital signal processing:

discrete time signals and sequences, linear
shift invariant systems
2
2
1
*****
stability and causality, linear

2
Constant coefficient difference equations.
2
1
Frequency domain representation of

discrete time signals and systems.
UNIT-II:DISCRETE FOURIER
SERIES
12
Properties of discrete Fourier series, DFS

representation of periodic sequences
1
1
09
Discrete Fourier transforms: properties of

DFT, Linear convolution of sequences
using DFT,
2
2
computation of DFT.Relation between ZTransform and DFS.

2
UNIT-III
FAST FOURIER TRANSFORMS
5
5
Fast Fourier transforms (FFT)-Radix2
decimation in time and
2
6
decimation in frequency FFT algorithms

problems
*****
09
inverse FFT and FFT for
composite N.
UNIT-IV:REALIZATION OF DIGITAL
FILTERS
4
7
Review of Z-transforms, applications of

Z-Transforms,
solution of
difference equations of digital filters,
block diagram representation of
8
10
1
linear constant-coefficient difference
equations
3
2
3.9.12 To 5.9.12
basic structures of IIR systems, transposed

forms, basic structures of FIR systems,
system function.
UNIT-V:IIR DIGITAL FILTERS
I-MID
10
1
Analog filter approximations-Butterworth

and chebyshev,
2
design of IIR
11
digital filters from analog filters, design

examples
2
1
12
analog-digital
*****
transformations, Illustrative Problems.
08
UNIT-VI :FIR DIGITAL FILTERS

Characteristics of FIR digital filters,
frequency response. Design of FIR
2
digital filters using window techniques
frequency sampling technique,
comparison of IIR and FIR filters, ,

Illustrative Problems.
UNIT-VII
13
06
5
MULTIRATE DIGITAL SIGNAL
PROCESSING FUNDAMENTALS:
Basic sample rate alteration devices
1
Multirate Structures for sampling
14
rate Converters, Multistage design of

decimator and Interpolator,
Polyphase Decomposition, Nyquist filters.

2
15
4
UNIT-VIII
APPLICATIONS OF DIGITAL
*****
07
SIGNAL PROCESSING
Spectral analysis of nonstationary
Signals, Musical Sound processing,
2
07
signal Compression, Transmultiplexers,

Discrete Multitone
16
2
Transmission of digital data.
17
3
II MID Revision
Total
72
72
Signature of Faculty
Signature of HOD
*****
72

examinations
PBR
Visvoday
a
Institute
of
Technolo
*****
gy and
Science
Class: IV/IV B.Tech. I-Sem.
PROCESSING
Max Marks: 10
NAME:
Branch: EEE
I MID (Objective)
Time: 20 MIN
Subject: DIGITAL SIGNAL
Date: 03/09/2012(AN)
ROLL NO:
Answer all Questions

1)
The system do not need memory for its operation is called

[
a) static system
b)dynamic system
c) stable system d) unstable system
2) LTI is called
]
a) Linear transfer invariance
b) Linear time invariance
c) Linear transfer impulse
d) Linear time system
3) The signal x(n) is even is x(-n)=______
]
a) x(-n)
b) x(n)
c) -x(n)
d) x(-n)
4) The signal x(n) is called energy signal if its
]
a) energy is finite and power is infinite
c) power is finite and energy is infinite
b) energy is finite and power is zero

d) energy is finite
5) The system is causal
a) depends on future value b) past and present inputs

c) past inputs
6) FFT means ____________
d) present and past inputs
a) Fast Fourier Transform b) Fast Fast Transform c) Fourier Transform d) Fourier series
*****
7) What is the value of W164
a) 0.707-j0.707
b) -j
c) +j
d) 0.707+j0.707
8) Number of complex additions required for calculating X(K)

a) N2-N
c) N2
b) N-1
[ ]
d) N
9) WN2 = _______
a) WNK
[
c) WN1
b) WN/2
d) -WNK
10) Number of complex multiplications in 8-bit FFT are

a) 8
b) 4
c) 6
[]
d) 12
11) DFS of x(n) _____________

a) 2f
b)X[K]
c) x(n)
d) X[K-K0]
12) Find period of x(n) =cos (n/3)

(a) 3
(b)
8 (c)
(d) n
13) WN is called ___________

(a) Fourier transform (b) Fourier series (c) twiddle factor (d) IDFT
14) If the signal x(n) is periodic

a) x(n+N)
b) x(n+N/2)
c) x(n) d) x(n+2)
15) WNK = ___________________

a)WN
b)WNK
c)WNK+N/2
d) WN/2
16) ROC means _____________________________________________________
17) In Z-transform pair Z is called

(a) Imaginary
(b) complex variable (c) Real variable (d) Real & Imaginary
*****
18) Unilateral Z-transform is
(a) n = 0 to (b) n= 0 to N-1 (c) n = -1 to -N (d) n = - to
19) The value of W83 = ________________________________
20)Zero padding means __________________________________________________
PBR VISVODAYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLGY AND SCIENCE :: KAVALI

(Approved by A.I.C.T.ENew Delhi, Affiliated to J.N.T. University, Anantapur)
Janata peta, Kavali, S.P.S.R Nellore
(Dist), A. P
Subject Name: DSP Ist MID -Descriptive test
Answer any three questions. Each one carries 10 marks.
Year & Branch:IV B.Tech -I Sem EEE
10X3=30
1. Check the following systems described with difference equations for linearity,shift invariance,
memory and causality.
a)y(n) = n x(n)
b) y(n) = x(n)+x(n-1)+x(n-2)
2. Find the DFT of the sample data sequence x(n) = 1,1,2,2,3,3 and determine the corresponding
amplitude and phase spectrum
3. (a) What are Twiddle factors? Explain

*****
(b)Find DET of a sequence using DIT-FFT

x(n) = 1/2,1/2,1/2,1/2,0,0,0,0
4. Find inverse Z-transform of the following Z-transform using partial fraction expantion
(a) X(Z) =
b) X(Z) =
)(
5. For a given periodic sequence, find Fourier series coefficients and corresponding magnitude and
phase of coefficients
Xp(n) = 1 ; for n = 0 to 4
0; otherwise

(Dist), A. P
10X3=30
1. Check the following systems described with difference equations for linearity,shift invariance,
memory and causality.
a)y(n) = n x(n)
b) y(n) = x(n)+x(n-1)=x(n-2)
*****

x(n) = 1/2,1/2,1/2,1/2,0,0,0,0
(a) X(Z) =
b) X(Z) =
)(
Xp(n) = 1 ; for n = 0 to 4
0; otherwise
PBR Visvodaya Institute of Technology and Science

DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING
Max Marks: 10
Branch: EEE
Time: 20 MIN
NAME:
II MID (Objective)
Subject:
Date: 01/10/2012(AN)
ROLL NO:
1. The phenomena of high frequency components acquiring the identity of low frequency components is
called ________________
[
]
a)anti-aliasing
b) aliasing
c)sampling
d) decimation
2.In chebyshev approximation, the normalized magnitude response has value of _________at the
cutoff frequency
[
]
*****
b)1/1+ 2
a)1/1+2
c)c/p
d)p/c
3.The two propertics which are preserved in analog &digital transformation are__________ and
__________
[
]
a) stability, causality b) stability ,linearity c) linearity ,causality d) linearity, static
4..At the cut-off frequency the magnitude of the butterworth filter is _______times the maximum value
[
]
a)1/2
b)13
c) log102
d) 2(0.0707)
5. In ___________Window spectrum the width of mainlobe is triple the of rectangular window for same
value of N
[
]
a)Kaiser
b)Triangular
c)Blackman
d)Hanning
6.In ____________window spectrum the sidelobe magnitude is variable
8. The linear phase FIR filter designed by chebyshev approximation technique is called [
a)Hamming
b)Blackman
c)Kaiser d) Hanning
7. In FIR filters with constant phase delay in the impulse response is_____________
a)antisymmetric b) magnitude c) symmetric d) phase
a)attenuation b)optimum equiriple design
c)passband attenuation d)none
9. Bandpass signal is converted into lowpass signal with the help of ____________
a)multiplication
b)subtraction
c)mixing
b)Interpolation
c)Decimation
d)division
10.Reducing the sampling rate by a factor D is _________________

a)Alteration
d)spectrum
11.Subband coding means speech signal is divided into several frequency bands.These frequency band
_______________each other
[
]
a)overlap
b)do not overlap
c)half
d)divide
12.Maximum frequency is changed from FX/2 to FX/2D.This is called _____________ [

*****
a)aliasing
b)sampling
c)quantization
d)modulation
13.Interpolation of two sub band makes their sampling rates _________________

a)grater
b)less
c) equal
b)pitch period
d)double
14.Normally the length of the segment should be equal to

a)vocal tract
c)long period d)short period
15.The DFT of the signal is valid if frequency ,amplitude and phase of each sinusoidal component is time
invariant and independent of length of signal such signals are called ________ [
]
a)speech signal b)statinary signal c)nonstatinary siganl d)video signal
16.A shorter Window is used to get _______________spectrogram
a)narrow-band
b)passband
c)wideband
d)stopband
17.STFT means ________________________________

18.The speech signal is generated by excitation of __________________
a)short period b)long period
c)vocal tract d)pitch period
19.The distortion in frequency axis due to nonlinear relationship between analog and digital frequency is
called_________________
[
]
a) frequency warping
c) attenuation in passband
b)attenuation in stopband
d) uppercutoff frequency
20. 4.In linear phase filters when impulse response in antisymmetric and N is even, the magnitude
function is________________
[
]
a)symmetric b) antisymmetric
c) traction d)phase
*****

(Dist), A. P
Subject Name: DSP IInd MID -Descriptive test
10X3=30
1. Give the specifications p=8dB,s=16dB,fp=1KHZ and fs=2KHZ .Find the H(s) using chebyshev
approximation
2. (a) Explain the FIR filter design using windowing technique

(b)Compare FIR and IIR filters
3. Efficient implementation of Decimation,Interpolator
4. (a)What is trans multiplexer? What is its use?

(b) Discuss the few applications digital signal processing
5. Design highpass filter using Bartlett window with a cut-off frequency of 1.2 rad/sec and N=7
Consider
Hd(ejw) = e-jw for Wc<=W<=
0
else where
also find H(ejw)
*****

(Dist), A. P
10X3=30
1. Give the specifications p=8dB,s=16dB,fp=1KHZ and fs=2KHZ .Find the H(s) using chebyshev
approximation

3. Efficient implementation of Decimation,Interpolator

Consider
*****
else where
also find H(ejw)
*****
Question Bank
VISVODATA TECHNICAL ACADIMIY
Dept : EEE
Year : IV
Questions and bits from first four units
*****
Unit-I
1. The signal x(n) is called energy signal if its
b ]
(a) energy is finite and power is infinite
(b) energy is finite and power is zero
(c) power is finite and energy is infinite
(d) energy is finite
2. The signal x(n) is called power signal if its
[ c ]
(a) energy is finite and power is infinite
(b) energy is finite and power is zero
(c) power is finite and energy is infinite
(d) power is zero
3. The system is causal

(a) Depends on future values
[ b ]
(b) past and present inputs
(c) past inputs (d) present and future inputs
4. The system do not need memory for its operation is called
[ a ]
(a) static system (b) dynamic system (c) stable system (d) unstable system
5. The system is dynamic of its output depends on ______________ [ d ]

(a) Past and present values (b) present value (c) Future value (d) past value
6. LTI is called
(a) Linear transfer invariance
[ b ]
(b) Linear time invariance
*****
(c) Linear transfer impulse
(d) Linear time system
7. Linear time invariance system satisfies
[ c ]
(a) Linearity invariance (b) Linearity system only

(c ) Linearity and time invariance (d) Invariance system
8. Digital signal is called
[ b ]
(a) Amplitude is discrete (b) both amplitude and time is discrete

(c) ) time is discrete
(d) ) phase is discrete
9. A system is non causal if the depends on

(a) past value
[ b ]
(b) future value (c) present value (d) out put value
10. The signal x(n) is even x(-n)=

(a) x(-n)
(b) x(n)
(c) x(n)
[ b ]
(d) x(-n)
*****
Unit-II
1 .The discrete time periodic signals are represented by
[ a ]
(a) discrete Fourier series (b) discrete Fourier transform

(c) Laplace transform (d) Z- transform
2. The discrete time non periodic signals are represented by
[ b ]
(a) discrete Fourier series (b) discrete Fourier transform

(c) Laplace transform (d) Z- transform
3. DFS of x(n)
[ b ]
(a) 2f (b) X[K] (c) e (d) X[K-Ko]
4. find period of x(n) =cos (n/3)

(a) 3
(b)
8 (c)
[ c ]
(d) n
5. WN is called ___________
[ c ]
(a) Fourier transform (b) Fourier series (c) twiddle factor (d) IDFT
*****
6. W83=________________
(a)
1/2 - j1/2
(b)
[ a ]
j
(c)
(d)
7. IDFT is
[ b ]
(a) discrete Fourier transform

(c) indirect DFT
(b) ) inverse discrete Fourier transform

(d) standard signal
8. If the signal x(n) is periodic

(a) x(n+N)
[ a ]
(b) x(n+N/2) (c) x(n) (d) x(n+2)
9. Zero padding means
[ b ]
(a) appending Zeros at the left of sequence (b) appending Zeros at the right of sequence
(c) middle of sequence (d) append one zero at the center
10. WNK+N/2 is equal to

(a) -WNK
[ a ]
(b) WNK
(c) WN/2K
(d) WN/2
*****
Unit-III
1. FFT means
[ a ]
(a) Fast Fourier Trans form (b) Fast Fast transform

(c) Fourier transform
(d) Fourier series
2. Number of complex multiplications required for calculating X(K)

(a) (N-1) (b) NxNxN
(c) N2
[ c ]
(d) (N-1)N
3. Number of complex additions required for calculating X(K)

*****
[ a ]
(a) N2-N (b)
(c) N2
(N-1)
(d) N
4. WNK+N = ____________
(a ) WNK
(b)
[ a ]
- WNK
(c) ) WNK+1
(d) ) WN/2K
5. WN2 = _____________
(a) WNK
(b) ) WN/2
[ b ]
(c) WN1 (d) - WNK
6. Number of complex multiplications in 8-point FFT are

(a) 8
(b) 4
(c) 6
(d) 12
7. Number of complex additions in 8-point FFT are

(a) 8
(b) 24
[ d ]
(c) 6
[ b ]
(d) 12
8. What is the value of W164

(a) 0.707-j0.707 (b) -j (c) +j
[ b ]
(d) 0.707+j0.707
9. DIT means
[ b ]
( a ) Discrete in time (b) Decimation in time

(c) Decimation transform (d) Transform of time
10. DIF means
[ a ]
*****
( a ) Decimation in frequency (b) Decimation in time

(c) Decimation transform (d) Transform of frequency
Unit-IV
1. ROC means_______________
(a) Region of convergence
(c) Relation oriented converge
[ a
(b) Relation of convergence
(d) Region oriented converge
2. Z-transform pair Z is called

(a) Imaginary
[ b ]
(b) complex variable (c) Real variable (d) Real & Imaginary
*****
3. What is the Z-transform of u (n)

(a)
Z/Z-a
(b) 1/Z-1 (c) Z/Z-1
[ c ]
(d) Z-1
4. Scaling property in Z-domain an x(n) is

(a) X[Z/a] (b) X[a/Z]
[ a ]
(c) a X[Z] (d) a.1/z-1
5. BIBO means
[ b ]
(a) boundary and boundary output (b) boundary input and boundary output
(c) un boundary output (d) boundary input
6. LTI system is BIBO stable if and only if the ROC of the system function includes__________
[ c ]
(a) Outer the circle (b) inner the circle (c) unit circle (d) origin
7. IIR means
[ b ]
(a) i/p impulse response (b) infinite impulse response

(c) impulse impulse response (d) impulse ratio
8. FIR means
[ b ]
(a) frequency impulse response (b) finite impulse response (c) impulse ratio
(d)infinite impulse ratio
9. Z-transform is an
[ b ]
*****
(a) finite power series (b)infinite power series

(c) 2N power series
(d) (N-1) power series
10. Unilateral Z-transform is
[ a ]
(a) n = 0 to (b) n= 0 to N-1 (c) n = -1 to -N (d) n = - to
UNIT I
1. Check the following systems described with difference equations for linearity,
shift invariance ,memory and causality.
a)Y(n) = n x(n)
b) y(n) = x(n)+x(n-1)=x(n-2)
2. Describe all the characteristics of the system in detail
3 (a).Explain the concept of Digital signal processing

*****
(b)Advantages of Digital signal processing
4. Check whether the systems described by the following equations are causal
(a) y(n) = 3x(n-2)+3x(n+2)
(c) y(n) = x(-n)
(b) y(n) = x(n-1)+x(n-2)
(d) y(n) = 3y2 (n-1)-nx(n)+4x(n-1)-2x(n+1)
UNIT II
1. Determine the DFT of sequence x(n) = 1,1,0,0 and check the validity of answer by calculating IDFT
Xp(n) = 1 ; for n = 0 to 4
0; otherwise
3.State and prove following properties of DFS

(a) Linearity (b) periodic convolution (c) shift of sequence
*****
UNIT III
1.Discuss in detail the concept of decimation in time FFT.Also sketch the necessary flow graph for N=8
2. Given the sequences x(n) and h(n) below, compute the circular convolution using DIT-FFTalgorithm
x(n) = 1,1,1,1
h(n)=1,0,1,0

x(n) = 1/2,1/2,1/2,1/2,0,0,0,0
4. Draw the flow graph for 16-point radix-2 decimation in frequency FFT algorithm and explain it briefly
UNIT IV
1.Determine Z-transform ,ROC and Pole Zero locations of
(a)
an u(n)
(b)
an(-n-1)
*****
(a) X(Z)=(
b) X(Z)= (
)(
3. Realize FIR filter with system function in cascade form

H(Z)=1+(5/2)Z-1+2Z-2+2Z-3
4. Determine Z-transform of the following finite duration signals .Also find out ROC
(a) X1(n)=1,2,5,7,0,1
(b)X2=1,2,5,7,0,1
VISVODATA TECHNICAL ACADIMIY

Dept : EEE
Year : IV/I
SUB:DSP
Questions and bits from V,VI,VII,VIII unit
UNIT-V
1.The two popular techniques used to approximate the ideal frequency response are__________ and
_______________
[ b ]
a)FIR &IIR
b)butterworth&chebyshev
c)linear & non linear
d)none
2.The two propertics which are preserved in analog &digital transformation are__________ and
__________
[ a ]
*****
a) stability, causality b) stability ,linearity c) linearity ,causality d) linearity, static
3.The tolerance in the passband and stopband are called_____________

a) attenation
b)amplification
c) ripples
[ c ]
d)phase distortion
4.In impulse invariant (or bilinear) mapping the poles on the imaginary axis in S-plane are mapped into
the ___________Z-plane
[ a ]
a)unit circle
b)inside circle
c)out circle
d)half of plane
5.The phenomena of high frequency components acquiring the identity of low frequency components is
called ________________
[ b ]
a)anti-aliasing
b) aliasing
c)sampling
d) decimation
6.At the cut-off frequency the magnitude of the butterworth filter is _______times the maximum value
[ a ]
a)1/2
b)13
c) log102
d) 2(0.0707)
7.The type -2 magnitude response is also called ______________response

a)butterworth
b) chebyshev
c)ripple
[ c ]
d) none
8. The type -2 chebyshev approximation the magnitude response is monotonic in the _______ and equi
ripple in the _________
[ c ]
a)stopband,passband
c)uppercut off frequency
b)passband,stopband
d)lower cuttoff frequency
*****
9.In chebyshev approximation, the normalized magnitude response has value of _________at the
cutoff frequency
[ a ]
b)1/1+ 2
a)1/1+2
c)c/p
d)p/c
10.The distortion in frequency axis due to nonlinear relationship between analog and digital frequency is
called_________________
[ a ]
a) frequency warping
attenuation in passband
b)attenuation in stopband
d) uppercutoff frequency
c)
UNIT-VI
1.Thefilter designed by using finite number of samples of impulse response are called___________
[ a ]
a)FIR filter
b) IIR filter
c)lowpass
d) minimum samples
2.In FIR filters with constant phase delay in the impulse response is_____________
[ c ]
a)antisymmetric b) magnitude c) symmetric d) phase
3.The oscillations developed due to traction of impulse response is called _________ [ b ]

a)sustained oscillation b) Gibbs oscillation c)oscillation d) none
4.In linear phase filters when impulse response in antisymmetric and N is even, the magnitude function
is________________
[ a ]
a)symmetric b) antisymmetric
c) traction d)phase
*****
5.The linear phase FIR filter designed by chebyshev approximation technique is called____ [b ]
a)attenuation b)optimum equiriple design
c)passband attenuation d)none
6.In Rectangular window the width of mainlobe is equal to ________________

a)2/N
b)/N
c)4/NXN
d)4/N
7.In ____________window spectrum the sidelobe magnitude is variable

a)Hamming
b)Blackman
[ b ]
[ c ]
c)Kaiser d) Hanning
8.In window spectrum the higher sidelobe attenuation is achieved at the expense of increased mainlobe
width
[ b ]
a)Hanning b)Blackman
c)Kaiser
d)Hamming
9.The width of mainlobe in window spectrum can be reduced by increasing the length of _______
[ b ]
a)phase distortion
b)Window sequence
c)phase sequence
d)amplitude sequence
10. In ___________Window spectrum the width of mainlobe is triple the of rectangular window for
same value of N
[ c ]
a)Kaiser
b)Triangular
c)Blackman
d)Hanning
*****
UNIT-VIII
1.Reducing the sampling rate by a factor D is _________________

a)Alteration
b)Interpolation
c)Decimation
[ c ]
d)spectrum
2.Maximum frequency is changed from FX/2 to FX/2D.This is called _____________

a)aliasing
b)sampling
c)quantization
[ a ]
d)modulation
3.operation of interpolation and decimation can be implemented by __________connection [ b]

a)parallel
b)cascade
c)series
d) linear
4.Bandpass signal is converted into lowpass signal with the help of ____________
a)multiplication
b)subtraction
c)mixing
d)division
5.Inserts I-1 Zeros between the successive sample of the signal is called ____________
*****
[ c ]
[ a ]
a)up sampling
b)down sampling
c)aliasing
d)filtering
6.No.of storage elements (delay elements) are reduced in _______________filter

a)Nyquist
b)poly phase
c)low pass
[ b ]
d)High pass
7.Subband coding means speech signal is divided into several frequency bands.These frequency band
_______________each other
[ b ]
a)overlap
b)do not overlap
c)half
d)divide
8.The signal is sampled at very high rate than required is called ________________
a)up sampling
b)down sampling
c)over sampling
d)sampling
9.Interpolation of two sub band makes their sampling rates _________________

a)grater
b)less
c) equal
[ c ]
[ c ]
d)double
10.QMF means ____________________________________________

a)Quadrature Mirror Filter
b) Quadrature Message Filter
c) Quarter Mirror Filter
d) Quarter Mirror Filter
*****
[ a ]
UNIT-VIII
1.The DFT of the signal is valid if frequency ,amplitude and phase of each sinusoidal component is time
invariant and independent of length of signal such signals are called __________ [ d ]
a)speech signal b)statinary signal c)nonstatinary siganl d)video signal
2.signals for which frequency, amplitude, phase may be time varying such signals are called__________
[ d ]
a)speech signals
b)stationary signal c)non-statinary signal d)Video signals
3.STFT means ________________________________

a)short term Fourier transform
c) short time Fourier transform
[a ]
b)statinary Fourier transform
d) stationary time Fourier transform
4.Short term Fourier transform is ______________________

a)time dependent b) time independent
c)time varying d) frequency dependent
*****
[ a ]
5.The speech signal is generated by excitation of __________________

a)short period b)long period
c)vocal tract d)pitch period
6.Normally the length of the segment should be equal to

a)vocal tract
b)pitch period
[ b ]
c)long period d)short period
7.Fundamental frequency is decided by

a) pitch period
b) long period
[ a ]
c) short period
d) vocal tract
8.A shorter Window is used to get _______________spectrogram

a)narrow-band
b)passband
[ c ]
c)wideband
[ c ]
d)stopband
9.PSNR means __________________________
[ b ]
a)peak signal to noise ratio
b) pulse signal to noise ratio
c) position signal to noise ratio
d) phase signal to noise ratio
10.TDM means ________________________
[ b ]
a)time difference multiplexing
b) time division multiplexing
c)time dependent multiplexing
d) time independent multiplexing
*****
UNIT V
1.Design an analog Butterworth filter that has a -2dB passband attenuation at a frequency of 20rad/sec
and at least -10dB stopband attenuation at 30rad/sec (assume c=21.3868 rad/sec)
2.Design a chebyshev filter with a maximum passband attenuation of 2.5dB at p=20 rad/sec and
stopband attenuation of 30dB at s=50rad/sec
3.Give the specifications p=3dB,s=16dB,fp=1KHZ and fs=2KHZ .Find the H(s) using chebyshev
approximation
4.Determine the system function H(Z) of the lowest order chebyshev and Butterworth digital filter with
the following specifications
a)3dB ripple in passband 0<=w<=0.2
b)25dB attenuation in stopband 0.45<=w<=
*****
UNIT VI
1.Design an highpass filter using Hamming window with the desired frequency response
Hd(ejw) = 1 for /4<=W<=
0
else where
Find h(n) for N=11

3. (a) Discuss about characteristics of linear phase FIR filters

(b) What are the effects of windowing?
Consider
0
also find H(ejw)
*****
else where
UNIT VII
1.With neat block diagram ,explain subband coding
2. Over sampling A/D and D/A conversion
3.Explain polyphase decomposition (implementation) of the filter
4.Efficient implementation of Decimation,Interpolator
UNIT VIII
1. (a) How window length is selected in STFT?

(b) Discuss about spectral analysis of sinusoidal signal?
*****
2. How reverberation ,echo and chorous effect are added to the music?
3. With the help of block diagram explain signal compression and de-compression

(a) Discuss the applications of digital signal processing.
(b) Sketch following signal and find its energy or power whichever is appropriate
x(n) = u(n) - u(n-5).
(a) Distinguish between DTFT and DFT.
(b) State and prove following properties of DFS:
(i) Shift of a sequence.
(ii) Duality.
Discuss in detail the concept of decimation in frequency FFT. Also sketch the necessary
flow graph for N=8.
Find inverse z-transform of following z-transforms using partial fraction expansion:

(i) X(z) = 1/(1 1.5z-1+ 0.5z-2).
(ii) X(z) = 1/(1+z-1)( 1-z-1)2.
IV B. Tech I Semester (R09) Regular
Examinations,
November
Discuss the approximation
of IIR filter
design 2012
using derivatives.
DIGITAL
SIGNAL
Consider the following specifications
for a band pass filter:
j
PROCESSIN
Hd(e ) 0.01
0 0.2
G
(Electrical &
0.92 Hd(ej) 1.02
0.3 0.7
Electronics
Engineering)
Hd(ej) 0.02 Time: 3 hours
0.8
Max. Marks: 70
Design a linear phase FIR filterAnswer
to meet these specifications using Bartlett window.
any
Explain the concepts of decimation
FIVE and interpolation with the help of waveform
illustrations.
question
s
With the help of block diagram explain
All about natural sounding reverberator scheme.
questions
5
6
*****
carry equal
marks
*
*
*
*
*
*****
IV B. Tech I Semester (R09) Regular Examinations, November 2012

(Electrical & Electronics Engineering)
Time: 3 hours
Max. Marks: 70
Answer any FIVE questions
All questions carry equal marks
*****
Describe all the characteristics of systems in detail.
(a) Explain how DFT is obtained from DTFT.

(b) State and prove following properties of DFS:
(i) Linearity.
(ii) Periodic convolution.
(a) What are the twiddle factors? Explain.

(b) Find DFT of sequence using DIT-FFT: x (n) = {1/2, 1/2, 1/2, 1/2, 0, 0, 0, 0}.
State and prove following properties of z-transform:

(i) Time reversal.
(ii) Time convolution.
(iii) Differentiation in z-domain.
(a) Discuss the mapping s domain to z domain using backward difference method.
(b) Convert following analog filter transfer function into digital filter transfer function using
backward difference method H(s) = 1/(s2 + 0.9).
(a) Discuss about characteristics linear phase FIR filters.

(b) What are the effects of windowing?
Implement a two stage decimator for the following specifications. Sampling rate of the
input signal = 21,000 Hz:
M=100
Pass band = 0 to 40 Hz
Transition band = 40 to 50 Hz
Pass band ripple = 0.01
Stop band ripple = 0.002
Discuss about following time domain operations pertaining to musical sound processing:
(i) Flanging.
(ii) Chorus generation.
(iii) Phasing.
*****
IV B. Tech I Semester (R09) Regular Examinations, November 2012

Time: 3 hours
Max. Marks: 70
*****
Find the impulse response of the causal system:

y(n) 3y(n-1) + 2 y(n-2) = x(n) + 3 x(n-1) + 2 x(n-2).
(a) Show that DFS of periodic sequence xp(n) is periodic with same period.
(b) State and prove duality property of DFS.
(a) Discuss how N-point DFT can be decomposed into two N/2 point DFTs in DIF-FFT.
Assume radix-2 decimation.
(b) Find the 4-point DFT of the sequence, x(n) = cos(n /4) using DIT FFT algorithm.
(a) State and prove time shifting property of z-transform.

(b) Determine z-transform, ROC and pole-zero locations of
x(n) = u(n) + n u(-n-1)
Describe Butterworth approximation of obtaining IIR filter transfer function for given
frequency response.
(a) Explain characterization of FIR filters.
(b) Sketch and explain the frequency response of non ideal digital high pass filter.
M=50
Stop band ripple = 0.002.
(a) Explain about digital music synthesis.
(b) Discuss about spectral analysis of sinusoidal signals.
2
3
4
IV B. Tech I Semester (R09) Regular

Examinations, November 2012
DIGITAL
SIGNAL
PROCESSIN
G
(Electrical &
Electronics
Engineering)
Time: 3 hours
Max. Marks: 70
Answer
any
State and prove following properties
FIVEDTFT:
(i) Periodicity.
question
(ii) Time reversal.
s
(iii) Convolution.
All
questions
Discuss all types of symmetric properties of DFT.
carry equal
marks
Explain radix 2 DIT-FFT algorithm
in detail. Explain how calculations are reduced.
*
*
Realize system with following difference equation
in direct form-I, direct form-II, cascade
*
and parallel:
* + (1/3)x(n-1).
y(n) = (3/4) y(n-1) (1/8) y(n-2) + x(n)
*
(a) Explain the features type I and II Chebyshev filters.

(b) What are the merits and demerits of Bilinear Transformation Method?
(a) What are the advantages and disadvantages of digital filters over analog filters?
(b) Sketch and explain the frequency response of non ideal digital low pass filter.
M=100
Stop band ripple = 0.002
With the help of block diagram, explain about signal compression system.
FUNDAMENTALS OF HVDC & FACTS DEVICES
Syllabus
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR
B.Tech IV-I Sem. (E.E.E)
40
(9A02702) FUNDAMENTALS OF HVDC & FACTS DEVICES
UNIT-I INTRODUCTION
comparison of AC and DC Transmission systems, Application of D.C. Transmission, Types or DC links,
Typical layout of a HVDC converter station. HVDC converters, pulse number, Analysis of & phase
Bridge circuit with and without overlap, converter Bridge characteristics, equivalent circuits or Rectifier
and inverter configurations Twelve pulse converters.
UNIT -II CONVERTER AND HVDC SYSTEM CONTROL
Principles of DC links control, converter control characteristics, system control Hierarchy, Firing angle
control, current and extinction Angle control starting and stopping of DC link.
UNIT -III HARMONICS, FILTERS AND REACTIVE POWER CONTROL
Introduction, generation of Harmonics, AC and DC Filters, Reactive power requirements at steady state,
sources of Reactive power static Var systems.
UNIT -IV POWER FLOW ANALYSIS IN AC/DC SYSTEMS
Introduction, Modeling of DC/AC converters, controller equations, solutions of AD/DC load flowsimultaneous approach and sequential approach.
UNIT V FACTS CONCEPTS
Flow of power in AC parallel paths and Meshed systems, Basic types of FACTS controllers, Brief
description and Definitions of FACTS controllers.
UNIT - VI STATIC SHUNT COMPENSATORS
Objectives of shunt compensation, Methods of controllable VAR generation, Static VAR compensators,
SVC and STATCOM, comparison.
UNIT - VII STATIC SERIES COMPENSATORS
Objectives of series compensation, variable impedance type-thyristor switched series capacitors (TCSC),
switching converter type series compensators static series synchronous compensator (SSSC) power
angle characteristics Basic operating control Schemes.
UNIT - VIII COMBINED COMPENSATORS
Introduction, unified power flow controller (UPFC), Basic operating principle, Independent real and
reactive power flow controller, control structure.
TEXT BOOKS:
1. HVDC power Transmission systems by K.R. Padiyar, Wiley Eastern Limited

2. Understanding of FACTS by N.G. Hingorani & L. Gyugyi, IEEE Press.
3. Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) Young Huasong & Alian T. hons, The Institution of
Electrical Engineers, IEE Power and Energy Series 30.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. EHV - AC, HYDC Transmission & Distribution Engineering, S.Rao,Khanna publishers, 3rd
edition 2003.
2. Power Electronic Control in Electrical Systems- E Acha. VG Agelidis & O Anaya-Lara. THE
Miller Elsevier, 2009.
Objective
FUNDAMENTALS OF HVDC & FACTS DEVICES

(9A02702)
Objective:
The industrial growth of a nation requires increased consumption of energy, particularly

electrical energy. It is sometimes difficult or impossible to connect two AC networks due to stability
reasons. In such cases HVDC is the only way to make an exchange of power between the two networks
possible. Modern DC power transmission is relatively a new technology which made a modest beginning
1954. Several HVDC links interconnect AC system that is not running in synchronism with each other.
Direct current transmissions in the form of classical HVDC are the only efficient means of controlling
power flow in a network. HVDC can therefore never become overloaded. An AC network connected with
neighboring grids through HVDC links may as the worst case loose the power transmitted over the link, if
the neighboring grid goes down the HVDC transmission will act as a firewall against cascading
disturbances.
By using the inherent controllability of the HVDC system the power system operator can decide
how much power that is transmitted in the AC-link and how much by the HVDC system. Longer AC lines
tend to have stability constrained capacity limitations as opposed to the higher thermal constraints of
shorter lines. By using the inherent controllability of an HVDC system in parallel with the long AC lines,
the power system can be stabilized and the transmission limitations on the AC line can be increased. In
interconnected power systems, the actual path taken by a transaction from one area to another may be
quite different from the designated routes as the result of parallel path admittance, thus diverting or
wheeling power over parallel connections.
Benefits:
Increased Power Transfer Capability

Additional flexibility in Grid Operation
Improved Power and Grid Voltage Control

An HVDC link can never be overloaded!
Lower investment cost
Lower losses
Lower right-of-way requirement for DC lines than for AC lines
HVDC does not contribute to the short circuit current
Lesson Plan
PBR VISVODAYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE:: KAVALI
LESSON PLAN
YEAR: 2013 2014
CLASS: IV B.Tech-I sem Faculty Name: A.SRAVANI
Subject: FUNDAMENTALS OF HVDC & FACTS DEVICES
S.No.
Dates
No. of
periods
In week
Topic to be covered
No. of
Total
Periods
Periods
required
Per unit
UNIT-I
Introduction, principal of HVDC
1
Advantages & Disadvantages
Comparison of AC & DC transmission system
1
1
Application of DC transmission, Types of
HVDC links
1
Typical layout of a HVDC converter station
10
HVDC converters, Pulse number

2
Analysis of & phase bridge circuit with and

without overlap
1
2
Converter bridge characteristics, Equivalent

circuit or rectifier and inverter
configurations twelve pulse converters.
Solved problems
UNIT-II
Principal of Dc links control,
converter control characteristics
1
1
8
System control hierarchy
Firing angle control
Current and extinction angle control
station and stopping of DC link
UNIT-III
Introduction, generation of harmonics
AC Filters and its design

&
DC Filters and its design
11
Reactive power requirements at steady

state
Source of reactive power static Var
systems
Problems solved
UNIT-IV
Introduction, Modelling of DC/AC
converters, Controller equations
Solutions of AC/DC load flow-simultaneous
approach and sequential approach
2
1
1
2
1
5
2
9
Revision for I mid
I-MID Examinaion
UNIT-V
Flow of power in AC parallel paths and

mesh systems
10
3
Basic types of FACTS controllers
Brief description and definitions of

FACTS controllers
UNIT-VI
11
Objectives of shunt compensation

2
Methods of controllable VAR generation

12
3
11
Static VAR compensators
SVS and STATCOM comparison

2
Static VAR compensators

13
SVS and STATCOM comparison
Revision
UNIT-VII
14
Objectives of series compensation
Objectives of series compensation
switched series capacitors (TSSC)

Switched converter type series
compensators
2
1
7
static series synchronous compensator

(SSSC)
Variable impedance type-thyristor

Power angle characteristics-basic
operating control schemes
15
UNIT-VIII
Introduction, Unified power flow
controller (UPFC)
16
Basic operating principle

Independent real and reactive power flow
controller, Control structure
2
1
17
4
Revision for II Mid
Total
73
4
73
73
TEXT BOOKS:
1. HVDC power transmission system by K.R.Padiyar.
2. Understanding of FACTS by N.G.Hingorani.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. EHV-AC, HVDC Transmission & Distribution Engineering, S.Rao,Khanna Publisher,3rd edition 2003.
Faculty In-charge
Head of the Department

examinations
PBR VISVODAYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLGY AND
SCIENCE :: KAVALI
(Approved by A.I.C.T.E- New Delhi, Affiliated
to J.N.T. University, Anantapur)
Janata peta, Kavali, S.P.S.R
Nellore (Dist), A. P
Subject Name: FACTS
IInd -Descriive test
Year & Branch:IV
B.Tech -I Sem EEE
Answer any three questions. Each question carries equal marks
3X10=30M
1. Brief description and Definitions of FACTS controllers with suitable schematic diagrams.
2. Explain the comparison between SVC and STATCOM briefly.
3. Explain the objectives of series compensation in detail.
4. Write a short note on basic operating control Schemes of static series compensation with suitable
diagrams.
5. Explain how Independent real and reactive power flow is possible using UPFC.
Aim to one and only
______________________________________________
_________
______________________________________________
_________

SCIENCE :: KAVALI
Subject Name: FACTS
IInd -Descriive test
Year & Branch:IV
B.Tech -I Sem EEE
Answer any three questions. Each question carries equal marks
3X10=30M
diagrams.
Aim to one and only

SCIENCE :: KAVALI
Name:

Subject Name: FACTS
IInd -Objective test
Year &
Branch:IVB.Tech -I Sem EEE
Roll No:
Max Marks:10M
1. All series controllers injects _______ in series with the transmission line.
[
]
a) Voltage
b) Current
c) Power
d)
Phase angle
2. Write the equations for active and reactive power for
un-compensation
Active power:
Reactive power:
3. The another name of combined series-shunt controller is ___________________________

4. Write different type variable impedance type controllers:
i.
ii.
5. Write any two objectives of shunt compensation:

i.
iii.
ii.
6. When d/dt >0, degree of series compensation K is ___________

[
]
A) Minimum
b) Maximum
c) Constant
None
7. XTCSC() is capacitive when: a) 0Llim
none
[
]
b) Clim Llim
d)
c) Clim900
d)
8. Draw the active power & reactive power variations on P-Q plane for Tr. angle =0 for UPFC
9. Draw single line diagram of transmission line with UPFC
10. In UPFC, the two converters cannot exchange the____________________ through the DC
link.
11. The UPFC ckt also allows the total coupling of the two converters to provide independent
reactive shunt compensation without any real power exchange:
[True/False]
12. If Xc is the capacitance of series compensation, XL() is the reactance of TCR, then what is
the expression for reactance of TCSC:
XTCSC()=
13. All shunt controllers injects ____________ into the transmission line.
14. Equation for reactive power, if K is degree of series compensation, is
__________________________
15. Draw the basic symbol of Shunt controller.
16. Draw the phasor diagram for illustrating the control capability of UPFC for voltage
regulation.
17. Combined series-series compensation is also known as ______________________
18. Write any two types shunt controllers:
i.
ii.
19. Write the full form of SVS:

20. Expand STATCOM:
Aim to one and only

SCIENCE :: KAVALI
Subject Name: HVDC
Ist -Descriive test
Year & Branch:III
B.Tech -I Sem EEE
1. (a) Discuss various types of HVDC links.

(b) What are the advantages of HVDC power transmission for bulk powers
over EHVAC transmission?
2. (a) Explain the comparison between EHV AC and HVDC transmission system?
(b) Derive and draw equivalent circuit of HVDC link with suitable assumptions.
3. Briefly explain about firing angle control in HVDC system.
4. (a) Discuss about characteristic and non-characteristic harmonics generated in HVDC systems.
(b) What are the adverse affects of Harmonics produced by the HVDC converters?
5. (a) Why Reactive power control is required for HVDC stations?
(b) Explain AC/DC load flow problem using sequential method.

SCIENCE :: KAVALI
(Approved by A.I.C.T.E- New Delhi,
Affiliated to J.N.T. University, Anantapur)
Janata peta, Kavali,
S.P.S.R Nellore (Dist), A. P
Subject Name: HVDC
Ist -Descriive test
Year & Branch:III B.Tech -I Sem EEE
(b) What are the advantages of HVDC power transmission for bulk powers
over EHVAC transmission?
2. (a) Explain the comparison between EHV AC and HVDC transmission system?
(b) Explain AC/DC load flow problem using sequential method.

SCIENCE :: KAVALI
Name:

Subject Name: EM III
Ist -Objective test
Year & Branch:III
B.Tech -I Sem EEE
Roll No:
Max Marks:10M
1. Ground return is used in the following link

[ ]
a) Bi polar
b) Homo polar
c) Mono polar
d) none
2. The skin effect is ____ in DC Tr.line

3. Stability of DC Tr. line is _____ of the distance of Transmission.
[ ]
a) Independent b)Dependent
c)not related
4. The ground resistance is negligible for ___
[ ]
a) AC currents b)DC currents
c)Both
d)none
d)none
5. The voltage profile of DC lines vary with _____

6. The lowest order of harmonics in dc side of 6 pulse converter is :____
7. which of the following AC current harmonics does not exist on the ac side of
6 pulse converter
[ ]
a)5
b)11
c) 17
d)21
8. Which of the following method may be used to inject reactive power in the transmission line
[ ]
a) Series capacitor
b) shunt capacitor
c) Syn. capacitor
d) all
9. A syn. motor can be used as source of reactive power when
[ ]
a) over excited
b) under excited
c) critically excited
d) none
10. The reactive power sources required at __

11. Sources of reactive power do not includes
[ ]
a) fixed capacitors b) power system
d) AVRs
c) static VAR compensator system
12. Smoothing reactors in HVDC is designed as a ______ reactor

[ ]
a) non linear b) linear
c)partially linear
d)none
13. The following is the SVC type reactive power source
[ ]
a) variable impedance
b) current source
c) voltage source
14.The DC n/w can be viewed as ___ n/w in steady state

[ ]
a) Resistance
b) Reactance c) Impedance d) none
15. The converter can be divided into
[ ]
a) tree, branches
b) links
c) either a or b
d) a and b
c) all
16. The power injected into AC bus is

[ ]
a) Vdj Idj
b)Vdj2 Idj
c)Vdj Idj2
d) Vdj2 Idj2
17. The Complete converter char. are drawn between ________

18. Hybrid control method for power control in DC link takes __________ for
operation.
19. Mono polar DC links are used for ________ power
ratings and _________ Cables.
20. For the same insulation level
power losses in DC tr. line are ____ AC tr. line.
Question Bank
UNIT-I (DESCTRIPTIVE & OBJECTIVES)

(b) What are the advantages of HVDC power transmission for bulk powers over EHVAC transmission?
2. Explain the operation of Graetz's circuit with the help of neat sketch with and without overlap angle.
3.(a) Explain the operation of a 12 pulse bridge rectifier with the help of ckt diagram, voltage & current
waveforms.
4. (a) With the help of a neat schematic diagram of a typical HVDC converter station explain the
functions of various components available.
(b) Explain the comparison between EHV AC and HVDC transmission system?
BITS
1. In India, there a bipolar DC link for ____ [ a ]

a) +/- 500KV, 1500MW
b) 500KV, 1500MW
c) 500KV, 1500KW
d) none
2. Mono polar DC links are used for Small power ratings and Under ground cables
3. The thyristor valves are cooled by water, gas freons
4.The ignition angle can be defined as _____
a) 180-
b) 180-
c) -
[ b]
d) none
5. Generation, Transmission and distribution of power is in

a) AC
b) DC
c) only 1-ph
d) none
6. Ground return is used in the following link

a) Bi polar
c) Homo polar
[ c]
c) Mono polar
7. The skin effect is ____ in DC Tr.line

a) present
[ a]
d) none
[b]
b) not present
c) more pronounced
8. Stability of DC Tr. line is _____ of the distance of Transmission.

a) Independent
b)Dependent
c)not related
9.The homo polar DC links uses mostly
10. The ground resistance is negligible for ___
d)none
b) All are +ve terminals c) All are-ve terminals

[b]
c)Both
d)none
11.The voltage profile of DC lines vary with _____

a) Distance
[ a]
[c]
a) Some are +ve and other are ve terminals
a) AC currents b)DC currents
d) none
b) line loadings c) both
[d]
d) none
12. Write the advantages of HVDC link

13. Write applications of HVDC link
14. Write the limitations of HVDC link
15. For the same insulation level power losses in c tr. line are ____ Ac tr. line.
a) less than
b) more than
c) equal to
d) none
[a]
UNIT-II (DESCTRIPTIVE & OBJECTIVES)
1. (a)Draw the circuit diagram, voltage and current wave forms of a Graetz's circuit and when =200 and
=200. Derive the expressions for average DC Voltage.
(b) Explain the procedure of Energization and Deenergization of a converter bridge.
2. (a) Explain the principle of power control in a DC link and draw the complete converter control
characteristics.
(b) Obtain a relation between firing angle and power factor angle in a 3- bridge rectifier.
4.(a) Explain the necessity of power control in HVC line and derive the equation for DC power P DC.
(b) Briefly explain constant current and constant extinction angle controls in HVDC link.
5. Draw and explain a block diagram of the Hierarchical levels of controls of HVDC transmission system.
BITS
1. The effect of overlap angle, as output voltage of converter is [ a ]

a) Reduction in DC voltage
b)Increase in DC voltagec)No effect
2. If is delay angle of the converter, the power factor on ac side is
d) none
[b]
a) sin
b) cos
c) cos d) none
3.For Greatz circuit, Vd is (without overlap)

a) VdoSin
b) VdoCos
[ c]
c) VdoCos
d)none
4. The frequency of a ripple can be determined by _____

a) Smoothing reactance
[c]
b)filters c)pulse number d) no.of valves
5. The reactive power requirements of converter are increased as ______

a) increased from 0
b) reduced from 180
c) both
[ c ]
d) 90
6.The converter char. are drawn between Vd and Id

7. The char. of rectifier and inverter are same but not identical
8. If Vdr is dc o/p voltage of rectifier, R is resistance of Tr. line and Id is dc current, then Vdi = Vdr-IdR
9. The current through HVDC is kept as constant irrespective of load variations is obtained by Constant
current controller
10. The hybrid control method for power control in DC link takes 20 to 30msec for operation.
UNIT-III (DESCTRIPTIVE & OBJECTIVES)
1. Analyze the harmonics in the AC current during 6-pulse and 12-pulse operations using fourier analysis
. What orders of harmonics predominate in the current wave?
3. (a) Discuss about various types of AC filters employed in HVDC systems for harmonic suppression.
(b) Discuss the design aspects of a single tuned filter & high pass filter.

(b) What are the different types of sources of reactive power control explain in-detail?
5. (a) Discuss about the alternate converter control strategies for reactive power control.
(b) Discuss how shunt capacitors can be used to meet reactive power requirement of a converter.
BITS
1. The magnitude of the char. harmonics are function of

a) Ac current b) Load current c) source current
[b ]
d) a or b
2. The major design objective of AC filter is to reduce

a) DC harmonics
b) Extra power loss
[c]
c) Telephonic interference
d) all
3. When the reactive power consumption is reduced, the harmonic generation is

a) Increased
b)decreased
c) unchanged
d) none
4. The characteristic harmonics are presents under _____ conditions

a) Unbalanced
b) balanced
c)Both a & b
5.The DC harmonics are filtered by

a) Smoothing reactors
c) a & b
d)None
[d]
b) AC filters
c) DC filters
6. HVDC Converter introduces _____ harmonics

a)AC b) DC
[c ]
d) a & c
[c]
d) a or b
7. The drop in constant alpha char. is due to ____

a) Leakage reactance b) constant beta
[ a]
c)constant current
d)none
[a ]
8.The lowest order of harmonics in dc side of 6 pulse converter is

a) 1
b) 0
c) 6
[ b]
d)5
9.which of the following AC current harmonics does not exist on the ac side of 6 pulse converter [ d ]
a) 5
b)11
c) 17
d)21
10. Which of the following method may be used to inject reactive power in the tr.line
a) Series capacitor
b) shunt capacitor
c) Syn. capacitor
11. A syn. motor can be used as source of reactive power when

a) over excited
b) under excited
a)rectifier station
b) inverter station
b) power system
c)both
d) none
[d]
c) static VAR compensator system
14. Smoothing reactors in HVDC is designed as a ______ reactor

a) non linear b) linear
c)partially linear
15. The following is the SVC type reactive power source

a) variable impedance
d) none
[ c]
13.sources of reactive power do not includes

a) fixed capacitors
d) all
[ a]
c) critically excited
12. The reactive power sources required at __
[d ]
b) current source
d) AVRs
[b]
d)none
[ c]
c) voltage source
c) all
16. The non char. harmonics are less predominate than char. harminics.
UNIT-IV (DESCTRIPTIVE & OBJECTIVES)
1. (a) Explain AC/DC load flow problem using simultaneous method and sequential method.
(b) The ac side line voltage of a 3-phase bridge type inverter is 160kV with an extinction angle of 300
and an overlap angle of 200. Calculate the dc voltage. What should be the new extinction angel if the
dc voltage at inverter end should drop to 200kV with the overlap angle and the ac line voltage
remaining unaltered?
2. Obtain the mathematical model of a dc network along with controller equations.
3. Briefly discuss about per unit system for dc quantities in AC/DC systems.
BITS
1. AC/DC Power flow analysis is carrier for ____

a) Planning
b)design
c)a and b
[ c]
d)a or b
2. The correction to the bus voltage estimates are found in ___ method of power flows
a) gauss siedal
b)gauss Jordan
c)newton-rapson
3.The DC n/w can be viewed as ___ n/w in steady state

a) Resistance b) Reactance
c) Impedance
b) links c) either a or b
b)Vdj2 Idj
[a ]
[c]
5. The power injected into AC bus is

a) Vdj Idj
d) None
d) none
4. The converter can be divided into

a) tree, branches
[d]
d) a and b
[ ]
c)Vdj Idj2
d) Vdj2 Idj2
UNIT V FACTS CONCEPTS
1. Explain Flow of power in AC parallel paths and Meshed systems with suitable diagrams.
2. Explain Basic types of FACTS controllers in details.
1. The power flow through the parallel transmission system is proportional to the impedance (or)
reactance of the transmission line.
2. The FACTS controllers controls the parameters of transmission line like series impedance, shunt
impedance, current, voltage and damping of power oscillations.
3. The series controllers inject voltage in series with the line.

4. The shunt controllers inject current into the transmission line.
5. The series-series controller is also known as Interline Power flow Controller (IPFC)
6. The series-shunt controller is also refers as Unified Power flow Controller (UPFC)
UNIT - VI STATIC SHUNT COMPENSATORS
1. Explain the objectives of shunt compensation in details with neat diagrams.

2. Explain briefly about Methods of controllable VAR generation.
3. With neat diagrams explain about SVC and STATCOM briefly.
1. All series controllers injects _______ in series with the transmission line.
[
]
a) Voltage
b) Current
c) Power
d)
Phase angle
2. Write the equations for active and reactive power for uncompensation
Active power:
Reactive power:
3. The another name of combined series-shunt controller is ___________________________

4. Write different type variable impedance type controllers:
i.
ii.
iii.
5. Write any two objectives of shunt compensation:

i.
ii.
6. When d/dt >0, degree of series compensation K is ___________

[
]
A) Minimum
b) Maximum
c) Constant
d) None
7. XTCSC() is capacitive when: a) 0Llim

[
]
b) Clim Llim
c) Clim900
d)
none
8. Draw single line diagram of transmission line with SVC

9. Draw single line diagram of transmission line with STATCOM
UNIT - VII STATIC SERIES COMPENSATORS

2. Write detailed notes on variable impedance type-thyristor controlled series capacitors.
3. Explain about static series synchronous compensator with its power angle characteristics.
diagrams.
1. Draw the active power & reactive power variations on P-Q plane for Tr. angle =0 for UPFC
2. Draw single line diagram of transmission line with UPFC
3. In UPFC, the two converters cannot exchange the____________________ through the DC link.
4. The UPFC ckt also allows the total coupling of the two converters to provide independent reactive
shunt compensation without any real power exchange:
[True/False]
5. If Xc is the capacitance of series compensation, XL() is the reactance of TCR, then what is the
expression for reactance of TCSC:
XTCSC()=
6. All shunt controllers injects ____________ into the transmission line.
7. Equation for reactive power, if K is degree of series compensation, is __________________________
8. Expand IPFC:
9. Expand STATCOM:
UNIT - VIII COMBINED COMPENSATORS
1. What is Unified Power Flow Controller? Explain its operating principle with suitable diagram.
3. Write a note on control structure of UPFC.
1. Draw the basic symbol of Shunt controller.

2. Draw the phasor diagram for illustrating the control capability of UPFC for voltage regulation.
3. Combined series-series compensation is also known as ______________________
4. Write any two types shunt controllers:
i.
ii.
5. Write the full form of SVS:

6. Expand STATCOM:
7. Expand UPFC:
8. Draw the single line diagram of IPFC.
9. The DC n/w can be viewed as ___ n/w in steady state
a) Resistance b) Reactance
c) Impedance
d) none
[a ]

1
Explain various types of HVDC links.
What is extinction angle control?
Why harmonics get generated in power systems? What are their harmful effects?
How can they be removed from the systems?
How DC/AC converters are modelled for power flow studies? Describe simultaneous
approach for load flow studies of AC/DC systems.
How do you justify the name Flexible AC transmission systems for certain
equipment connected in a power system?
Describe control schemes of SSSC (static series synchronous compensator).
What are the objectives of shunt compensation? Describe midpoint compensation of

a transmission line.
Describe the function of UPFC (unified power flow controller). How do you justify the
name?
Analyse the bridge circuit of twelve pulse converter and arrive at the equivalent
circuit.
(a) What are the various applications of high voltage DC transmission?
(b) Explain typical layout of HVDC converter station.
Explain the control of HVDC link with reference to power transmitted between two
areas connected by the link.
Explain principles of static VAr compensators and their applications.
Describe briefly various types of FACTS controllers available.
What is meant by midpoint compensation with respect to shunt compensation?

Explain the advantages to the power system by adapting to it.
Why is TCSC (thyristor controlled series capacitor) used in transmission line? Explain
its advantages and disadvantages.
What is the basic principle of a UPFC (unified power flow controller)?
*****
With a neat sketch explain typical layout of a HVDC converter station.
Explain the sequence of steps taken in starting and stopping of a DC link.
What are the various sources of reactive power in a power system? Explain the
necessity of compensating reactive power. List out relative advantages and
disadvantages of each source of reactive power.
Explain various approaches to the solution of AC-DC power flow.
Describe various types of FACTS controllers briefly and what improvements can they
bring about in the performance of a power system.
Compare the performance and advantages of SVC and STATCOM.
What are the objectives of series compensation? Describe the functioning of static
series synchronous compensator (SSSC).
Describe the working principle of a FACTS device capable of supply and control of
independent real and reactive power.
*****
Compare the HVDC transmission system with HVAC transmission system listing
advantages and disadvantages of them.
What are the principles of DC link control?
How do harmonics arise in power systems? Describe various filters used for
controlling harmonics.
How is DC load flow conducted?
Explain how FACTS devices help in controlling power flows.
Explain in detail principle of working of static VAr compensator (SVC).
Explain the improvement that a TCSC can bring about in a power system and what
are its disadvantages.
Describe the basic operating principle of a UPFC (unified power flow controller).
*
*
*
*
*
Renewable Energy Sources
Syllabus
Objective
OBJECTIVE
It introduces Solar energy its radiation, collection, storage and application. It also
emphasize the need for renewable energy sources and its potential in India. Also introduces the
wind energy, Biomass energy, Geothermal energy and Ocean energy as alternative energy
sources.
Lesson Plan
PBR VISVODAYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE::KAVALI
DEPARTMENT OF EEE
LESSON PLAN
Academic Year: 2012 2013
Class : IV YEAR- I SEM
Faculty Name: K.MANOJ SIVA KUMAR
S.No
Dates
periods
Subject: Renewable Energy Sources
Topic to be covered
In week
No. of
Periods
Periods
Per unit
Requd.
UNIT-I
1
Principles Of Solar Radiation

Role and potential of new and renewable source, the solar
5
Energy option-Environmental impact of solar power
Physics of the sun, Solar constant
Extra terrestrial and terrestrial Solar radiation, solar radiation on

tilted surface
9
2
Instruments for measuring solar radiation
Sunshine recorder
Solar radiation data
UNIT-II
Solar Energy Collection
Solar Energy Collection
Flat plate and concentrating collectors
Classification of concentrating collectors, orientation
Thermal analysis
Advanced collectors
5
3
UNIT-III
4
Solar Energy Storage And Applications
Different methods
Sensible, latent heat and stratified storage, solar ponds.
Solar applications,
Solar heating / Cooling technique, Solar distillation and drying
Photovoltaic energy conversion
UNIT-IV
6
Wind Energy
3
Sources and potentials
Horizontal and vertical axis windmills
performance characteristics
Betz criteria
UNIT-V
8
Bio-Mass
3
Principles of Bio-Conversion
Anaerobic/aerobic digestion, types of Bio-gas digesters
R evision for I Mid Exams
5
9
I MID EXAMINATIONS (03-09-2012 to 05-09-2012)
10
Gas yield, combustion characteristics of bio-gas
Utilization for cooking
I.C.Engine operation
Economic aspects
Review of Bio-mass
11
5
10
UNIT-VI
Geothermal Energy
12
13
Resources, types of wells
Methods of harnessing the energy
Potential in India
Applications
UNIT-VII
Ocean Energy:
14
OTEC, Principles utilization, setting of OTEC plants
Thermodynamic cycles
Tidal and wave energy:

Potential and conversion techniques
Mini-hydel power plants and their economics.

15
UNIT-VIII
Direct Energy Conversion:
16
Need for DEC
Carnot cycle
Limitations
Principles of DEC
DASARA HOLIDAYS(21/10/2012 TO 24/10/2012)
17

1
69
Total Classes
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Non-Conventional Energy Sources by G.D. Rai, Khanna Publishers
2. Renewable Energy Resources Twidell & Wier, CRC Press(Taylor & Francis)
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Renewable energy resources by Tiwari and Ghosal, Narosa.
2. Renewable Energy Technologies by Ramesh & Kumar, Narosa.
Signature of the staff-in charge
Signature of the HOD

examinations

Branch: EEE
RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
Max Marks: 30
Date: 05/09/2012(FN)
I MID (Descriptive)
Time: 90 MIN
Subject:
ANSWER ANY THREE QUESTIONS
1. a) Define extra terrestrial and terrestrial radiation ?

b) What are the instruments used for measuring solar radiation and explain any one
instrument in detail ?
2. a)Explain the power generation using flat plate collectors using neat diagram?
b)What are the advantages and disadvantages of focusing collectors over FPC ?
3. a) Classify the methods of energy storage. Describe the thermal energy storage system?
b) Describe solar pond and write the applications of solar pond?

4.
Describe neat sketch & working principle of horizontal axis multi blade wind mill?
5. a) Explain briefly the role and potential of renewable sources of energy(3M)
b) Describe with neat sketch the working of a wind energy system with main components?

Branch: EEE
Max Marks: 30
Date: 05/09/2012(FN)
I MID (Descriptive)
Time: 90 MIN
Subject:
ANSWER ANY THREE QUESTIONS
1. a) Define extra terrestrial and terrestrial radiation ?

b) What are the instruments used for measuring solar radiation and explain any one
instrument in detail ?
2. a)Explain the power generation using flat plate collectors using neat diagram?
b)What are the advantages and disadvantages of focusing collectors over FPC ?
3. a) Classify the methods of energy storage. Describe the thermal energy storage system?
b) Describe solar pond and write the applications of solar pond?

4.
Describe neat sketch & working principle of horizontal axis multi blade wind mill?
5. a) Explain briefly the role and potential of renewable sources of energy(3M)

b) Describe with neat sketch the working of a wind energy system with main components?

Subject: RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
Date: 05/09/2012(FN)
Branch: EEE
I MID (Objective)
Max Marks: 10 M
Time: 90 MIN
ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONS
1. The name of the layer of the sun that is visible to us is

a) Stratosphere b) Ionosphere c) Photosphere d) None of the above
2. The concentrating collector which works on the principle of refraction is
a) Paraboloidal dish b) central receiver type c) Mirror strip d) Fresnel Lens collector
3. Which of the following is Non focusing type concentrating collector
a) Compound parabolic b) paraboloidal c) central receiver type d) Mirror strip

4. The ratio of the radiation absorbed in the absorber plate to the radiation incident on the cover
system is known as
a) Albedo b) concentration ratio c) Transmittivity-absorptivity product d) collector efficiency

5. Practical operating efficiency of a solar still is
[
a) 10% b) 20% c) 40% d) 80%
6. The power output of P.V cells depend on
[
]
a) Efficiency b) size c) intensity of light striking the surface d) all the above
7. K.E of the wind is directly proportional to
[
3
2
4
a) V
b) V c) V
d) V
8. Langley is the unit for

[
]
a) Power coefficient b) solar constant c)torque coefficient d) concentration ratio
9. The radiation outside the earths atmosphere is known as _____________ *Terrestrial / Extra
terrestrial] radiation.
10. The orientation towards the sun in not required in _____________ [ focusing / Flat plate] type
of collectors.
11. For same solar energy collection, the absorber area of _____________ [ Flat plate/
Concentrating ] system is less.
12. The cost per unit area of solar collecting surface for concentrating system is more than that for
FPC.
[True/
False]
13. Solar energy storage by phase change or transition of materials is called_____________[Latent
heat/sensible heat] storage method.
14. The type of focusing used in parabolic trough collector is ___________ focusing.
15.
16.
17.
18.
Active heating systems operate without pumps, blowers etc.

[ True/ False ].
In large wind turbines Yaw action is controlled by __________________
Among the vertical axis wind turbines which rotor is self starting. [Savonius/Darrieus]
The device that converts direct sunlight into electricity is ________________.
19. The combination of several photo voltaic cells to increase the output is called
_______________
20. The instrument used for the measurement of total solar radiation is ___________ .

Branch: EEE
II MID (Descriptive)
DOE: 3-11-12 (FN)
Max Marks: 30
Time: 90 MIN
1. Explain the various methods of tidal power generation with neat sketches?
2. Explain the principle and working of MHD generator? Explain the open cycle and Closed cycle MHD
generation?
3. Explain the following
a) Anaerobic digestion b) Basic principle of OTEC c) Applications of geothermal energy?

4. Explain the constructional and working details of any two digesters ?
5. Describe the various energy extraction technologies used with hydrothermal resources ?

Branch: EEE
DOE: 3-11-12 (FN)
Max Marks: 30
Time: 90 MIN
1. Explain the various methods of tidal power generation with neat sketches?
2. Explain the principle and working of MHD generator? Explain the open cycle and Closed cycle MHD
generation?
3. Explain the following
a) Anaerobic digestion b) Basic principle of OTEC c) Applications of geothermal energy?
4. Explain the constructional and working details of any two digesters ?
5. Describe the various energy extraction technologies used with hydrothermal resources ?
PBR VISVODAYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLGY AND SCIENCE

CLASS:IV/IV B.Tech.,Sem-1
SUB:
BRANCH:EEE II MID (OBJECTIVE)

MAX MARKS:10
NAME:
TIME:20 MIN
ROLL NO:
1. Bio gas also known as
a) Swap gas b) Marsh gas c) Gobar gas d) all

2. The main components of tidal power plant are
a) Dam
b) Sluice gates
c) power house
d) All
3. What turns the turbine in a geothermal plant?
a) Steam b) Heat c) Water d) None

4. When was geothermal energy first used to produce electricity
a) 1913
b) 1930
c) 1903
d) 1947
5. Materials for biogas are

a) Animal waste
b) Agricultural waste c) Industrial waste d) all
6. What is the leading source of energy used in India today

a) oil
b) nuclear
7. A single hydrox cell can produce an emf of
c) coal
d) All
[
a) 1.23V
b) 25V
c) 100V d) 230V
8. Thermoelectric generator works oneffect

a) Seebeck
b) Peltier
c) Thompson
d) Joule
9. OTEC is a function of temperature gradient (True / False)
10. The tidal rise and fall of water follows a sinusoidal wave (True / False)
11. MHD generator has no moving parts (True
False)
12. Peltier effect is a reversible effect (True / False)

13. The innermost shell of earth is core ( True / False)
14. Plants represent the most plentiful source of carbon in the ecosystem. (True/False)
15. Anaerobic digestion is applicable to wet organic matter. ( True/ false)
16. Oceans cover approximately _________ percent of the Earth's surface
17. The process of combustion of biomass up to formation of ashes is called __________
18. Origin of biomass is explained by _____________________
19. Heat from the earth is called __________________ energy.
20.What causes the tides?
a)wind
b) sesimity
c) ocean current d)gravity
Question Bank
PBR VISVODAYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE: KAVALI
DEPT. OF EEE
Class: IV BTECH, ISEM
Sub: Renewable Energy Sources
UNIT I
DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS:
1. a) What are the prospects of NCS of energy in India. Explain?
b) What are the instruments which are used for measuring solar radiation. Explain?
2. Define beam, diffused and global radiation. Derive an expression for total radiation on an
inclined surface?
3. a) Define Solar irradiance, solar constant, extra terrestrial and terrestrial radiation?
b) Explain the working of sunshine recorder?
4. a) Discuss the advantages and limitations of renewable energy sources?
b) Define i) Declination ii) Altitude angle iii) Solar constant?
5. Explain the working of different instruments for measuring direct beam radiation?
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS:
21. The first solar thermal power plant in India is installed at Mathania near jodhpurwith a capacity
of 30MW
22. The approximate annual potential of solar energy in India is 5*1015 kw/y.
23. The largest solar photo voltaic power plant is located at shivasamudram at Karnataka
24. The first solar power substation is installed at Transcarpathia in Ukraine
25. The formula for solar day length N is given by --------------26. The formula for declination angle is ------------------------27. The instrument used for the measurement of total solar radiation is Pyranometer
28. Mention some instruments used to measure direct beam radiation ----------------29. The name of the layer of the sun that is visible to us is photosphere
30. Calculate the declination angle for July 21st in a leap year.
31. What is the drawback of sunshine recorder?
32. What is an albedo?
33. The radiation outside the earths atmosphere is known as extra-terrestrial radiation

DEPT. OF EEE
UNIT I I
1. Explain the power generation using Flat plate collectors using neat diagram?
2. Explain the power generation using Concentrating collectors using neat diagram?
3. a) Why flat plate collectors are known as low temperature collectors?
b) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of CC over FPC?
4. a) Why orientation is needed in CC? Describe different methods of sun tracking?
b) Define concentration ratio of a solar collector and explain its significance?
1. Write the purpose of solar collector?
2. Classify the types of solar collectors?
3. The ratio of the radiation absorbed in the absorber plate to the radiation incident on the
cover system is known as Transmittivity- absorptivity product.
4. The orientation towards the sun in not required in _____________ [ focusing / Flat plate]
type of collectors.
5. The concentrating collector which works on the principle of refraction is Fresnel lens
collector.
6. For same solar energy collection, the absorber area of _____________ [ Flat plate/
Concentrating ] system is less.
7. Define concentration ratio?
8. The type of focusing used in Fresnel lens collector is ___________ [point/ line] focusing.
9. Examples for non-focussing type collectos are FPC augmented with mirrors and CPC.
10. The cost per unit area of solar collecting surface for concentrating system is less than that
for FPC.

DEPT. OF EEE
UNIT III
1.
2.
3.
4.
Classify the different methods of solar energy storage?

Describe solar pond and write the applications of solar pond?
Write notes on Solar distillation & Solar drying?
Explain the principle of Solar photovoltaic power generation? Discuss the main elements of a
photo voltaic system?
5. Describe the layout and working of Solar cooling system?
6. Describe in brief, the different energy storage methods used in the solar systems.
1.
Solar energy storage by causing a material to rise in temp is called SENSIBLE HEAT STORAGE
2. In ENERGY RELEASE mode stored energy is supplied to the load

3. Solar pond combine SOLAR ENERGY COLLECTOR and SENSIBLE HEAT STORAGE
4. The basic equation of an energy storage unit operating over a finate temp difference is ?
5. Practical operating efficiency of a solar still 30% to 40%
6. The combination of several photo voltaic cells to increase the output is called SOLAR MODULE
or SOLAR ARRAY
7. In space cooling the effective performance of an absorption cycle depends on REFRIGERENT
and ABSORBANT
8. PASSIVE and ACTIVE are the two solar heating systems
9. In absorption air conditioner aqua ammonia system requires generator temp. of the order of
120 to 150 deg
10. In space cooling VAPOUR COMPRESSION and ABSORPTION are the two refrigeration
techniques.
11. Solar energy storage by phase change or transition of materials is called LATENT HEAT
STORAGE.
12. Active heating systems operate without pumps, blowers etc. [ True/ False ].
13. To avoid the reverse flow of water in Non-circulation water heater the collector is kept 0.3m
below the storage tank.
14. The device that converts direct sunlight into electricity is Photovoltaic cell.
15. The power output of P.V cells depend on efficiency, size, intensity of light striking the cell
surface.
DEPT. OF EEE
UNIT IV
1. Describe with neat sketch the working of a wind energy system with main components?
2. Explain the classification of wind energy conversion systems? Discuss the advantages and
disadvantages of horizontal and vertical axis wind mill?
3. Discuss the main applications of wind energy systems with neat sketches?
4. Write short notes on wind energy storage?

5. Describe neat sketch & working principle of horizontal axis multi blade wind mill?
6. Describe neat sketch & working principle of vertical axis wind mill?
1. The devices that convert the wind energy into mechanical energy are wind turbines.
2. The factors that determine the output from a wind energy converter are wind speed,
Crosssection of wind swept by rotor & overall conversion efficiency.
3
3. K.E of the wind is directly proportional to V .
4. Wind power available is inversely proportional to the air density. [True/False]
5. Doubling the diameter of rotor of wind turbine will result in four times increase in available
wind power.
6. ____________ [Vertical / Horizontal] axis machines operate in all directions without Yaw
adjustment.
7. In small wind turbines Yaw action is controlled by __________ [Tail vane / Servomechanism].
8. The sources of noise in wind turbines are noise from gear box, linkage mechanism and noise
produced by the movement of turbine blades.
9. Among the vertical axis wind turbines which rotor is self starting. [Savonius/Darrieus]
10. Disadvantages of Savonius rotor are excessive weight, long drive shaft problems.
11. Write the characteristics of Savonius rotor? Self starting, Low speed and Low efficiency.
12. Write the characteristics of Darrieus rotor? Not self starting, high speed and high efficiency.
13. Advantages of Darrieus rotor?
14. Vertical axis turbine require less structural support.
15. The fraction of power in the wind through the swept area converted into useful mechanical
shaft power is known as coefficient of performance.
Unit-V
Biomass Energy
1. What is meant by anaerobic digestion? What are the factors that affect bio digestion
2. What are the different biomass resources. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of
biomass
3.
What is community biogas plant? What are the main problems encountered in its
operation
4. Explain the constructional detail and working of KVIC digester
1. Bio gas also known as
a) Swap gas b) Marsh gas c) Gobar gas d) all
2. Materials for biogas are
a) Animal waste
b) Agricultural waste c) Industrial waste d) all
3. Incineration is the process of combustion up to formation of ashes

4. The optimum Ph value for the production of biogas is 7-8
5. Origin of biomass is explained by photosynthesis
6. The type of biogas plant commonly used in India is KVIC (floating drum plant)
7. Anaerobic digestion is applicable to wet organic matter (True/false)
8. Give any 2 applications of biogas plants. 1. Cooking 2. Run stationary engines
9. Plants represent the most plentiful source of carbon in the ecosystem.(True/False)
10.Bio gas contains methane plus carbon dioxide. (True/False)
Unit-VI
Geothermal energy
1. Explain the various types of geothermal resource
2. What are the merits and demerits of geothermal energy.
3. Comment on the origin and distribution of geothermal energy .Give few applications of
this energy
4. Describe the various energy extraction technologies used with hydrothermal resources
1. The word geothermal comes from two _____ words.
1.
French 2. Latin 3. Greek
2. In the phrase "volcanic energy cannot be harnessed," "harnessed" means _____.

1.
Condensed 2. Controlled 3. compressed
3. Heat from the earth is called _____ energy.

1.
Hydroelectric 2. Solar 3. geothermal
4. Geothermal energy can be _____.
1.
Collected 2. Compressed 3. confined
5. What turns the turbine in a geothermal plant?
1.
Steam 2. Heat 3. Water
6. Where was geothermal energy first used to produce electricity?
2.
Italy 2. France 3.England
7. When was geothermal energy first used to produce electricity?

1.
1913 2. 1930 3. 1903
8. Geothermal plants can be used almost anywhere. (True / False)

9. Geothermal plants produce a lot of air pollution. (True / False)
10. Since the slightly cooler water is reinjected into the ground, there is a minor impact on the soil.
Unit-VII
Ocean Energy
1. What is the basic principle of OTEC plant and explain the working of different types of
OTEC plants.
2. Explain with neat sketches the various methods of tidal power generation
3. Explain with neat sketches the various methods of wavel power generation
1. Oceans cover approximately 70% percent of the Earth's surface.
2. How many high tides are there in a day?(2)
3. What causes the tides?
a)wind
b) sesimity
d)gravity
c) ocean current
4. Waves are caused by

a) Land breezes b) rotation of earth c)wind blowing over the surface of ocean
5. The Two types of energy used on land that are ideal for use over the ocean are
a)hydroelectric and solar b)biomass and biofuels c) solar and wind
6.
The main components of tidal power plant are

a) Dam
b) Sluice gates
c) power house
d) All
7. OTEC is not a function of temperature gradient (True / False)

8. Wave motion consists of only vertical movement of water (True / False)
9. The tidal rise and fall of water follows a sinusoidal wave (True / False)
10. What is the leading source of energy used in the United States today
a) coal
b) oil
c)natural gas
d) nuclear power
Unit-VIII
Direct Energy Conversion
1. How MHD power generating systems are classified? Describe them in brief
2. Explain with neat sketch the working of a fuel cell
3. Explain the principle of thermoelectric generator
4. Explain about the need for DEC and the limitations of DEC.
1. Fuel cells can be used in

a) vehicles
b) Submarines
c) Space crafts
d) All
2. A single hydrox cell can produce an emf of
a) 1.23V
b) 25V
c) 100V d) 230V
3. Thermoelectric generator works oneffect
a) Seebeck
b) Peltier
c) Thompson
d) Joule
4. MHD generator has no moving parts ( True / False)

5. Peltier effect is a reversible effect ( True / False)
6. Magneto hydrodynamic (MHD) power plants are less efficient as compared to conventional power
plants. (True/False)
7. MHD power plants use steam at very low pressures for power generation in steam turbines
(True/False)
8. Helium, neon, argon, krypton are inert gases
9. Ionised gas is capable of carrying current.
10. Give any 2 areas of applications where DEC devices are used

1
(a) Explain the spectral irradiance of solar radiation.

(b) Explain the construction and working of angstrom compensation pysheliometer.
(a) Describe the functioning of a flat plate collector with a line diagram.
(b) What are the advantages of using selective surfaces for solar thermal collectors?
Explaining all necessary features, formulate the expression for calculating

temperature distribution and collection efficiency of a solar pond.
(a) How do you classify wind mills? Explain about any one type with neat sketches?
(b) Derive the expression for power developed due to wind.
(a) What are the factors affecting bio digestion?

(b) What are the design considerations for biodigester?
(a) Explain the advantages and disadvantages of geothermal energy over the other
forms of energy.
(b) What are the applications of geotechnical energy in the field of agriculture?
(a) What is a tidal cycle? Define spring and neap tides. Discuss the reasons for tide
formation.
(b) Explain single basin arrangement for tidal generation.
List the various direct energy conversion devices. With a neat sketch, explain the
working of thermo-electric generator.
*
*
*
*
*
(a) Differentiate between beam radiation and diffused radiation.

(b) With the aid of a sketch, explain the working of a pyrhetiometer.
Explain how the efficiency of a flat plate collector is evaluated also give the
advantages of flat plate collectors.
(a) What are the various methods of storing solar energy?

(b) Discuss in detail any two of the solar energy storage methods.
(a) Describe with a neat sketch the components of a horizontal axis type aero generator.
(b) Calculate the maximum power available in kW for the windmill of rotor radius 8 m and
experiencing a wind velocity of 10 m/s at standard atmospheric pressure and
temperature of 25. Also calculate: (i) Maximum torque (ii) Axial thrust, if the rotor
speed in 30 rpm.
(a) How are biofuels classified?

(b) Explain, with the aid of a sketch, the anaerobic digestion system for biogas.
(a) Explain briefly the possible sources of geothermal pollution? How these are avoided?
(b) Give a brief note on prospects of geothermal energy in context to India.
(a) What is the basic principle of OTEC? Discuss the advantages of the closed cycle
system over open cycle system.
(b) The efficiency of power plant working on OTEC system is very less. However, the
secondary advantages make it commercially attractive. Discuss.
What is the basic principle of direct energy conversion systems? Describe briefly the
working of a thermoelectric generator. Explain Seebeck, Peltier, Joule and Thomson
effects.
*****
(a) What is extra terrestrial radiation?

(b) Determine the L.S.T. and declination at Bhopal (latitude 230 15N, longitude
770 30E) at 12:30 IST on June 19.
Calculate the angle made by beam radiation with the

normal to a flat collector on
0 35N. The collection is tilted at
December
at 9.00plus10
AM, solar
0 , with
time
a location
at 28
an angle of1latitude
thefor
horizontal
and
is pointing
due south.
(a) What is a solar pond? Explain it with a suitable sketch.

(b) How is energy stored in solar pond? Explain its mechanism with a neat diagram.
(a) Explain the architecture of a wind energy conversion system with a neat block
diagram.
(b) Describe the horizontal & vertical axis wind turbine configurations with neat sketches.
(a) How are the biogas plants classified?

(b) Explain the constructional details and working of KVIC digester with the help of a
neat diagram.
(a) Describe a binary cycle system for liquid dominated system.

(b) What are the main applications of geothermal energy?
(a) Explain with neat sketches the basic principle of tidal power generation. What are the
limitations of each method?
(b) A tidal project has installed capacity of 2176 MW in 64 units each of 34 MW rated
output. The head at rated output is 5.52 m. The embankment is 6.4 m long. Assume
93% efficiency for both turbine and generators. The generation is 5 hours twice a
day. Calculate:
(i) The quality of water flowing through each turbine.
(ii) The surface area of reservoir behind the embankment.
(a) Why is Carnot cycle not applicable in the estimation of efficiency of thermo-electric
generator?
(b) Explain the principle of working of thermo-electric generator.
*****
Explain the following:

(i) Beam and diffuse solar radiation.
(ii) The hour angle.
(iii) The suns declination.
(iv) The latitude and longitude.
Explain the advantages and disadvantages of concentrating collectors over flat plate
type collectors.
Explain the principle, construction and working of non convective solar pond.
Explain with neat sketch working of a vertical axis windmill. Explain different
components.
(a) How is biogas plants classified? Explain the batch type and floating drum type of
biodigesters with sketch.
(b) What are the advantages and disadvantages of floating drum plant?
(a) Estimate the energy potential in hot dry rock geothermal resource. What are the
difficulties in extraction for power production?
(b) Describe with the help of a sketch the method of converting the vapor dominated
geothermal system into power.
(a) Explain the working of ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) plant.
(b) Discuss the various equipment for the establishment of an off shore OTEC system.
Discuss the direct and indirect energy conversion systems emphasizing on the
advantages and limitations of each.
****
*
SOFT COMPUTING TECHNIQUES
Syllabus
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR
B.Tech IV-I Sem. (E.E.E) T P C
404
(9A02707) SOFT COMPUTING TECHNIQUES
(ELECTIVE-II)
Objective :
This course introduces the basics of Neural Networks and essentials of Artificial Neural Networks
with Single Layer and Multilayer Feed Forward Networks. Also deals with Associate Memories and
introduces Fuzzy sets and Fuzzy Logic system components along with Genetic Algorithms. The
Application of Soft Computing Techniques to Electrical Engineering is also presented.
UNIT I ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS
Introduction, Biological Neuron, Artificial Neuron, Basic concepts of Neural Networks, Basic Models
of ANN Connections, McCulloch-Pitts Model, Characteristics of ANN, Applications of ANN.
UNIT- II ESSENTIALS OF ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS
Artificial Neuron Model, Operations of Artificial Neuron, Types of Neuron Activation Function, ANN
Architectures, Classification Taxonomy of ANN Connectivity, Neural Dynamics (Activation and
Synaptic), Learning Strategy (Supervised, Unsupervised, Reinforcement), Learning Rules, Types of
Application
UNITIII SUPERVISED LEARNING NETWORKS
Perceptron Network, Perceptron Learning Rule, Architecture, Perceptron Training Algorithm,
ADALINE, MADALINE, Back Propagation Network, BP Learning Rule, Input Layer Computation,
Hidden Layer Computation, Output Layer Computation, Radial Basis Function.
UNIT IV ASSOCIATIVE MEMORY NETWORK
Training Algorithms for Pattern Association, Auto Associative Memory Network, Hetero Associative
Memory Network, BAM, Hopfield Networks.
UNIT V CLASSICAL & FUZZY SETS
Introduction to classical sets - properties, Operations and relations; Fuzzy sets, Membership,
Uncertainty, Operations, properties, fuzzy relations, cardinalities, membership functions.
UNIT VI FUZZY LOGIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS
Fuzzification, Membership value assignment, development of rule base and decision making
system, Defuzzification to crisp sets, Defuzzification methods.
UNIT VII GENETIC ALGORITHMS
Introduction, Basic Operators and Terminologies in GA, Traditional Vs Genetic Algorithm, Encoding,
Fitness Function, Reproduction, Crossover, Mutation Operator.
UNIT VIII APPLICATIONS TO ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
ANN based Short term Load Forecasting, Load flow Studies, Fuzzy logic based Unit Commitment
and Genetic Algorithm based Economic Dispatch.
TEXT BOOKS
1. Principles of Soft Computing by S. N. Sivanandam and S. N. Deepa, Wiley India Edition.
2. Neural Networks, Fuzzy logic, Genetic algorithms: synthesis and applications by Rajasekharan
and Pai PHI Publications.
3. Nureal networks by Satish Kumar , TMH, 2004.
4. Neuro Fuzzy and Soft Computing by J. S. R. Jang, C. T. Sun and E. Mizutani, Pearson
Education.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Neural Networks James A Freeman and Davis Skapura, Pearson Education, 2002.
2. Neural Networks Simon Hakins , Pearson Education
3. Fuzzy Logic with Engineering Applications by T. J. Ross, 2nd Edition , Wiley India Edition.
4. Neural Networks and Fuzzy Logic System by Bart Kosko, PHI Publications.
5. Genetic Algorithms by D. E. Goldberg, Addison Wisley, 1999.
Objective
Course Catalog Description:
Introduction to Soft Computing, Fuzzy Sets Theory, Fuzzy Logic, Artificial Neural
Networks, Genetic Algorithms, Neuro-Fuzzy Technology, Applications of Soft
Computing (three to four real life applications).
Objectives
o
Introduce students to soft computing concepts and techniques and foster

their abilities in designing and implementing soft computing based
solutions for real-world problems.
Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of the course, student should be able to:
1. Identify and describe soft computing techniques and their roles in
building intelligent machines
2. Recognize the feasibility of applying a soft computing methodology for
a particular problem
3. Apply fuzzy logic and reasoning to handle uncertainty and solve
engineering problems
4. Apply genetic algorithms to combinatorial optimization problems
5. Apply neural networks to pattern classification and regression
problems
6. Effectively use existing software tools to solve real problems using a
soft computing approach
7. Evaluate and compare solutions by various soft computing approaches
for a given problem.
Lesson Plan
PBR VISVODAYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE:
KAVALI
LESSON PLAN
Year: 2012 2013
Branch: EEE
Name of the Faculty: Ch.S Reddy
S.
No.
Dates
class: IVB.Tech. - Isem

Subject: Soft Computing Techniques
No. of
No. of
periods
Topic to be covered
In week
Periods
required
Total
Periods
Per
unit
UNIT I ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS
Introduction,
Biological Neuron
Artificial Neuron
Basic concepts of Neural Networks
Basic Models of ANN Connections
McCulloch-Pitts Model
Characteristics of ANN
Applications of ANN.
UNIT- II ESSENTIALS OF ANN

Artificial Neuron Model
Operations of Artificial Neuron
08
Types of Neuron Activation Function

ANN Architectures
Classification Taxonomy of ANN
Connectivity
Neural Dynamics (Activation and Synaptic)
1
1
1
1
1
LearningStrategy(Supervised,
UnsupervisedReinforcement)
Learning Rules
Types of Application
UNITIII
SUPERVISED
NETWORKS
4
1
1
10
LEARNING
1
Perceptron Network
Perceptron Learning Rule
1
1
Architecture,
Perceptron Training Algorithm
ADALINE
MADALINE,
Back Propagation Network
BP Learning Rule
Input Layer Computation, Hidden Layer Computation

6
Output Layer Computation
Radial Basis Function
1
1
UNIT IV ASSOCIATIVE MEMORY NETWORK
Training Algorithms for Pattern Association

Auto Associative Memory Network
11
8.
Hetero Associative Memory Network

BAM
1
2
Hopfield Networks.
08
UNIT V CLASSICAL & FUZZY SETS

9
Introduction to classical sets properties

Operations and relations
Fuzzy sets
1
1
1
I MID EXAMINATIONS
10
11
Membership, Uncertainty
Operations, properties
fuzzy relations,
cardinalities
membership functions.
1
1
1
2
UNIT VI FUZZY LOGIC SYSTEM

COMPONENTS
Fuzzification
12
Membership value assignment

development of rule base and decision making system
Defuzzification to crisp sets
1
1
2
1
09
Defuzzification methods.
07
UNIT VII GENETIC ALGORITHMS

13
14
Introduction, Basic Operators and Terminologies in GA
Traditional Vs Genetic Algorithm
Encoding
Fitness Function
Reproduction,
Crossover,
Mutation Operator
4
07
UNIT VIII APPLICATIONS TO ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS

ANN based Short term Load Forecasting,
15
5
Load flow Studies
Fuzzy logic based Unit Commitment
2
1
16
17
Genetic Algorithm based Economic Dispatch
Revision of Unit-1 & 2
Revision of Unit -3 & 4
Revision of Unit 5 & 6
Revision of Unit 7 & 8
07
18
Prevoius Questions Revision

3
TEXT BOOKS
1. Principles of Soft Computing by S. N. Sivanandam and S. N. Deepa, Wiley India Edition.
Total
70
2. Neural Networks, Fuzzy logic, Genetic algorithms: synthesis and applications by Rajasekharan and Pai
PHI Publications.
Signature of Faculty
HOD

examinations
PBR Visvodaya Institute of Technology and
Science
Branch:EEE
Subject: SOFT COMPUTING TECHNIQUES

Max Marks: 20M
Time: 90 MIN
Date: 03/11/2012(AN)
Answer any Three of the following

1.a) Discuss in detail the operations and properties
of fuzzy sets
b) List the properties of classical sets
2.a) Give the basic outline of genetic algorithm
b) Discuss about the basic operators of Genetic
algorithms
3. Explain fuzzy logic based unit commitment
problem
4. a) Explain the features of membership function
b) Discuss about various type of crossover
operators
5. Let X={a,b,c,d}, Y={1,2,3,4} and
A={(a,0),(b,0.8),(c,0.6),(d,1)},
B={(1,0.2),(2,1),(3,0.8),(4,0)},
C={(1,0),(2,0.4),(3,1),(4,0.8)}.
Determine
i)
IF x is A THEN y is B
ii)
IF x is A THEN y is B ELSE y is C.
PBR Visvodaya Institute of Technology and

Science
Branch:EEE

Max Marks: 20M
Time: 90 MIN
Date: 03/11/2012(AN)
Answer any Three of the following

1.a) Discuss in detail the operations and properties
of fuzzy sets
b) List the properties of classical sets
2.a) Give the basic outline of genetic algorithm

b) Discuss about the basic operators of Genetic
algorithms
3. Explain fuzzy logic based unit commitment
problem
4. a) Explain the features of membership function
b) Discuss about various type of crossover
operators
5. Let X={a,b,c,d}, Y={1,2,3,4} and
A={(a,0),(b,0.8),(c,0.6),(d,1)},
B={(1,0.2),(2,1),(3,0.8),(4,0)},
C={(1,0),(2,0.4),(3,1),(4,0.8)}.
Determine
i)
IF x is A THEN y is B
ii)
IF x is A THEN y is B ELSE y is C.

Branch:EEE
II MID (Objective)

Max Marks: 10
NAME:
Time: 20 MIN
Date: 03/11/2012(AN)
ROLL NO:
Answer all Questions
1. Genetic algorithms begins with a set of solutions called the_________________

2. Changing a random gene in an individual is known as_________________
3. The first operator applied on population in genetic algorithms is_______________
4. The process of making a crisp quantity to fuzzy is known as _______________
5. The commonly used defuzzification method is______________________
6. The relation between sets is built on __________________operator of sets
7. Commonly used method of selecting chromosomes for crossover is_______________
8. A truth table comprises of rows known as _________________________
9. _____________________serves as a model for the whole organism
10._____________________operator maintains genetic diversity
11. Logic is the science of ______________________
12. All living organisms consists of ___________________
13. Genetic algorithms are paradigm of evolutionary computing (True/ False)
14. Fuzzy logic sets on a two state membership (True / False)
15. GAs are inspired by Darwins theory about evolution (True / False)
16. In case of crisp sets, partial membership exists (True / False)
17. In genetic algorithms binary encoding is most common to represent
information( True/False)
18. Fuzzy logic was proposed by___________________ in __________
19. Define a fuzzy set
20. Define cardinality of a set
Question Bank
Department of EEE
UNIT-1
1.Soft computing Technique consists of collection of techniques from Computer Science,
Artificial Intelligence, Engg., Disciplines
2.Soft Computing can handle Data that is Imprecise, uncertain, partial truth
3.The main constituents of SCT are (i) FuzzySystems,(ii)ANN,(iii)Genetic Algorithms etc.,
4.Computer performs a task in step by step sequential manner
5. Example of tasks for which computer is inferior to human brain face recognition, voice
recognition etc.,
6.Artificial Neural Networks(ANN) are developed with the motivation of Functioning of human
brain
7.The main constituent of ANN is Artificial Neuron
8.An AI system must be capable of Doing Three things: (i) Store Knowledge (ii)Apply stored
knowledge to solve problems (iii) Acquire new knowledge through experience
9.The central part of Biological neuron that serves as nucleus is called Soma
10. The function of dendrities is to collect signals and the function of axon is to transmit signal
11.Human brain consists aprroxmately 1011 Neurons ,each neuron connected to approx.to 104
neurons.
12.Weights in ANN are analogous to synapses in BNN
13.Bias input is used for AN to increase or decrease net value.
14. the output of a neuron is dependent on net value and Activation function of neuron
15.The first learning law was developed by Hebb in1949
16.The energy analysis of feed back networks was proposed by Hop field
17.Popular learning algorithm for multilayer nets is Back propagation learning algorithm
18.What are the draw backs of M-P model of Artificial Neuron
19.The Idea of threshold was given by Mcculloh-Pitts

20.Load forecasting application consists of prediction of future load based on past data.
UNIT-III
1. A simple perceptron is a single layer feedforward network(T/F)
2. The perceptron network consists of
a) Sensory unit b) association unit c) Response unit d) all
3. The type of activation function used in hidden unit of perceptron network is
a) Binary b) Sigmoidal c) Identity d) None
4. If the learning parameter value is low, then the learning rate is
a) Slow b) Fast c) Medium d) Any
5. Perceptron network are successful only on problems with linearly seperable solution space(T/F)
6. Adaline network makes use of.learning
a) Supervised b) Unsupervised c) Reinforcement d)Any
7. Adaline network was trained using.rule.
a) Hebb b) Delta c) instar d) Outstar
8. A MADALINE network is created by a number of adalines in
a) Series b) Parallel c) Star d) Delta
9. A BPN is a multilayer feed forward net ( True/ False)
10. The sigmoidal activation function is generally used in layers of BPN
a) input b) hidden c) output d) b & C
UNIT-IV
1. Associative memory is content addressable memory ( True / False)
2. In a single layer net, if the output vector is same as the input vector with which it is associated
then the net is said to be autoassociative
3. In a single layer net, if the output vector are different from input vector, then the net is said to
be heteroassociative
4. The two rules used in pattern association training are 1.Hebb Rule 2.OuterProducts rule
5. Autoassociative memory is used for image refinement
6. The 2 types of BAM are 1. Discrete BAM 2. Continuous BAM
7. BAM is a recurrent heteroassociative pattern matching network ( True / False)
8. Continuous Hopfield nets are best suited for constrained optimization problems
9. BAM network was developed by. In
a) Hopfield, 1982 b) Kosko, 1988 c) Bernard widrow, 1982 d) Rosenblatt, 1962
10. Define Hamming Distance
It is defined as the number of mismatched components of two given bipolar or binary
vectors.
Questions Unit-1
1.Compare biological neuron with Artificial Neural Network
2.Briefly explain the characteristics of ANN
3.Briefly explain the applications of ANN
4.Briefly explain the Historical developments of ANN.
5.Describe Mc-Culloch Pitts model of neuron. Design a network using this model to realize the
OR gate
Unit-2
1. List the main components of biological neuron. Compare the biological neuron and artificial
neuron
2. What are the basic models of ANN. Define net architecture and give its classification
3. Define learning. Differentiate between supervised and unsupervised learning
4. What is the necessity of activation function? List the commonly used activation functions
5. State the characteristics of ANN. Discuss in detail the historical development of ANN
6. Define 1) Threshold ii) Bias iii) Learning parameter iv) Weights
7. Describe Mc-Culloch Pitts model of neuron. Design a network using this model to realize the
OR gate
Unit-3 & 4
8. Explain the following training algorithms used in pattern association i) Hebb rule ii) outer
products rule
9. Draw the architecture of an auto associative network. Explain the testing algorithm adopted
to test an auto associative network
10. What is the hetero associative memory network. With a neat architecture explain the
training algorithm of hetero associative network
11. What is BAM. What are the two types of BAM? List the activation functions used in BAM
net.
12. Draw the architecture of a discrete Hopfield net. State the testing algorithm used in discrete
Hopfield network
13. What is perceptron network? Give the perceptron training algorithm for single output class
14. Give the architecture and training algorithm for ADALINE network
15. What is a BPN? Give the detailed algorithm of a BPN
16. Find the weights required to perform the following classification using perceptron network.
The vectors (1,1,1,1) and (-1,1,-1,-1) are belonging to the class(so have target value 1) vectors
(1,1,1,-1) and (1,-1,-1,1) are not belonging to the class(so have target value -1) Assume
learning rate as 1 and initial weights as zero
17. Use outer products rule to store the vectors(1,1,1,1) and (-1,1,1,-1) in an auto associative
network.a)Find weight matrix b)Test the vector using(1,1,1,1) as input. C) Test the net using
(1,1,1,0) as input.d) Repeat (a) to (c) with no self connection in weight vector.
Code: 9A02707
B.Tech IV Year I Semester (R09) Regular Examinations, November 2012
(Electrical and Electronics Engineering)
Time: 3 hours
Max Marks: 70
*****
1 (a) Explain about biological neuron.
(b) Explain about the applications of artificial neural networks.
2 (a)
(b)
What are the types of neuron activations functions?

What are the learning strategies for artificial neural networks?
Explain about the Perceptron training algorithms.
Explain about the bidirectional associative memory
5 (a)
(b)
What are the properties, operations of classical sets?

Explain the relations of classical sets.
What is fuzzification? Explain about the defuzzification to crisp sets.
Explain about the basic operations and technologies in genetic algorithms.
Briefly explain about the artificial neural networks based short term load forecasting.
*****
Code: 9A02707
B.Tech IV Year I Semester (R09) Regular Examinations, November 2012
(Electrical and Electronics Engineering)
Time: 3 hours
Max Marks: 70
*****
1 (a) Explain about artificial neuron.
(b) Explain about the characteristics of artificial neural networks.
2
Explain about the classification taxonomy of artificial neural networks.
3 (a)
(b)
Explain about the back propagation network.

Explain about back propagation learning.
Explain about the training algorithms for pattern association.
5 (a)
(b)
Explain about the operations of fuzzy sets.

Explain about the fuzzy relations.
Explain about the development of rule base and decision making system.
Explain the differences between traditional and genetic algorithm.
8 (a)
(b)
Explain about the load flow studies.

Explain about the genetic algorithm based economic dispatch.
*****
B.Tech IV Year I Semester (R09) Regular Examinations, November

2012
SOFT COMPUTING
TECHNIQUES
(Electrical and Electronics
Engineering)
Time: 3 hours
Max Marks: 70
Answer any FIVE
questions
All questions carry equal
marks
*
*
*
*
*
1
Explain about the basic models of artificial neural networks.
Explain about the architecture of artificial neural networks.
3 (a)
(b)
Explain about the Perceptron network.

Explain about the radial basis function.
Discuss about the hetero associative memory network.
5 (a)
(b)
What are the properties of fuzzy sets?

Explain about the cardinalities in fuzzy sets.
Define fuzzification. Explain about the defuzzification methods.
Explain about the basic operators and basic technologies in genetic algorithm.
8 (a)
(b)
Explain about the fuzzy logic based unit commitment.

Explain about the load flow studies.
*
*
*
*
*
B.Tech IV Year I Semester (R09) Regular Examinations,

November 2012
SOFT COMPUTING
TECHNIQUES
(Electrical and Electronics
Engineering)
Time: 3 hours
Max Marks: 70
Answer any FIVE
questions
All questions carry equal
marks
*
*
*
*
*
1 (a) Explain about the Mc Culloch-Pitts neuron model.

(b) Briefly explain about the characteristics of artificial neural networks.
2 (a)
(b)
Explain the operations of artificial neuron.

Discuss about the supervised learning strategy.
Explain about the ADALINE, MADALINE algorithms.
Briefly explain about the Hopfield networks.
5 (a)
(b)
Differentiate between classical sets and fuzzy sets.

Explain about the membership functions in fuzzy sets.
Explain the differences between fuzzification and defuzzification.
7 (a)
(b)
Explain about the mutation operator.

Explain about the basic operators in genetic algorithms.
Briefly explain about the artificial neural networks based short term load forecasting.
*
*
*
*
*
SWITCH GEAR AND PROTECTION
Syllabus
Objective:
This course introduces all varieties of Circuit Breakers and Relays for protection of Generators,
Transformers and feeder bus bars from over voltages and other hazards. It emphasis on Neutral grounding
for overall protection.
UNIT I CIRCUIT BREAKERS-1
Circuit Breakers: Elementary principles of arc interruption, Recovery, Restriking Voltage and Recovery
voltages.- Restriking Phenomenon, Average and Max. RRRV, Numerical Problems - Current Chopping
and Resistance Switching - CB ratings and Specifications: Types and Numerical Problems.
Autoreclosures.
UNIT II CIRCUIT BREAKERS-2
Description and Operation of following types of circuit breakers: Minimum Oil Circuit breakers, Air
Blast Circuit Breakers, Vacuum and SF6 circuit breakers.
UNIT III ELECTROMAGNETIC RELAYS
Basic Requirements of Relays Primary and Backup protection - Construction details of Attracted
armature, balanced beam, inductor type and differential relays Universal Torque equation
Characteristics of over current, Direction and distance relays.
UNIT IV STATIC AND MICROPROCESSOR BASED RELAYS
Static Relays Advantages and Disadvantages Definite time, Inverse and IDMT static relays
Comparators Amplitude and Phase comparators. Microprocessor based relays Advantages and
Disadvantages Block diagram for over current (Definite, Inverse and IDMT) and Distance Relays and
their Flow Charts.
UNIT V GENERATOR PROTECTION
Protection of generators against Stator faults, Rotor faults, and Abnormal Conditions. Restricted Earth
fault and Inter-turn fault Protection. Numerical Problems on % Winding Unprotected.
UNIT VI TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
Protection of transformers: Percentage Differential Protection, Numerical Problem on Design of CT s
Ratio, Buchholtz relay Protection.
UNIT VII PROTECTION OF FEEDERS AND TRANSMISSION LINES
Protection of Feeder (Radial & Ring main) using over current Relays. Protection of Transmission line 3
Zone protection using Distance Relays. Carrier current protection. Protection of Bus bars.
UNIT VIII PROTECTION AGAINST OVER VOLTAGES
Generation of Over Voltages in Power Systems.-Protection against Lightning Over Voltages - Valve type
and Zinc-Oxide Lighting Arresters - Insulation Coordination BIL.
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Switchgear and Protection by Sunil S Rao, Khanna Publlishers
2. Power System Protection and Switchgear by Badari Ram , D.N

Viswakarma, TMH Publications.
3. Fundamentals of Power System Protection by Y. G. Paithankar and
S. R. Bhide, 2nd Edition, PHI.
Objective
Course Objective of Switchgear and Protection:
A switchgear or electrical switchgear is a generic term which includes all the switching
devices associated with mainly power system protection. It also includes all devices
associated with control, metering and regulating of electrical power system. Assembly of
such devices in a logical manner forms a switchgear. This is very basic definition of
switchgear.
We all familiar with low voltage switches and re-wirable fuses in our home. The
switch is used to manually open and close the electrical circuit in our home
andelectrical fuse is used to protect our household electrical circuit from over
current and short circuit faults. In same way every electrical circuit including high
voltage electrical power system needs switching and protective devices. But in
high voltage and extra high voltage system, these switching and protective scheme
becomes complicated one for high fault current interruption in safe and secure
way. In addition to that from commercial point of view every electrical power
system needs measuring, control and regulating arrangement. Collectively the
whole system is called Switchgear and Protection of power system.
The electrical switchgear have been developing in various forms.
Switchgear protection plays a vital role in modern power system network, right
from generation through transmission to distribution end. The current interruption
device or switching device is called circuit breaker inSwitchgear
protection system. The circuit breaker can be operated manually as when
required and it is also operated during over current and short circuit or any other
faults in the system by sensing the abnormality of system. The circuit breaker
senses the faulty condition of system through protection relay and this relay is
again actuated by faulty signal normally comes from current transformer or voltage
transformer.
Lesson Plan

LESSON PLAN
Year: 2012 2013
Branch: EEE
Name of the Faculty:
S.
No.
Dates
S.Mahesh Reddy
class: IVB.Tech. - Isem

Subject: Switchgear& Protection
No. of
No. of
periods
Topic to be covered
In week
Periods
required
Total
Periods
Per
unit
Unit-1
Introduction
Circuit Breaker (CB) principle of opening operation.
Elementary principles of arc interruption

2
Restriking, recovery voltages & RRRV
Current chopping & resistance switching
Problems
Problems
CB ratings
Auto reclosures
12
Unit-2
Classification of CBs & Oil CBs
Minimum oil CB details
Air Blast CB
Vacuum CB
SF6 CB detail
Unit-3
Basic Requirements of Relays ,Important terms related to

relays
6
Attracted armature, Balanced beam relay
1
1
Induction disc & induction cup relays
Relays classification
Over current relays
Direction relays, differential relays
Universal torque equation & distance relays
2
1
8.
Unit-4
Static relays Adv And disadvantages,
Definite Time, Inverse and IDMT Relays
Comparators
Amplitude and Phase Comparators
Microprocessors based realys, Advantages and

disadvantages, Block diagram of overcurrent relays and
10
distance relays
1
1
Unit-5
Generator Protection against stator faults
10
2
Rotor faults and abnormal condition,
1
Restricted earth fault and inter turn fault protection
Numerical problems on %winding Un proteceted

11
6
3
Unit-6
12
Transformer Protection
Percentage Diff Protection
Priblmes on Design of CTs Ratio
Buchholtz Realy
Unit-7
13
Protection of feeder(radial & ring main)using over current

relays
Protection of transmission lines

2
14
3 zone protection uing distance relays
Carrier current and bus bar protection
5
6
Unit-8
Causes of over voltages in p.s.
Lightning phenomenon
Lightning arresters(LA) introduction
Valve type and Zinc oxide LA

15
16
17
18
Insulation coordination
Basic Impulse level & definitions
Specifications of standard test wave
Volt time characteristics
Problems
Grand Test
Prevoius Questions Revision
Total
HOD
11
FACULTY
69

examinations
IV. B.Tech, I-Sem, I Mid-Examinations
1.In a circuit breaker the current which exists at the instant of contact separation is known as
(A) re striking current
(B) surge current
(C) breaking current
(D) recovery current.
2. A Merz-price protection is suitable for

(A) transformers
(B) alternators
(C) feeders
(D) transmission lines.
3. Air blast circuit breakers for 400 kV. Power system are designed to operate in
(A) 50 micro seconds
(B) 50 milli seconds
(C) 500 milli seconds
(D) 50 seconds.
4. Breaking capacity of a circuit breaker is usually expressed in terms of

(A) Amperes
(B) Volts
(C) MW
(D) MVA.
5. Sulphur hexafluoride is a
(A) Conductor of electricity
(B) Semi-conductor
(C) Inactive gas
(D) Dielectric.
6. The contact resistance is least affected by

(A) the mechanical force applied
(B) the shape of the contact faces
(C) the amount of surface contamination
(D) the ambient temperature.
7. The arc voltage produced in ac circuit breaker is
(A) leading the arc current by 90
(B) lagging the arc current by 90
(C) In phase with the arc current
(D) In phase opposition to the arc current.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
SF6 gas is _______________

The arcing contacts in a circuit breaker are made of________________
Arc in a circuit behaves as------------Relays can be designed to respond to changes in-----------------Overload relays are of...... type.
Magnetic circuit breaker has ______ trip action.
The relay operating speed depends upon-------Circuit breakers usually operate under-------Circuit breakers are essentially-------The current zero interruption, in oil and air blast circuit breakers, is achieved by---------Air blast circuit breaker is used for---------An efficient and a well designed protective relaying should have--------Burden of a protective relay is the power------------

IV. B.Tech, I-Sem, I Mid-Examinations,
Answer any three
1. Explain the operation of Oil circuit breaker with relevant sketch in a detailed manner.
2. Explain the operation of SF6 circuit breaker with relevant sketch in a detailed manner.
3. Explain about different types of distance relays.
4. Derive Universal Torque equation.
5. Describe Elementary principles of arc interruption.

IV. B.Tech, I-Sem, II Mid-Examinations
1.Relay contacts are normally made up of:

a) Silver contacts
b) Copper contacts
c) Aluminium contacts
d) Lead contacts
2. The most efficient torque-producing actuating structure for induction type relays is:
a) Shaded pole structure
b) Watt-hour meter structure
c) Induction cup structure
d) Single induction cup structure
3. Impedance relays can be used for:

a) Phase faults only
b) Earth faults only
c) Both earth and phase faults
d) None of the above
4. Sparking between the contacts can be reduced by inserting:

a) A capacitor in parallel with the contacts
b) A capacitor in series with the contacts
c) A resistor in the line
d) A reactor in the line
5. The contact resistance is least affected by:

a) Shape of the contact faces
b) Ambient temperature
c) Mechanical forces applied
d) Amount of surface commutation
6. The arc voltage produced in an ac circuit breaker is always:

a) In phase with the arc current
b) Lagging the arc current by 90 deg
c) Leading the arc current by 90 deg
d) In phase opposition with the arc current
7. Breaking capacity of the circuit breaker is usually expressed in:

a) MVA
b) MW
c) Kilo-amperes
d) kV
8. Which of the following circuit breakers produce least arc energy:

a) Plain oil
b) Minimum oil
c) Air blast
d) Air break
9. Arc chutes are used in:
a) Oil circuit breaker

b) Vacuum circuit breakers
c) SF6 circuit breakers
d) Air blast circuit breakers
10. A thermal protection switch is used to provide protection against:

a) Over load
b) Temperature
c) Short circuit
d) Over voltage
11. Mho relay have an R-X characteristics depicted by:
a) A straight line passing through origin
b) A straight line parallel to X-axis
c) A straight line parallel to R-axis
d) A circle passing through the origin
12.Any winding of a power transformer develops short circuit owing to:

a) Loose connections
b) Insulation failure
c) Impulse voltage
d) Mechanical vibration
13. The relay used for the feeder protection is:

a) Under-voltage relay
b) Translay relay
c) Thermal relay
d) Buchholz relay
14. The relay best suited for phase fault relaying for medium transmission lines is:
a) Mho relay
b) Reactance relay
c) Impedance relay
15. For ground fault, which of the relay is preferred:

a) Plain impedance relay
b) Directional relay
c) Reactance relay
d) Over-current relay
16. The short circuit current of an alternator, inc case of line to line fault depends on its:
a) Short circuit resistance
b) Transient reactance
c) Synchronous reactance
17. Solid earthing is provided for the voltage below:
a) 100 kV
b) 600 V
c) 11 kV
d) 66 kV
18. A lightning arrester connected between the line and earth in a power system
a) Protects the terminal equipment against travelling surges
b) Protects the terminal equipment against lightning strokes
c) Suppresses the high frequency oscillations in the line
d) Reflects back the travelling waves approaching it
19. Thermal relays are used for the protection of motors against over-current owing to:
a) Short circuit
b) Heavy loads
c) Earth fault
d) All the above
20. Buchholz relay is:
a) Located in the conservator tank
b) Located in the transformer tank itself
c) Connected in the pipe connecting main tank of transformer and conservator
d) Installed in the circuit breaker

IV. B.Tech, II-Sem, II Mid-Examinations
Answer any three
1. Define Definite time, Inverse and IDMT static relays.

2. Explain Percentage Differential Protection for Transformers.
3.Describe Buchholtz relay Protection.
4. What is 3 Zone protection using Distance Relays.
5. What is Carrier current protection.
Question Bank
1.In a circuit breaker the current which exists at the instant of contact separation is known as
(A) re striking current
(B) surge current
(C) breaking current
(D) recovery current.
2. A Merz-price protection is suitable for

(A) transformers
(B) alternators
(C) feeders
(D) transmission lines.
3. Air blast circuit breakers for 400 kV. Power system are designed to operate in
(A) 50 micro seconds
(B) 50 milli seconds
(C) 500 milli seconds
(D) 50 seconds.
4. Breaking capacity of a circuit breaker is usually expressed in terms of

(A) Amperes
(B) Volts
(C) MW
(D) MVA.
5. Sulphur hexafluoride is a
(A) Conductor of electricity
(B) Semi-conductor
(C) Inactive gas
(D) Dielectric.
6. The contact resistance is least affected by

(A) the mechanical force applied
(B) the shape of the contact faces
(C) the amount of surface contamination
(D) the ambient temperature.
7. The arc voltage produced in ac circuit breaker is
(A) leading the arc current by 90
(B) lagging the arc current by 90
(C) In phase with the arc current
(D) In phase opposition to the arc current.
8.
9.
SF6 gas is _______________

The arcing contacts in a circuit breaker are made of________________
10. Arc in a circuit behaves as------------11. Relays can be designed to respond to changes in-----------------12. Overload relays are of...... type.
13. Magnetic circuit breaker has ______ trip action.
14. The relay operating speed depends upon
15. Circuit breakers usually operate under
16. Circuit breakers are essentially
17. The current zero interruption, in oil and air blast circuit breakers, is achieved by
18. Air blast circuit breaker is used for
19. An efficient and a well designed protective relaying should have
20. Burden of a protective relay is the power
21. Directional relays are based on flow of
22. A differential relay measures the vector difference between
23. A transmission line is protected by
24. Large internal faults are protected by
25. When a transmission line is energized, the wave that propagates on it is
26. Protective relays are devices that detect abnormal conditions in electrical circuits by
measuring
27. The voltage appearing across the contacts after opening of the circuit breaker is
called______voltage.
28. Ionization in circuit breaker is facilitated by
29. In a circuit breaker the basic problem is to
30. Overheating of relay contacts or contact born out is due to
31. Interruption of large currents by relay requires
32. Shunt capacitance is neglected while considering
34. The arc voltage produced in A.C. circuit breaker is always
35. The time of closing the cycle, in modern circuit breakers is
36. Insulation resistance of high voltage circuit breakers is more than
37.Relay contacts are normally made up of:
a) Silver contacts
b) Copper contacts
c) Aluminium contacts
d) Lead contacts
38. The most efficient torque-producing actuating structure for induction type relays is:
a) Shaded pole structure
b) Watt-hour meter structure
c) Induction cup structure
d) Single induction cup structure
39. Impedance relays can be used for:

a) Phase faults only
b) Earth faults only
c) Both earth and phase faults

40. Sparking between the contacts can be reduced by inserting:

a) A capacitor in parallel with the contacts
b) A capacitor in series with the contacts
c) A resistor in the line
d) A reactor in the line
41. The contact resistance is least affected by:

a) Shape of the contact faces
b) Ambient temperature
c) Mechanical forces applied
d) Amount of surface commutation
42. The arc voltage produced in an ac circuit breaker is always:

a) In phase with the arc current
b) Lagging the arc current by 90 deg
c) Leading the arc current by 90 deg
d) In phase opposition with the arc current
43. Breaking capacity of the circuit breaker is usually expressed in:

a) MVA
b) MW
c) Kilo-amperes
d) kV
44. Which of the following circuit breakers produce least arc energy:
a) Plain oil
b) Minimum oil
c) Air blast
d) Air break
45. Arc chutes are used in:

a) Oil circuit breaker
b) Vacuum circuit breakers
c) SF6 circuit breakers
d) Air blast circuit breakers
46. A thermal protection switch is used to provide protection against:

a) Over load
b) Temperature
c) Short circuit
d) Over voltage
47. Mho relay have an R-X characteristics depicted by:
a) A straight line passing through origin
b) A straight line parallel to X-axis
c) A straight line parallel to R-axis

d) A circle passing through the origin
48.Any winding of a power transformer develops short circuit owing to:

a) Loose connections
b) Insulation failure
c) Impulse voltage
d) Mechanical vibration
49. The relay used for the feeder protection is:

a) Under-voltage relay
b) Translay relay
c) Thermal relay
d) Buchholz relay
50. The relay best suited for phase fault relaying for medium transmission lines is:
a) Mho relay
b) Reactance relay
c) Impedance relay
51. For ground fault, which of the relay is preferred:

a) Plain impedance relay
b) Directional relay
c) Reactance relay
d) Over-current relay
52. The short circuit current of an alternator, inc case of line to line fault depends on its:
a) Short circuit resistance
b) Transient reactance
c) Synchronous reactance
53. Solid earthing is provided for the voltage below:

a) 100 kV
b) 600 V
c) 11 kV
d) 66 kV
54. A lightning arrester connected between the line and earth in a power system
a) Protects the terminal equipment against travelling surges
b) Protects the terminal equipment against lightning strokes
c) Suppresses the high frequency oscillations in the line
d) Reflects back the travelling waves approaching it
55. Thermal relays are used for the protection of motors against over-current owing to:
a) Short circuit
b) Heavy loads
c) Earth fault
d) All the above
56. Buchholz relay is:
a) Located in the conservator tank
b) Located in the transformer tank itself
c) Connected in the pipe connecting main tank of transformer and conservator
d) Installed in the circuit breaker
1. Explain the operation of Oil circuit breaker with relevant sketch in a detailed manner.
2. Explain the operation of SF6 circuit breaker with relevant sketch in a detailed manner.
3. Explain about different types of distance relays.
4. Derive Universal Torque equation.
5. Describe Elementary principles of arc interruption.

6. Explain about balanced beam, inductor type and differential relays.
7. Define Definite time, Inverse and IDMT static relays.
8. Explain Percentage Differential Protection for Transformers.
9.Describe Buchholtz relay Protection.
10. What is 3 Zone protection using Distance Relays.
11. What is Carrier current protection.
12. What is Merz Price Protection.
13. Explain about Induction Cup type Relays.
14. Explain about Over Voltages.
15. What is RRRV.
16. Explain about different types of arresters.
17. What is Current chopping and resistance switching.
18. Explain the operation of Circuit Breaker.
19. What is IDMT.
20. Explain the operation of Relays.

1
Write short notes on the rate of restriking voltage and explain its importance in arc
extinction.
(a) Explain the merits and demerits of SF6 gas circuit breaker.
(b) Explain the operation of SF6 circuit breaker with relevant sketch in a detailed manner.
(a) Explain about different types of distance relays.

(b) Compare their merits and demerits and give their field of applications.
(a) Explain the merits and demerits of static relays.

(b) Discuss how an amplitude comparator can be converted into a phase comparator
and vice versa.
A 6.6 kV, 4000 kV A star connected alternator with a transient reactance of 2 /

phase and negligible resistance, is protected by a circulating current protective
system. The alternator neutral is earthed through a resistor of 7.5. The relays are
set to operate when there is an out of balance current of 1 A in the secondary
windings of the 500/5 current transformers. What percentage of each phase winding
is protected against an earth fault?
(a) Discuss earth fault protection for transformers.

(b) A 3-phase transformer rated for 33kV/6.6kV is connected star-delta and the
protecting current transformer on the low voltage side have a ratio of 400/5.
Determine the ratio of the current transformer on the HV side.
(a) What is a protective relay? What are the fundamental requirements of protective
relaying? What are the unit system of protection and non-unit system protection?
(b) Explain in detail the primary and back-up protection. What are the advantages of
zonal protection?
Describe the construction and principle of operation of valve type and Zinc oxide
lightning arrester.
*
*
*
*
*
(a) Explain the terms recovery voltage, restriking voltage and RRRV.
(b) Derive the expression for the restriking voltage in terms of system capacitance and
inductance.
(a) Explain the merits of minimum oil circuit breaker over the bulk oil breakers.
(b) Explain the performance of a circuit breaker when capacitive currents are interrupted.
(a) Explain how to provide directional feature for impedance and reactance relays and
also explain its necessity.
(b) Explain why attracted armature type relays are noisy. What measures are take to
minimize the noise?
(a) Explain the operating principle of rectifier bridge phase comparator with necessary
diagrams.
(b) Why block average phase comparator is preferred over block spike phase
comparator?
(a) Explain how the inclusion of a resistance in the neutral earthing circuit of an
alternator affects the performance of the differential protection of the three-phase
stator.
(b) Describe how protection is provided in large turbo-alternators against earth-fault in
the rotor.
(a) Write short notes on different transformer faults.

(b) Describe the construction, principle of operation and applications of Buchholz relay.
Why this form of protection is an ideal protection scheme for transformers?
(a) What is voltage differential protection of bus bar and how is it superior to circulating
current protection.
(b) Discuss the necessity of bus bar protection.
(a) What are various methods of over voltage protection of overhead transmission lines?
(b) Explain clearly how the rating of a lightning arrester is selected. What is the best
location of a lightning arrester and why?
*****
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3
Code: 9A02703
B.TECH IV Year I Semester (R09) Regular Examinations, November 2012
Time: 3 hours
Max. Marks: 70
*****
1 (a) Explain about current zero interruption and what are its advantages.
(b) In a system the r.m.s voltage is 19.1 kV, L is 10 mH, C is 0.02 F. Determine the
average rate of rise of restriking voltage, when the circuit breaker opens.
2
(a) Explain resistance switching in detail with relevant diagrams and derive the
expression of damped oscillation.
(b) Describe the construction and principle of operation of SF6 circuit breaker.
What is the effect of arc-resistance on the performance of impedance relay and

explain how it is overcome in case of Mho relay?
Write notes on an amplitude / pulse width converter as applied in a phase sensitive

amplitude comparator.
Write short notes on (i) static sine comparator (ii) integrating type (iii) amplitude
comparator.
(a) Explain a scheme of protection for failure of alternator excitation.

(b) Explain with neat diagram the Merz-price protection for generator.
(a) Discuss about differential protection scheme for transformers.

(b) A 3-phase transformer rated for 33kV/6.6kV is connected star/delta and the
protecting current transformer on the low voltage side have a ratio of 400/5.
Determine the ratio of the current transformer on the HV side.
(a) Explain the phenomena of lightning and the traveling waves caused by its on
transmission lines.
(b) What are the causes of over voltages arising on a power system? Why is it
necessary to protect the lines and other equipment of the power system against
over voltages?
*****
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1
Code: 9A02703
*
B.TECH IV Year I Semester (R09) Regular Examinations,
November 2012
*
*
*
Time: 3 hours
Max. Marks: 70
*
Answer
any FIVE
questions
1
Explain the
following
in detail:
(i) Symmetrical
breaking
All questions
carrycapacity.
equal marks
(ii) Asymmetrical breaking capacity.
(iii) Rating of circuit breakers.
2
(a) Explain the phenomena of current chopping and discuss its effects. Suggest various
methods to overcome the same.
(b) Draw a neat sketch of minimum oil circuit breaker and explain its working.
Discuss the directional impedance relay and explain the directional impedance relay
by means of its characteristic on R-X plane.
(a) Explain with necessary diagrams the operating principle a rectifier bridge phase
comparator.
(b) Why block average phase comparator is preferred over block spike phase
comparator.
(a) Describe the prime mover failure protection schemes of an alternator.

(b) The neutral point of a 3-, 20MVA, 11kV alternator is earthed through a resistance
of 5 , the relay is set to operate when there is an out of balance current of 1.5 A.
The C.T.s has a ratio of 1000/5. What percentage of winding is protected against an
earth fault and what should be the minimum value of earthing resistance to protect
90% of the winding?
(a) Draw and explain the connecting diagram of a star/delta power transformer using
percentage differential relays.
(b) What is Translay protection? Give such a scheme of protection for 3-phase
transmission line.
(a) With a neat sketch, explain the differential scheme for bus zone protection.
(b) Explain the working principle of frame leakage protection.
Write short notes of the following:

(i) Expulsion type lightning arrester.
(ii) Non-linear surge diverter.
(iii) Metal oxide surge arrester.
*
*
*
*
*
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2
Code: 9A02703
B.TECH IV Year I Semester (R09) Regular Examinations, November 2012
Time: 3 hours
Max. Marks: 70

Distrubution of Power

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Distrubution of Power

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PBR VISVODAYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER

UNIT VII COMPENSATION FOR POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT

CLASS: IV YEAR- I SEM

Faculty Name: A. BHAKTHA VACHALA

S Subject: DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER

Load modeling and characteristics - load forecasting

Coincidence factor, contribution factor &loss factor

Relation between loss factor and load factor

Classification of loads-residential loads

Commercial loads, agricultural loads

Unit II: General Aspects of D.C Distribution:

Classification of distribution systems-Comparison

Voltage drop calculations in dc distributors for the

Following cases: Radial distributor fed at one end

And at both ends and Ring main Distributor

Unit III: A.C. Distribution Systems

levels, feeder loading; basic design practice of the

Voltage Drop Calculations in A.C. Distributors for the

Unit IV: Substations

Location of Substations: Rating of distribution

substation, service area within primary feeders.

Benefits derived through optimal location of

bar Double breaker One and half breaker system

with relevant diagrams

I MID EXAMINATIONS (03-09-2011 to 05-09-2011)

Causes of low p.f -Methods of Improving p.f -Phase

Dependency of Voltage on Reactive Power flow.5

Methods of Voltage Control: Shunt Capacitors,

Series Capacitors, Synchronous Capacitors, Tap

changing and Booster Transformers

Unit VI: System Analysis

Voltage drop and power-loss calculations: Derivation

three phase balanced primary lines.

Unit VII: Compensation For Power Factor

Power factor correction-

Procedure to determine the best capacitor location.

Unit VIII Protection And Coordination Of Distribution

types of common faults and

breakers Coordination of Protective Devices: General

Discussion on previous Question Papers

Revision for II Mid Exams

Signature of the staff-in charge

Signature of the HOD

Question Papers Mid-semester

***Answer any three questions

(b) Explain about benefits derived through optimal location of substation

PBR VISVODAYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE: KAVALI

1. Demand factor is the ratio of

2. The coincidence factor for lighting loads in domestic loads about..

3. Heavy industrial have demand factor of ..

6. The voltage most commonly used for the primary distribution is

9. Standard 3 phase 4 wire L.T distribution in India is

10. The conductors are designed based on its .

b) current carrying capacity c) power rating d) losses

11. Single phase AC distribution with midpoint ground is used for..

14. In constant impedance loads the power is proportional to the square of

15. According to the type of service, the distribution systems are

16. Give the function of lightning arresters.

18.Define the function of substation and its purpose?

19. What is meant by distribution substations?

20. Define voltage square law?

PBR VISVODAYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE: KAVALI

***Answer any three questions