Persian Lessons in Romanization

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Basic Persian
Lesson 1
ch
well
water
drad
has
that
1. n ch ast
that is a well
2. n b ast
that is water
3. ch b darad
a well has water
4. b bi ast
water is blue
5. n b bi ast
that water is blue
6. n be ch ast
that is well water
place
foot
bu
smell
dud
smoke
zud
early
mad
he/she came
1. u j drad
he/she has a place
2. u p drad
he/she has foot
3. dud bu drad
the smoke has smell
4. b bi ast
the water is blue
5. u zud mad
he/she came early
Exercise 1.1
1. Learn the pronunciations of a and by pronouncing them aloud.
2. Learn the meaning of the above Persian words and pronounce them aloud.
3. Copy the above example sentences five times.
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Lesson 2
sn
easy
dars
lesson
we
in
this
bud
was
kr
job/work
man
dram
I have
1. in dars sn ast
this lesson is easy
2. n dars sn bud
that lesson was easy
3. kre m sn ast
our work/job is easy
4. n be ch ast
that is well water
5. u p drad
he/she has foot
6. man kr dram
I have work
7. darse man sn ast
my lesson is easy
8. in darse man ast
this is my lesson
9. u zud mad
he/she came early
10. n ch b drad
that well has water
Forming Interrogative Sentences

For forming an interrogative sentence add the word y in the beginning of a declarative one. For a
positive answer to an interrogative sentence, use the word bale and for a negative answer use the
word na.
Excerice 2.1
Answer the Following Questions:
1. y in dars sn ast?
bale, in dars sn ast
2. y kre m sn ast?
bale, kre m sn ast
3. y n ch b drad?
bale, n ch b drad
4. y u zud mad?
bale, u zud mad
5. y b bi ast?
bale, b bi ast
6. y n be ch ast?
bale, n be ch ast
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7. y dud bu drad?
bale, dud bu drad
8. y u j drad?
bale, u j drad
Exercise 2.2
Read the Following Words Loudly and Distinctly:

sn - dars - m - in - bud - kr - man - dram
Lesson 3
asb
horse
gu
ear
dom
tail
sag
dog
dar
door/in
yek
one
do
two
dast
hand
lab
lip
1. in asb ast
this is a horse
2. n asb do gu drad
that horse has two ears
3. in asb yek dom drad
this horse has a tail
4. asbe mn do gu drad
my horse has two ears
5. in dar ast
this is a door
6. u yek asb drad
he/she has a horse
7. n asb ast
that is a horse
8. in asbe mn ast
this is my horse
9. n sag, yek dom drad
that dog has a tail
10. in sage u ast
this is his/her dig
11. in labe mn ast
this is my lip
12. n daste ust (ust = u ast)
that is his/her hand
13. u do asb drad
he/she has two horses
14. man yek sag dram
I have a dog
15. man do p dram
I have two feet
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16. asb dom drad
a horse has a tail
17. asb lab drad
a horse has lips
18. u do dast drad
he/she has two hnds
19. in sag do lab drad
this dog has two lips
20. n dar ast
that is a door
Exercise 3.1
1. Remember the pronunciation of o in the word do (two). Pronounce

this word several times.
2. Learn these combinations and make others similar to them: abe ch
kre m do gu
3. Put the following declarative sentences into interrogative:
1. u yek sag drad
y u yek sag drad?
2. asb dom drad
y asb dom drad?
3. n sag ast
y n sag ast?
4. in asbe ust
y in asbe ust?
5. n sag do gu drad
y n sag do gu drad?
6. in be ch ast
y in be ch ast?
7. n ch b drad
y n ch b drad?
8. n daste ust
y n daste ust?
Exercise 3.2
Put the following words in the right order:
1. drad - yek - u - sag
u yek sag drad
2. dom - asb - n - drad
n asb dom drad
3. man - sag - gu - drad - do - e
sage man do gu drad
4. asb - ast - n
n asb ast
5. man - in - ast - sage
sage man in ast
6. asb - u - do - drad
u do asb drad
7. p - do - man - dram
man do p dram
8. drad - dom - asb
asb dom drad
9. asbe - do - p - u - drad
asbe u do p drad
10. ch - be - ast - n
n be ch ast
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Lesson 4
mu
hair
abru
eyebrow
damq/bini
nose
sar
head
dahan/dahn
mouth
cam
eye
kucak
little/small
bozorg
big/large
va/o
and
1. u do gue bozorg drad
he/she has two large ears
2. daste man kucak ast
I have a small hand
3. sare man mu drad
I have hair on my head
4. u yek damqe bozorg drad
he/she has a large nose
5. man do cam dram
I have two eyes
6. u yek dahan drad
he/she has a mouth
7. man yek sar dram
I have a head
8. u do p drad
he/she has two feet
9. man yek dahn va/dahno do lab dram

(dahan + o = dahno)
I have one mouth and two lips
10. u do abru va/abruvo do cam drad (abru + o

= abruvo)
he/she has two eyebrows and two eyes
11. sare man va/mano sare u mu drand
he/she and I have hair on our heads
12. sare u kucak va/kucako gue u bozorg ast
his/her head is small and his/her ears are large
13. u do dast va/dasto do p drad
he/she has two hands and two feet
14. daste u kucak va/kucako daste man bozorg

ast
his/her hands are small and mine are large
15. sare om bozorg ast
your head is large
Exercise 4.1
Answer the following questions:

1. y daste man kucak ast?
2. y sare u bozorg ast?
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3. ya asb dom drad?

4. y in sag do gu drad?
5. y in labe man ast?
6. y in dar ast?
7. y in dars, sn ast?
8. y man zud madam?
9. y kre m sn ast?
10. y man do p dram?
The plural of the majority of nouns is formed by adding "h" to the singular and sometimes by adding
"n".
Exercise 4.2
Add h to the singular nouns below to make them plural:

ch
chh
dars
darsh
kr
krh
sag
sagh
gu
guh
lab
labh
dast
dasth
sar
sarh
abru
abruh
cam
camh
Read and learn the following pronouns:

man
om
you
to
thou
he/she
we
in
they
Lesson 5
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ketb
book
kels
class
drid
you have
medd
pencil
be
to
madid
you came
xne
house
raft
he/she went
se
three
madim
we came
1. om do ketb drid
you have two books
2. u yek qalam drad
he/she has one pen
3. kelse ma bozorg ast
our classroom is large
4. u se medd drad
he/she has three pencils
5. ma be kels madim
we came to class
6. u be xne raft
he/she went to the house
7. asbe u bozorg ast
his/her horse is big
8. om se medd drid
you have three pencils
9. medde man bi ast
my pencil is blue
10. u be kels raft
he/she went to class
11. man do qalam dram
I have two pens
12. u yek damq drad
he/she has one nose
13. ketbe u bi ast
his/her book is blue
14. medde man kucak ast
my pencil is small
15. u yek sage bozorg drad
he/she has a big dog
16. u do medde bi drad
he/she has a blue pencil
17. man do camo do abru dram
I have two eyes and two eyebrows
18. u do dasto do pa drad
he/she has two hands and two feet
19. ketbe u kucak ast
his book is small
20. medde man bozorg ast
my pencil is big
Exercise 5.1

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1. y om yek qalam drid?
bale, om yek qalam drid
2. y u do medd drad?
bale, u do medd drad
3. y kelse m bozorg ast?
bale, kelse m bozorg ast
4. y man do dasto do p dram?
bale, man do dasto do p dram
5. y man do lab dram?
bale, man do lab dram
6. y om zud be kels madid?
bale, om zud be kels madid
7. ya om do dast drid?
bale, om do dast drid
8. y om do gu drid?
bale, om do gu drid
9. y asb dom drad?
bale, asb dom drad
10. y in daste man ast?
bale, in daste man ast
11. y n ketbe man ast?
bale, n ketbe man ast
12. y sag dom drad?
bale, sag dom drad
13. y om do p drid?
bale, om do p drid
14. y om do cam drid?
bale, om do cam drid
15. y daste u kucak ast?
bale, daste u kucak ast
16. y daste man bozorg ast?
bale, daste man bozorg ast
17. y medde man bi ast?
bale, medde man bi ast
18. y man do gu dram?
bale, man do gu dram
19. y man do dast dram?
bale, man do dast dram
20. y dars sn ast?
bale, dars sn ast
Negative Form of the Verbs

The prefixes na or ne make the verbs negative:
Examples:
dram nadram
raft naraft
miravam nemiravam
There is a special case for the word ast (is). To make it negative the prefix ni is added instead of
na at the beginning:
Example:
ast nist
Exercise 5.2
Change the following positive sentences into negative:

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1. in dars sn ast
in dars sn nist
2. kre m sn ast
kre m sn nist
3. n ch b drad
n ch b nadrad
4. u do asb drad
u do asb nadrad
5. in asbe ust
in asbe u nist
6. man do ketb dram
man do ketb nadram
7. u be kels raft
u be kels naraft
8. man se qalam dram
man se qalam nadram
9. om do ketb drid
om do ketb nadrid
10. man do medd dram
man do medd nadram
11. n ketbe ust
an ketbe u nist
12. man be kels raftam
man be kels naraftam
Numbers
1. yek
one
2. do
two
3. se
three
4. cahr
four
5. panj
five
6. e
six
7. haft
seven
8. hat
eight
9. noh
nine
10. dah
ten
Sentences
1. man dah ketb dram
I have ten books
2. u hat qalam drad
he has eight pens
3. y oma yek ketb drid?
do you have a book?
4. man e ketbe bi dram
I have six blue books
5. u haft medde bi nadrad
he/she does not have seven blue pencils
6. m cahr sag nadrim
we do not have four dogs
Combinations
do p - panj ch - noh dars - haft asb - cahr ketb - e medd - se xne - hat sag
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Lesson 6
vardam
I brought
vard
he/she brought
vardid
you brought
bordam
I took away
bord
he/she took away
bordid
you took away
didam
I saw
om didid
you saw
1. man om r didam.
I saw you.
2. man u r nadidam.
I did not see him/her.
3. om u r didid.
you saw him/her.
4. u mar did.
he/she saw me.
5. man ketbh r bordam.
I took away the books.
6. y u medde om r bord?
did he/she take away your pencil?
7. y om qalame ur be xne bordid?
did you take his/her pen home?
8. om m r nadidid
you did not see us.
9. u ketbh r be xne nabord.
he/she did not take the books home.
10. man cahr medde bi be kels vardam.
I brought four blue pencils to class.
11. y om qalame u r vardid?
didyou bring his/her pen?
12. y u ketbe om r be xne bord?
did he/she take your book home?
13. y u om r did?
did he/she see you?
14. man dah ketb dram.
I have ten books.
15. y om m r didid?
did you see us?
16. u be kels naraft.
he did not go to class.
17. m zud be kels madim.
we came to class early.
18. y om ketbe u r be kels vardid?
did you bring his/hr book to class?
19. man medde om r nadidam.
I did not see your pencil.
20. u yek xne drad.
he/she has a house.
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Verb Conjugation
Past tense of the verb:
Didan
To see
man didam
I saw
to didi
you saw/thou sawest
u did
he/she saw
m didim
we saw
om didid
you saw
ian didand
they saw
vardan
To bring
man vardam
I brought
to vardi
you brought/thou broughtest
u vard
he/she brought
m vardim
we brought
om vardid
you brought
in vardand
they brought
Bordan
To take away
man bordam
I took away
to bordi
you took away/thou tookest away
u bord
he/she took away
m bordim
we took away
om bordid
you took away
in bordand
they took away
Execrcise 6.1
Answer the following questions with positive and negative sentences:

1. y om mar ( = man r) didid?
na, man om r nadidam.
2. y u ketb r bord?
bale, u ketb r bord.
3. y medde u dar kels bud?
na, medde u dar kels nabud.
4. y in qalame om ast?
bale, in qalame man ast.
5. y u m r did?
na, u m r nadid.
6. y om ketbh r bordid?
bale m ketbh r bordim.
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7. y u ketbe om r be kels bord?
na, u ketbe mar be kels nabord.
8. y u be kels raft?
bale, u be kels raft.
9. y om medde mar didid?
na, man medde om r nadidam.
10. y u yek xne drad?
bale, u yek xne drad.
11. y om dah ketb drid?
na, m dah ketb nadrim.
12. y u do ketbe bi drad?
bale, u do ketbe bi drad.
13. y oma cahr sag drid?
na, m cahr sag nadrim.
14. y oma panj medd darid?
bale, m panj medd drim.
na, in dars sn nist.
16. y medde man bi ast?
bale, medde man bi ast.
Exercise 6.2

1. medde - do - bi - u - drad
u do medde bi drad.
2. bozorg - ast - m - kelse
kelse m bozorg ast.
3. zud - be - man - madam - kels
man zud be kels madam.
4. p - do - om - va - drid - do - dast
om do p va do dast drid.
5. kucak - daste - ast - u
daste u kucak ast.
6. gu - om - drid - do
om do gu drid.
7. ch - b - drad - n
n ch b drad.
8. e - bi - ketbe - dram - man
man e ketbe bi dram.
9. yek - sag - drad - u
u yek sag drad.
10. ketbh - bordam - r - man
man ketbh r bordam.
11. be - xne - bordid - om - u - r - qalame
om qalame u r be xne bordid.
12. man - bi - cahr - be - kels - medde vardam
man cahr medde bi be kels vardam
13. qalame - vardid - om - u - r - y
y om qalame u r vardid?
14. ketbe - u - om - r - bord - be - xne
u ketbe om r be xne bord.
15. u - r - didid- om - y
y om u r didid?
16. u - xne - yek - drad
u yek xne drad.
17. ketbe - om - r - u - kels - be - bord
u ketbe om r be kels bord.
18. qalam - dah - nadram - man
man dah qalam nadram.
19. zud - xne - be - om - madid
be om zud be xne madid.
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20. do - man - cam - gu - o - dram - do
man do guo do cam dram
Exercise 6.3
Read the following words aloud; then find their equivalents in English:
kucak - bozorg - damq - dahn - abru - sar - mu - dom - lab - gu - asb - sag - didid - bordam - zud
- dud - mad - vard - did - bord - j - ch - b- drad - bi - sn - vardid - didam - dars - n - in bud
Lesson 7
xord
he/she ate
dnegh
university
bzr
bazaar
deraxt
tree
goft
he/she told
sib
apple
raftam
I went
az
from
xarid
he/she bought
1. u be bzr raft.
he went to the bazaar.
2. u az bzr sib xarid.
he bought apples at the bazaar.
3. u sib r xord.
he ate the apple.
4. man dar dnegh om r nadidam.
I did not see you at the university.
5. man az dnegh be xne raftam.
I went home from the university.
6. u m r dar bzr did.
he/she saw us at the bazaar.
7. ketbe om dar kels ast.
your book is the classroom.
8. u sibe om r naxord.
he/she did not eat your apple.
9. u be man goft.
he/she told me.
10. m be dnegh raftim.
we went to the university.
11. man ketbe om r vardam.
I brought your book.
12. u ketbe om r be xne bord.
he/she took your book home.
13. y om medde mar be kels vardid?
did you bring my pencil to class?
14. man in r dar dnegh nadidam.
I did not see them at the university.
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15. u mar dar kels did.
he/she saw me in class.
16. m om r nadidim.
we did not see you.
17. y om sibe mar xordid?
did you eat my apple?
18. man ketbe om r be dnegh nabordam.
I did not take your book to the university.
19. y in medde omst?
is this your pencil?
20. na, n medde man nist.
no, that is not my pencil.
21. y n medde omst?
is that your pencil?
22. bale, an medde man ast.
yes, this is my pencil.
23. in deraxte sib ast.
this is an apple tree.
24. in sib az n deraxt ast.
this apple is from that tree.
25. ma sib r az bzr xaridim.
I bought the apple from the bazaar.
26. u ketb r az man xarid.
he bought the book from me.
27. man be bzr naraftam.
I did not go to the bazaar.
28. y om sibe u r xordid?
did you eat his/her apple?
29. na, man sibe u r naxordam.
no, I did not eat his apple.
30. bale, man sibe u r xordam.
yes, I ate his apple.
Verb Conjugation
Past tense of the verb (in the negative form):
Naxordan
Not to eat
man naxordam
I did not eat
to naxordi
you did not eat/thou didest not eat
u naxord
he/she did not eat
m naxordim
we did not eat
om naxordid
you did not eat
in naxordand
they did not eat

Nagoftan
Not to say/Not to tell
man nagoftam
I did not say
to nagofti
you did not say/thou didest not say
u nagoft
he/she did not say
m nagoftim
we did not say
om nagoftid
you did not say
in nagoftand
they did not say

Naxaridan
Not to buy
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man naxaridam
I did not buy
to naxaridi
you did not buy/thou didest not buy
u naxarid
he/she did not buy
m naxaridim
we did not buy
om naxaridid
you did not buy
in naxaridand
they did not buy
Exercise 7.1
Put the following verbs in negative form:

bordam
nabordam
didid
nadidid
raft
naraft
didam
nadidam
ast
nist
xordam
naxordam
drad
nadrad
xord
naxord
xaridand
naxaridand
drand
nadrand
bordid
nabordid
dram
nadram
didand
nadidand
bord
nabord
did
nadid
bordim
nabordim
xaridam
naxaridam
Exercise 7.2

1. y om yek qalame bi drid?
bale, man yek qalame bi dram
2. y u zud be xne raft?
na, u zud be xne naraft
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3. y kelse m dar dnegah ast?
bale, kelse m dar dnegah ast
4. y ketbe om dar kels bud?
na, ketbe m dar kels nabud
5. y u sib r az bzr xarid?
bale, u sib r az bzr xarid
6. y u ketbe om r be kels vard?
na, u ketbe m r be kels nayvard
7. y om in r dar dnegh didid?
bale, m in r dar dnegh didim
8. y om medde mar be xne bordid?
na, man medde om r be xne nabordam
9. y n ketbe omst?
bale, n ketbe mst
10. y in sib az n deraxt ast?
na, in sib az n deraxt nist
11. y om ketbe mar dar kels didid?
bale, man ketbe om r dar kels didam
na, in dars sn nist
13. y in qalame omst?
bale, in qalame man ast
14. y om ketbh r be kels bordid?
na, m ketbh r be kels nabordim
15. y om yek xne drid?
bale, m yek xne drim
16. y om yek sag drid?
na, man yek sag nadram
17. y om ketbe u r be xne bordid?
bale, m ketbe u r be xne bordim
18. y om zud be xne raftid?
na, m zud be xne naraftim
19. y man zud be kels madam?
bale, om zud be kels madid
20. y ketbe om bist?
na, ketbe man bi nist
Exercise 7.3

1. zud - kels - be - man - raftam.
man zud be kels raftam.
2. sib - u - az - r - xarid - bzr.
u sib r az bzr xarid
3. dar - kelse - m - dnegh - ast.
kelse m dar dnegh ast
4. az - sibh - u - naxord - in.
u az in sibh naxord
5. ketbe - man - om - r - vardam dnegh - be
man ketbe om r be dnegh vardam
6. deraxte - n - ast - sib
n deraxte sib ast
7. dram - yek - man - medde - bi.
man yek medde bi dram
8. yek - sag - u - drad.
u yek sag drad
9. do - om - drid - gu.
om do gu drid
10. bozorg - ast - m - kelse.
kelse m bozorg ast
11. do - om - p - va - dast - do - drid.
om do p va do dast drid
12. drad - b - ch - n.
n ch b drad
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13. be - om - xne - madid.
om be xne madid
14. cam - do - man - do - va - dram - gu.
man do camo do gu dram
15. cahr - u - ketb - kels - be - vard.
u cahr ketb be kels vard
Numbers
11 yzdah
16 nzdah
12 davzdah
17 hafdah
13 sizdah
18 hajdah/hadah/ha dah
14 cahrdah
19 nuzdah
15 pnzdah
20 bist
Lesson 8
Rangh = Colors
rang
color
sefid/sepid
white
sabz
green
syh
black
zard
yellow
rowan
light
1. Medde man syh ast.
My pencil is black.
2. Ketbe u zard ast.
His/her book is yellow.
3. Muye u syh ast.
His/her hair is black.
4. Range in sib sabz ast.
The color of this apple is green.
5. Range n medd zard ast.
The color of that pencil is yellow.
6. Ketbe u bist.
His/her book is blue.
7. n sag syh ast.
That dog is black.
8. Man yek medde zard az bzr xaridam.
I bought a yellow pencil from the bazaar/market.
9. In e ketbe sabz az bzr xaridand.
They bought six green books from the

bazaar/market.
10. U yek qalame biyo yek ketbe zard az bzr

xarid.
He/she bought a blue pen and a yellow book from

the market.
11. U medde syh nadrad.
He/she does not have a black pencil.
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12. In camhye syh drand.
They have black eyes.
13. U yek medde biyo do ketbe zard be kels

vard.
He/she brought a blue pencil and two yellow

books to class.
14. y in ketbe zard dar kels bud?
Was this yellow book in the classroom.
15. Medde sabze u dar kels nabud.
His/her green pen was not in the classroom.
sir
dark
sorx/qermez
red
qahveyi
brown
xkestari
grey
banaf
purple
1. n sib sorx ast.
That apple is red.
2. In deraxt, sibe sorx drad.
This tree, has red apples.
3. Man az bzr cahr medde qermez xaridam.
I bought four red pencils from the market.
4. Range jmeye/lebse man qahveyist.
The color of my clothes is brown.
5. U do medde banaf drad.
He/she has two purple pencils.
6. In qalame xkestari nadrand.
They do not have grey pens.
7. Range jmeye/lebse m xkestarist.
The color of my clothes is grey.
8. y om qalame xkestari drid?
Do you have a grey pen?
9. Range lebse u qermez nist.
The color of his/her clothes is red.
10. Man yek qalame xkestariyo do medde

banaf dram.
I have a grey pen and two purple pencils.
Exercise 8.1
1. Put the following words in the right order:
1. medd - range - n - ast - qahveyiye - sir.
range n medd qahveyiye sir ast.
2. qalam - range - in - rowan - zarde - ast.
range in qalam zarde rowan ast.
3. n - range - sib - qermeze - ast - sir.
range n sib qermeze sir ast.
4. e - sabz - ketbe - drand - in.
in e ketbe sabz drand.
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5. sag - ast - n - syh.
n sag syh ast.
6. yek - zard - xaridam - man - medde.
man yek medde zard xaridam.
7. n - range - zard - medd - ast.
range n medd zard ast.
8. sage - syah - dram - man - yek.
man yek sage syh dram.
9. syh- in - medde - nadrand.
in medde syh nadrand.
10. kels - medde - sabze - u - dar - nabud.
medde sabze u dar kels nabud.
2. Find the English equivalents of the following words:

1. rang
color
2. nzdah
sixteen
3. syh
black
4. sepid
white
5. deraxt
tree
6. sib
apple
7. jme
clothes
8. bist
twenty
9. didam
I saw
10. bordid
you took away
11. hat
eight
12. kels
class
13. sarh
heads
14. in
they
15. kucak
little/small
16. abru
eyebrow
17. mu
hair
18. xordand
they ate
19. did
he/she saw
20. ch
a well
Lesson 9
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ostd
professor
pk kardan
to clean
taxtepkkon
duster/eraser
sandali
chair
kels
class/classroom
taxteye syh
blackboard
gerd
student
miz
table
daftar
notebook
kqaz
paper
1. Dar in kels nuzdah gerd ast.
There are nineteen students in this class.
2. Dar in kels yek ostd ast.
There is one professor in this class.
3. gerdn ketbo daftar drand.
The students have books and notebooks.
4. Ostd b taxtepkkon taxteye syh r pk

kard.
The professor cleaned the blackboard with a

duster.
5. n gerd do daftaro do medd drad.
That student has two notebooks and two pencils.
6. Range daftare man zardo range medde man

qermez ast.
The color of my notebook is yellow, and the color

of my pencil is red.
7. Kqaze daftare n gerd sepid ast.
That student's notebook paper is white.
8. Ostde m yek sandaliyo yek miz drad.
Our professor has a chair and a table.
9. Kelse m dar dnegh ast.
Our classroom is in the university.
10. Dar in kels yek taxteye syho, mizo yek

sandali ast.
There is a blackboard, a table, and a chair in this

classroom.
Exercise 9.1
ostd - kels - dar - ast.
ostd dar kels ast.
sandali - nadrand - gerdn.
gerdn sandali nadrand.
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medde - nadram - man - bi.
man medde bi nadram.
man - qalame - range - ast - syh.
range qalame man syh ast.
agerd - n - daftar - drad - do.
n gerd do daftar drad.
do - bozorg - ostd - drad - ketbe.
ostd do ketbe bozorg drad.
nadrim - kqaze - m - zard.
m kqaze zard nadrim.
kels - dar - taxtepkkon - in - yek - ast.
yek taxtepkkon dar in kels ast.
ostd - drad - sandaliyo - yek - miz - yek.
ostd yek sandaliyo yek miz drad.
ketb - nadrad - ostd - daftaro.
ostd daftaro ketb nadrad.
1. y om dar xne panj sandali drid?
Bale, m dar xne panj sandali drim.
2. y dar in kels bist gerd ast?
Na, dar in kels bist gerd nist.
3. y om taxteye syh r pk kardid?
Bale, man taxteye syh r pk kardam.
4. y ostd qalame bi drad?
Na, ostd qalame bi nadrad.
5. y ostd taxteye syh r pk kard?
Bale, ostd taxteye syh r pk kard.
6. y range qalame man syh ast?
Na, range qalame man syh nist.
7. y range medde om zard ast?
Bale, range medde m zard ast.
8. y gerdane in kels sandali drand?
Na, gerdane in kels sandali nadrand.
9. y ostd yek sandali drad?
Bale, ostd yek sandali drad.
Na, man zud be kels nymadam.
Verb Conjugation
Present tense of the verbs:
Nevetan
To write
Man minevisam
I write
To minevisi
you write/thou writest
U minevisad
he/she writes
M minevisim
we write
om minevisid
you write
In minevisand
they write
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Xaridan
To buy
Man mixaram
I buy
To mixari
you buy/thou buyest
U mixarad
he/she buys
M mixarim
we buy
om mixarid
you buy
In mixarand
they buy
vardan
To bring
Man miyvaram
I bring
To miyvari
you bring/thou bringest
U miyvarad
he/she brings
M miyvarim
we bring
om miyvarid
you bring
In miyvarand
they bring
Present tense of the verbs:

Bordan
To take away
Man mibaram
I take away
To mibari
you take away/thou takest away
U mibarad
he/she takes away
Ma mibarim
we take away
om mibarid
you take away
In mibarand
they take away
Exercise 9.2
1. Write the present tense of the following verbs:

1. Xordan = to eat
2. Raftan = to go
3. Istdan = to stand
4. Kardan = to do
2. Write the equivalent of the following words in English:

mixaram - miyvardid - mibarim - minevisim - mibaram mixarid - miyvarid - minevisand
Lesson 10
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ruye
on
heste
slowly
tond
fast
zir
under
blaye
over/above
jelove/pie
in front of
kuth
short
derz
long
1. Ketbe ostd ruye miz ast.
The professor's book is on the table.
2. Qalame om zire sandalist.
Your pen is under the chair.
3. Medde u derz ast.
His pencil is long.
4. Qalame om kuth ast.
Your pen is short.
5. Man jelove mize ostd istdam.
I stood in front of the professor's table.
6. Pye man zire miz ast.
My foot is under the table.
7. U tond miravad.
He goes fast.
8. Man tond be xne raftam.
I went home fast.
9. U heste be kels mad.
He/she came home slowly.
10. om do medde kuth drid.
You have two short pencils.
Exercise 10.1
1. Write the following sentences in Persian:
1. This pencil is long.
In medd derz ast.
2. That pen is short.
In qalam kuth ast.
3. My book is on the table.
Ketbe man ruye miz ast.
4. You have two long pencils.
To do medde derz dri.
5. I stood in front of your table.
Man jelove mize om istdam.
6. She went to the class slowly.
U heste be kels raft.
7. Your pen is under your table.
Qalame om zire miz ast.
8. My hand is over the book.
Daste man ruye ketb ast.
9. Your book was under this table.
Ketbe to zire in miz ast.
10. Have you a red pencil?
Ay yek qalame sorx drid?
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1. sandaliye - syh - ostd - yek - drad.
ostd yek sandaliye syh drad.
2. yek - medde - kuth - dram - man.
man yek medde kuth dram.
3. qalame - ruye - syh - ast - miz.
qalame syh ruye miz ast.
4. sabz - medde - zire - ast - sandali.
medde sabz zire sandali ast.
5. gerd - yek - taxteye syh - r - pk kard.
yek gerd taxteye syh r pk kard.
6. u - mar - daftare - vard.
u daftare mar vard.
7. medd - in - ast - kuth.
in medd kuth ast.
8. ruye - taxtepkkon - ast - sandali.
taxtepkkon ruye sandali ast.
9. man - om - r - ketbe - miz - ruye - didam.
man ketbe om r ruye miz didam.
10. kels - gerdn - in - nadrand - daftar.
gerdne in kels daftar nadrand.
3. Write the equivalents of the following words in English:

1. drim
11. bozorg
2. j
12. sabze
3. dud
13. qahveyiye sir
4. sn
14. daftar
5. dars
15. banaf
6. kr
16. kqaz
7. sag
17. gerdn
8. lab
18. bist
9. dast
19. nist
10. damq
20. mu
4. Make a sentence for each of the following words:

1. jme
2. deraxt
3. dnegh
4. dom
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5. gu
6. bzr
7. zard
8. miz
9. asb
10. kr
5. Answer the following questions:

1. y ketbe om ruye mize ostd ast?
2. y om gerde in kels hastid?
3. y om qalame syah drid?
4. y om az xne be dnegh madid?
5. Cand ketb ruye mize om st?
6. om cand daftar drid?
7. y in medd zard ast?
9. y range jmeye om xkestarist?
10. Cand gerd dar in kels ast?
Lesson 11
1. diab
last night
2. emab
tonight
3. ab
night
4. diruz
yesterday
5. emruz
today
6. ruz
day
7. ce?
what?
8. daqiqe
minute
9. sat
hour/oclock
1. Emab sate hat dar xne hastam.
I am home at 8 oclock tonight.
2. Diab sate cahr az dnegh be xne raftam.
I left the university for home at 4 oclock last

night.
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3. Diruz sate cahr dar xne budam.
I was home at 4 oclock yesterday.
4. y abh zud be xne miravid?
Do you go home early every night?
5. y om diab dar xne budid?
Were you at home last night?
6. y om diruz sate hat be dnegh

madid?
Did you come to the university at 8 oclock last

night?
7. Man emruz be dnegh naraftam.
I did not go to the university today.
8. Ruzh cand sat dar dnegh kr mikonid?
How many hours do you work at the university

every day?
9. Man diab zud be xane raftam.
I went home early last night.
10. Man emruz zud be dnegh madam.
I came to the university early today.
11. Dar yek ruz hat sat kr mikonid.
You work 8 hours in a day.
12. gerdn ruye kqaze sepid minevisand.
The students write on white paper.
13. Man az bzr kqazo daftar xaridam va be

dnegh bordam.
I bought a paper and a notebook from the market

and took to the university.
14. y om ketbe mar be xne bordid?
Did you take my book home?
15. Ostde m emruz sate hat be dnegh

mad.
Our professor came to the university at 8 oclock.
16. Ce satist?
What time is it?
17. sat daho dah daqiqe ast.
It is ten minutes past ten.
18. sat noho bist daqiqe ast.
It is twenty minutes past nine.
19. sat hato pnzdah daqiqe ast.
It is fifteen minutes past eight.
Numbers
21 bisto yek
30 si
22 bisto do
40 cehel
23 bisto se
50 panjh
24 bisto cahr
60 ast
25 bisto panj
70 haftd
26 bisto e
80 hatd
27 bisto haft
90 navad
28 bisto hat
100 sad
29 bisto noh
1000 hezr
30 si
Exercise 11.1
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1. Answer the following questions:

1. y om emruz be bzr raftid?
2. y om diruz be dnegh amadid?
3. y om diruz az bzr sib xaridid?
4. y om emruz az dnegh be xne miravid?
5. y ketbe om dar kels bud?
6. y om dar xne deraxte sib drid?
7. y medde man ruye miz ast?
8. y om ostd r dar dnegh didid?
9. y om mar diruz dar ke1s nadidid?
10. y om medde mar be xne bordid?
12. y om medde syh drid?
13. y medde qermeze om dar xne ast?
14. y emruz zud be kels madid?
15. y muye man syh ast?

1. kqaze - in - nadrand - sepid
2. mize - ostd - ruye - ketb - panj - ast
3. az - xne - u - dnegh - be - raft
4. miz - taxtepkkon - ast ruye
5. om - syh - qalame - range - ast
6. sandali - nadrand - gerdn
7. ostd - sandali - yek - miz - yek - drad - va
8. man - zud - kels - be - madam - emruz
9. ostd - r - dar - diruz - nadidam - kels
10. bi - ruye - miz - medde - ast
3. Use each of the following words in simple sentences:

1.
minevisam
2.
ab
3.
bastani
4.
ce
5.
daqiqe
6.
sepid
7.
kuth
8.
rang
10.
9.
cehelo
xkestari
haft
4. Put the following verbs into negative:

1. bordam
nabordam
2. didid
nadidid
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3. raftam
naraftam
4. xordi
naxordi
5. goft
nagoft
6. xarid
naxarid
7. mixaram
nemixaram
8. mibaram
nemibaram
9. miyvaram
nemiyvaram
10. minevisand
neminevisand
Lesson 12
b
with
inj
here
nj
there
yek rob
a quarter
nimsat
half hour
gozate
past
sniye
second
ham
too/also
hamn
same
1. gerdn sate hato nim be dnegh

miyyand.
The students come to the university at eight

thirty.
2. Ostd ham hamn sat be dnegh miyyad.
The professor arrives at the university at the

same time.
3. Ostdo gerdn yek sat dar kels hastand.
The professor and the students are in class for

one hour.
4. Ostd ruye taxteye syh minevisad.
The professor writes on the blackboard.
5. gerdn b medd ruye kqaz minevisand.
The students write on paper with pencil.
6. Sate davzdah az dnegh be xne miravim.
I go home at twelve oclock from the university.
7. Emruz yek rob be e be xneye om

miyyam.
I come to your home at quarter to six today.
8. Sate hato nim az xne be dnegh miravim.
I go to the university from home at half past

eight.
9. Ketbe om inj nist.
Your book is not here.
10. Medde om diruz nj bud.
Your pencil was there yesterday.
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11. Yek rob az hat gozate ast.
It is a quarter past eight.
12. Dah daqiqe az dah gozate ast.
It is ten minutes past ten.
13. Bist daqiqe az dah gosate ast.
It is twenty minutes past ten.
14. Yek sat ast daqiqe ast.
An hour is sixty minutes long.
15. Yek daqiqe ast sniye ast.
A minute is sixty seconds long.
16. Yek ruz bisto cahr sat ast.
A day is twenty four hours long.
17. om be dnegh beravid, man ham

miyyam.
Go to the university, I will also go.
18. gerdn sate hat madand, ostd ham

hamn sat mad.
The students came at eight, the professor came

at the same time.
Exercise 12.1

1. Ce satist?
Sat hafto nim ast.
2. Cand sat dar ruz kr mikonid?
Hat sat dar ruz kr mikonam.
3. y nimsat si daqiqe ast?
Bale, nimsat si daqiqe ast.
4. y yek rob pnzdah daqiqe ast?
Bale, yek rob pnzdah daqiqe ast.
5. y om sate hato nim be dnegh

miravid?
Na, man sate hato nim be dnegh

nemiravam.
6. Cand sat dar hafte kr mikonid?
Cehel sat dar hafte kr mikonam.
7. y emab sate hat dar xne hastid?
Bale, emab sate hat dar xne hastam.
8. y om diruz be dnegh madid?
Na, man diruz be dnegh naymadam.
9. y ostde m dar kels ast?
Bale, ostde m dar kels ast.
10. y gerdn be kels raftand?
Na, gerdn be kels naraftand.
Verb Conjugation
Present tense of the verb "to be":
Budan
To be
Man hastam
I am
To hasti
You are/thou art
U hast
He/she is
Ma hastim
We are
om hastid
You are
In hastand
They are
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Negative:
Man nistam
I am not
To nisti
You are not/thou are not
U nist
He/she is not
M nistim
We are not
om nistid
You are not
In nistand
They are not
Past tense:
Man budam
I was
To budi
you were/thou wert
U bud
He/she was
M budim
We were
om budid
You were
In budand
They were
Present tense of the verb "to come":

madan
To come
Man miyyam
I come
To miyyi
thou comest
U miyyad
he/she comes
Ma miyyim
we come
om miyyid
you come
In miyyand
they come
Past tense:
Man madam
I came
To madi
You came/thou comest
U mad
He/she came
M madim
We came
om madid
You came
In madand
They came
Negative:
Man naymadam
I did not come
To naymadi
You did not come/thou didest not come
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U naymad
He/she did not come
M naymadim
We did not come
om naymadid
You did not come
In naymadand
They did not come
Present tense of the verb "to go":

Raftan
To go
Man miravam
I go
To miravi
You go/thou goest
U miravid
he/she goes
M miravim
we go
om miravid
you go
In miravand
they go
Past tense:
Man raftam
I went
To rafti
You went/thou went
U raft
He/she went
M raftim
We went
om raftid
You went
In raftand
They went
Exercise 11.2
Conjugate the present and past tense of the following verbs:
vardan - bordan - didan - xordan - xaridan - goftan - nevetan
Exercise 11.3
Put the following verbs into the negative:
bord - didam - xordam - xaridand - goftim - nevetand - rafti - hastim - budam - madand - miravam
- raft - hast - didand - xordim - xarid - goftand - nevetand - bordim - vardand - vard - xordi xaridam - did - didam - nevetim - vardim
Lesson 13
anbe
Saturday
Yekanbe
Sunday
Doanbe
Monday
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Seanbe
Tuesday
Cahranbe
Wednesday
Panjanbe
Thursday
dine/Jom'e
Friday
mh
moon/month
sl
year
1. Yek hafte haft ruz ast.
1. A week is seven days long.
2. Yek mh si ruz ast.
2. A month is thirty days long.
3. Yek sl sisado asto panj ruz ast.
3. A year is three hundred and sixty five days

long.
4. Yek sl davzdah mh y panjho do hafte ast.
4. A year is twelve months or fifty two weeks

long.
5. Jomeh m be dnegh nemiyyim.
5. We do not go to the university on Fridays.
6. Jomeh ostdn be dnegh nemiyyand.
6. Professors do not go to the university on

Fridays.
7. Ruze anbe gerdn be dnegh miyyand.
7. Students go to the university on Saturdays.
8. Emruz Yekanbe ast.
8. Today is Sunday.
9. Diruz anbe bud.
9. Yesterday was Saturday.
10. Man ruzhye Jome dar xne hastam.
10. I am home on Fridays.
11. Man ruzhye anbe dar danegh hastam.
11. I am at the university on Saturdays.
12. Man ruzhye Doanbe va Cahranbe be

dnegah miyyam.
12. I go to the university on Mondays and

Wednesdays.
Exercise 13.1

1. gerdn - dar - sat - yek - kels - hastand
gerdn sate yek dar kels hastand.
2. kqaz - gerdn - medd - ruye - minevisand

- b
gerdn b medd ruye kqaz minevisand.
3. om - inj - ketbe - nist
ketbe om inj nist.
4. ast - yek - sat - ast - daqiqe
yek sat ast daqiqe ast.
5. dnegh - miravim - be - anbeh - m
ma anbeh be danegah miravim.
6. bud - diruz - Cahranbe
diruz Cahranbe bud.
7. dar - ruzhye - Panjanbe - nistam - dnegh
ruzhaye Panjanbe dar dnegh nistam.
8. sat - yekruz - ast - davzdah
yek ruz bisto cahr sat ast.
9. sl - yek - mh - davzdah - ast
yek sl davzdah mh ast.
10. gerdn - medd - b - kqaz - ruye minevisand
gerdn b medd ruye kqaz minevisand.
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Exercise 13.2

1. Emruz cand anbe ast?
2. Diruz cand anbe bud?
3. Hafte cand ruz ast?
4. Yek ruz cand sat ast?
5. Yek sat cand daqiqe ast?
6. Yek daqiqe cand sniye ast?
7. y om ruzhaye Doanbe be dnegh miravid?
8. y om ruzhye Jome dar xne hastid?
9. Yek sl cand ruz ast?
10. Yek sl cand hafte ast?
Exercise 13.3
Find the negative form of the following sentences:

1. Emruz sate hat az xne be bzr raftam.
2. Az bzr kqazo meddo qalam xaridam.
3. Sate noh az bzr be xne madam.
4. Dar xne darse kels r b medd nevetam.
5. Sate daho nim az xne be dnegh raftam.
6. Sate yzdah ostde m mad.
7. gerdn va ostd be kels raftand.
8. Dar kels ostd dars r ruye taxteye syh nevet.
9. M ham dars r b medd ruye kqaz nevetim.
ADJECTIVES
positive degree:
bozorg, kuth, zib, bad
comparative degree:
bozorgtar, kuthtar, zibtar, badtar
superlative degree:
bozorgtarin, kuthtarin, zibtarin, badtarin
Lesson 14
zohr/nimruz
noon
kond
slow
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dorost
just/right/exact
kuk kardan
to wind up
sobh/bmdd
morning
qorub
evening
xarb
out of order
xub
well/good
xbidan
to sleep
1. Dorost zohr ast.
It is exactly noon.
2. Dorost sat dah ast.
It is exactly ten oclock.
3. Sate om dah daqiqe tond ast.
You clock/watch is ten minutes fast.
4. Sate man dar bisto cahar sat panj daqiqe

kond kar mikonad.
My clock/watch runs five minutes slow during

twenty four hours
5. Man zohr satam r kuk kardam.
I wound up my clock/watch at noon.
6. Man diruz satam r kuk kardam.
I wound up my clock/watch yesterday.
7. Man abh sate dah mixbam.
I sleep at ten oclock every night.
8. Dar yek ruz hat sat kr mikonam.
I work eight hours per day.
9. Yek sat ast daqiqevo yek daqiqe ast sniye

ast.
An hour is sixty minutes, and a minute is sixty

seconds.
10. In sat kond kr mikonad.
This clock/watch runs slow.
11. Sate om dar bisto cahr sat yek rob tond

kr mikonad.
You clock/watch runs fifteen minutes too fast

during twenty four hours.
12. Sobhh be dnegh miyyamo zohrh be

xne miravam.
I go to the university in the morning and I come

home every noon.
13. In sat xarb asto kr nemikonad.
This clock is out of order and does not work.
14. In sat xarb ast va dar bisto cahr sat panj

sat kond kr mikonad.
This clock is out of order and runs five hours slow

during twenty four hours.
15. y om abh sate hat mixbid?
Do you sleep at eight oclock every night?
16. Sate om xub kr mikonad.
Your clock/watch works well.
17. Sate man diruz bad kr mikard.
My clock worked poorly yesterday.
18. Sate man dorost asto b sate dnegh

yeki st.
My clock/watch is right and is the same as the

university's.
19. Sate om dorost nist.
You clock/watch is not right.
20. Sate man kucak ast.
My clock/watch is small.
Exercise 14.1
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1. Cand sat dar ruz kr mikonid?
Man hat sat dar ruz kr mikonam.
2. y om abh sate noh mixbid?
Na, man abh sate dah mixbam.
3. y om ruzh mixbid?
Na, man ruzh nemixbam.
4. Ce sati mixbid?
Sate dah mixbam.
5. y sate om dorost kr mikonad?
Bale, sate man dorost kr mikonad.
6. y sate om kond kr mikonad?
Na, sate m kond kr nemikonad.
7. y sate om tond kr mikonad?
Na, sate man dorost kr mikonad.
8. Ce sati ast?
Sat panj ast.
9. y sobhh be dnegh miyayid?
Bale, sobhh sate hat be dnegh miravam.
10. y zohrh be xane miravid?
Bale, dorost zohr be xane miravam.
11. Yek sat cand daqiqe ast?
Yek sat ast daqiqe ast.
12. Yek robe sat cand daqiqe ast?
Yek robe sat pnzdah daqiqe ast.
13. Nimsat cand dadiqe ast?
Nimsat si dadiqe ast.
Yek sl sisado asto panj ruz ast
Yek ruz bisto cahr sat ast.
Exercise 14.2
Compare and categorize the following adjectives:

xogel/zib
pretty
bozorg
large/big
arzn
cheap
zet
ugly
gern
expensive
dur
far
Exercise 14.3
Put the following sentences into Persian:

1. Did you see us in the market?
y m r dar bzr didid?
2. I have a red pen and two blue pencils.
Man yek qalame sorxo do medde bi dram.
3. I am at home today.
Man emruz dar xne hastam.
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4. I did not see him yesterday.
Man u r diruz nadidam.
5. The students are in the class.
gerdn dar kels hastand.
6. Our professor came to the class at half past

eight.
Ostde m sate hato nim be kels mad.
7. I went home at a quarter past four yesterday.
Man diruz sate cahro rob' be xne raftam.
8. It is ten minutes past six.
Sat eo dah daqiqe ast.
9. We do not come to the university on Fridays.
M ruzhye dine be dnegh nemiyyim.
10. There are sixty seconds in one hour.
Yek sat ast daqiqe ast.
Exercise 14.4
Learn the following combinations that denote possessive case:

ketbam
my book
ketbat
your book/thy book
ketba
his/her book
ketbaman
our book
ketbatn
your book
ketban
their book
Exercise 14.5
Write the possessive cases of these nouns:

medd
meddam (my pencil)
sar
sarat (your head)
dast
dasta (his/her hand)
dars
darsamn (our lesson)
dar
daratn (your door)
sag
sagan (their dog)
kqaz
kqazam (my paper)
Lesson 15
Fasl
season
bahr
spring
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zemestn
winter
tbestn
summer
pyiz
autumn/fall
emsl
this year
prsl
last year
bax kardan
to divide
odan
to become
1. Yek mh si ruz ast.
A month is thirty days long.
2. Yek sl davzdah mh ast.
A year is twelve months long.
3. Panjho do hafte yek sl miavad.
A year is fifty two weeks long.
4. Emsl tabestn dar Tehrn nabudam.
I was not in Tehran this summer.
5. Tbestne prsl dar Tehrn budam.
I was in Tehran this past summer.
6. Sisado asto panj ruz ham yek sl ast.
Three hundred sixty five days makes up a year.
7. Yek sl r be davzdah mh bax kardeand.
A year is divided into twelve months.
8. Har fasl se mh ast.
A season is three months long.
9. Bahr, tbestn, pyiz, zemestn, cahr fasle

sl hastand.
Spring, summer, autumn, and winter are the four

seasons of the year.
10. Prs1, tbestn az Tehrn be Espahn

raftam.
I went from Tehran to Ispahan last summer.
Exercise 15.1
Make a sentence for each of the following words:

1. anbe 2. hafte 4. ruz 5. daqiqe 7. emsl 8. fasl 10. diruz 3. bahr 6. mh 9. miavad
Exercise 15.2

1. Yek sl cand fasl ast?
3. Yek hafte cand ruz ast?
4. Sal r be cand fasl bax kardeand?
5. Har fasl cand mh ast?
6. Har sal cand hafte ast?
8. Emruz cand anbe ast?
9. Diruz cand anbe bud?
10. In fasl ce faslist (= fasli ast)?
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Exercise 15.3

1. dar - Tehrn - nabudam - prsl
2. emsl - az Tehrn - tbestn - miravam - be Espahn
3. cahr - yek - fasl - sl - ast
4. dar - xne - sat - hastam - yek
5. sat - diab - xbidam - noh
6. in sntar - diruz - dars - az - ast - dars
7. yek - se - mh - fasl - ast
8. diruz - ketb - dah - bzr - az - xaridam
9. in - hafte - dnegh - sobhh - dar - dram - kr
10. man - sat - sobhh - hat - xne - dar - nistam
Lesson 16
Mhhye sl
The months of the year
Farvardin
Mehr
Ordibehet
bn
Xordd
zar
Tir
Dey
Amordd
Bahman
ahrivar
Espand
Nowruz
Iranian new year
garm
warm
sard
cold
hav
air/weather
1. Farvardin, Ordibehet, Xordd, se mhe bahr

hastand.
Farvardin, Ordibehet, and Xordd are the 3

months of spring.
2. Tir, Amordd, ahrivar, se mhe Tbestn

hastand.
Tir, Amordd, and ahrivar, are the 3 months of

summer.
3. Dey, Bahman, Espand, se mhe zemestn

hastand.
Dey, Bahman, and Espand, are the 3 months of

winter
4. Mehr, bn, zar, se mhe pyiz hastand.
Mehr, bn, and zar, are the 3 months of

autumn.
5. Nowruz, naxostin ruze Farvardin ast.
Nowruz, is the first day of Farvardin.
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6. Bisto yekome mhe Mrc ham naxostin ruze

Farvardin ast.
The twenty first of March is also the first day of

Farvardin.
7. Zemestnh hav sard ast.
The weather is cold in the winter.
8. Tbestnh hav garm ast.
The weather is warm in the summer.
9. Dar mhe Amordd havye Tehrn, garm ast.
The weather of Tehran is warm in the month of

Amordd.
10. Dar mhe Bahman havye Tehrn, sard ast.
The weather of Tehran is cold in the month of

Bahman.
11. Yek sl be cahr fasl bax miavad.
A year is divided into four seasons.
12. Har fasl se mh ast.
Every season is three months long.
13. e mhe naxoste sl siyo yek ruz hastand.
The first six months of the year are thirty one

days long.
14.e mhe dovome sl si ruz ast.
The second six months of the year are thirty days

long.
15. Har yek az mhhye bahr siyo yek ruz ast.
Each of the spring months is thirty one days long.
16. Har yek az mhhye tbestn siyo yek ruz

ast.
Each of the summer months is thirty one days

long.
17. Har yek az mhhaye pyiz si ruz ast.
Each of the autumn months is thirty days long.
18. Har yek az mhhye zemestn si ruz ast.
Each of the winter months is thirty days long.
19. Dar fasle bahro pyiz, havye Tehrn, xub

ast.
Tehran's weather is good during the spring and

autumn seasons.
20. Dar fasle tbestno zemestan, havye

Tehrn, xub nist.
Tehran's weather is not good during the summer

and winter seasons.
Exercise 16.1
Put the following sentences into negative:

1. Emruz hav sard ast.
2. Diruz hav garm bud.
3. Emsl tbestn hav garm bud.
4. Prsl zemestn hav sard bud.
5. Dar tbestn havye Tehran garm ast.
6. Dar zemestn havye Tehrn sard ast.
7. Zemestnh man dar Tehrn hastam.
8. Emsl tbestn az Tehrn be Espahn raftam.
9. Diruz havye xubi bud.
10. Emruz sate e hav sard bud.
Exercise 16.2
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1. y emruz sard ast?
2. y diruz garm bud?
3. y dar Amorddmh havye Tehrn garm ast?
4. y dar Bahmanmh havye Tehrn sard ast?
5. y tbestnh dar Tehrn hastid?
6. y nowruz naxostin ruze sl ast?
7. y bisto yekome mhe Mrc ruze naxoste Farvardin ast?
8. Farvardinmh cand ruz ast?
9. Tirmh cand ruz ast?
10. Deymh cand ruz ast?
Exercise 16.3
Make sentences out of the following words:

1. hav - dar - garm - tbestn - ast.
2. ast - hav - sard - zemestnh.
3. naxostin - Farvardin - ruz - Nowruz - ast.
4. fasl - har - mh - se - ast.
5. mh - ruz - si - ast - yek.
6. sal - fasl - yek - ast - cahr.
7. sl - yek - hafte - panjaho do - ast.
8. naxoste - anbe - hafte - ruze - ast.
9. Tehrn - zemestnh - man - hastam - dar.
10. mhe - naxoste - bahr - Farvardin - aste.
Exercise 16.4
Write a sentence for each of the following words:

1. sard 2. naxost 3. sat 4. zohr 5. garm 6. mh 7. emsl 8. hav 9. sl 10. emruz
Lesson 17
xorid
sun
setre
star
abr
cloud
aftab
sunlight
tbidan
to shine
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zamin
earth
mahtab/mhtb
moonlight
abri
cloudy
ftbi
sunny
smn
sky
1. Xorid be zamin mitbad.
The sun shines on the earth.
2. Xorid az zamin dur ast.
The sun is far from the earth.
3. ftab zamin r garm mikonad.
The sun warms the earth.
4. ftab m r garm mikonad.
The sun warms us up.
5. Mahtb garm nist, va zamin r garm

nemikonad.
Moonlight is not warm, and does not warm the

earth.
6. Xorid bozorg asto setregn kucak hastand.
The sun is large and the stars are small.
7. Xorido mho setregn dar smn hastand.
The sun, the moon, and the stars are in the sky.
8. abh m xorid r nemibinim.
We do not see the sun at night.
9. Ruzh m setregn r nemibinim.
We do not see the stars during the day.
10. abh setregn r dar smn mibinim.
We see the stars in the sky at night.
11. Emruz hav abrist, va xorid r nemibinim.
It is cloudy today, and we do not see the sun.
12. Diruz hav ftabiyo garm bud.
Yesterday the weather was sunny and warm.
13. Zemestnh ftb ziyd garm nist.
The sunlight is not very warm in the winter.
14. Ruzhye zemestno abhye tbestn kuth

hastand.
Winter days and summer nights are short.
15. abhaye zemestno ruzhye tbestn boland

hastand.
Winter nights and summer days are long.
Exercise 17.1
Put into Persian:

1. The sun is bigger than the earth.
Xorid bozorgtar az zamin ast.
2. It was sunny yesterday.
Diruz ftbi bud.
3. It is cloudy today and the sun does not shine.
Emruz abristo xorid nemitbad.
4. The sky is blue.
smn bist.
5. It is cold in winter.
Zemestn sard ast.
6. It was warm last summer.
Tbestne pi garm bud.
7. Autumn is a beautiful season.
Pyiz fasle zibyist.
8. There are four seasons in a year.
Sl cahr fast ast.
9. It is not cloudy tonight.
Emab abri nist.
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10. Saturday is the first day of the week.
anbe ruze naxoste hafte ast.
Exercise 17.2
1. Name the days of the week.

2. Name the months of the year.
3. Count from twenty to a hundred.
4. Name the seasons of the year.
Exercise 17.3

1. y abh xorid r mibunid?
2. y om bozorgtar az man hastid?
3. y ruzh setregn r mibinid?
4. y diab hav abri bud?
5. y emruz hava ftbiyast?
6. y xorid bozorgtar az zamin ast?
7. Abr ce rang ast?
8. y ruzh mh ra mibinid?
9. y zamin, kucaktar az xorid ast?
10. y Nowruz, naxoste sl ast?
Exercise 17.4

1. setre 2. naxost 3. Amordd 4. abr 5. durtar 6. bahr 7. cehel 8. prsl 9. xbid 10. Doanbe
Lesson 18
barf
snow
tagarg
hail
bd
wind
ghi
sometimes
sf
cloudless/clear
vazidan
to blow
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meh
fog
brn
rain
baridan
to rain
besyr/xeyli
very/very much
1. Dar mhe Amordd havye Tehrn besyr

garm ast.
Tehran's weather is very warm in the month of

Amordd.
2. Dar Bahmanmh havye Tehrn besyr sard

ast.
Tehran's weather is very cold in the month of

Bahman.
3. Brn dar bahro pyiz, va barf dar zemestn

mibarad.
It rains in spring and autumn, and it snows in

winter.
4. Bd dar bahro pyiz va ghi ham dar

zemestn mivazad.
Wind blows in spring and autumn and sometimes

in winter.
5. Emruz hav kami abri ast.
The weather is a little cloudy today.
6. Tabestne Tehrn besyr garm, va zemstne

n, besyr sard ast.
Tehran's summer is very warm, and its winter is

very cold.
7. Emruz havye Tehrn abri bud, bd mad,

abrh r bord, hav sf od.
Tehran's weather today was cloudy, the wind blew

the clouds away and it became clear.
8. Prsl brn zyd naymad; vali emsl ham

barfo ham barne zydi mad.
Last year it did not rain very much; but this year
it rained and snowed a lot.
9. Prsl yek ruz sobh meh mad, vali zud raft.
Last year one morning it turned foggy, but it

quickly cleared up.
10. Prsl, zemestn hav besyr sard naod.
Last year, winter the weather did not turn too

cold.
Exercise 18.1
Answer these questions:

1. Amorddmh dar kodam fasl ast?
2. Ordibehetmh dar kodm fasl ast?
3. Kodm fasl garmtar ast?
4. Sardtarin fasl kodm ast?
5. Dar ce fasli bran zyd mibrad?
6. Dar ce fasli bd zyd mibrad?
7. Kodm fasl hav zyd sard miavad?
8. Kodm fasl hav zyd garm miavad?
9. Ay dar bahr brn zydtar mibrad y dar pyiz?
10. Ay barf dar zemestn mibrad?
Exercise 18.2
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Compare the following adjectives:

1. garm 2. sard 3. zyd 4. arzn 5. gern 6. boland 7. kuth 8. zib 9. bad 10. bozorg
Exercise 18.3
Learn the following ordinal numbers:

yekom/naxost/avval
first
doyom/dovom
second
seyom/sevom
third
caharom
fourth
panjom
fifth
eom
sixth
haftom
seventh
hatom
eighth
nohom
ninth
dahom
tenth
yzdahom
eleventh
davzdahom
twelveth
sizdahom
thirteenth
cahardahom
fourteenth
panzdahom
fifteenth
nzdahom
sixteenth
hafdahom
seventeenth
hajdahom/hadahom/ha dahom
eighteenth
nuzdahom
nineteenth
bistom
twentieth
bisto yekom
twenty first
bisto dovom
twenty second
siyo dovom
thirty second
cehelo sevom
forty third
panjaho cahrom
fifty fourth
asto panjom
sixty fifth
haftdo eom
seventy sixth
hatdo haftam
eighty seventh
navado hatom
ninety eighth
sadom
hundredth
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hezrom
thousandth
Exercise 18.4
Write five simple sentences about winter.

Exercise 18.5

1. ruz - Farvardin - naxoste - Nowruz - ast
2. hav - tbestnh - besyr - miavad - garm
3. ftb - mikonad - garm - m - r
4. mahtb - nist - garm - va - nemikonad - garm - m - r
5. setregn - r - dar - abh - mibinim - smn
6. nemibinim - setregn - r - ruzh
7. hav - ftbi - diruz - bud
8. mitbad - be - xorid - zamin
9. dovome - bahr - Ordibehet - mh - ast
10. mh - Xordd - bahr - sevome - ast
Lesson 19
mdar
mother
bardar
brother
doxtar
girl/daughter
pedar
father
zan
wife/woman
pesar
boy/son
xhar
sister
mard
man
owhar
husband
Pedaram asto se sl drad va dar dnegh dars

midahad.
My father is sixty three years old and teaches at

the university.
Mdaram panjhsle asto dar xne kr mikonad.
My mother is fifty three years old and works at
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home.
Har ruz sobh pedaram be dnegh miravad, va
dar nj dars midahad amm mdaram dar xne
asto krhye xne r mikonad.
Every morning my father goes to the university

and teaches there, but my mother is at home
taking care of the house work.
Man se xharo do bardar dram.
I have three sisters and two brothers.
Xaharne man har se az man kucaktarand.
My sisters are all younger than me.
Yeki az xharne man owhar drad.
One of my sisters has a husband.
Do xhare digare man dar xneye pedaro

mdaram hastand.
My two other sisters live at home with my

parents.
Bardarne man har do az man bozorgtar

hastand va dar xneye xodan hastand.
My brothers are all older than me and live in their

own homes.
Man har ruz be dnegh miravamo dar nj dars

mixnam.
I go to the university every day and study there.
Ruzhye Jome ostdn be dnegh nemiyyand,

man ham be nj nemiravam.
On Fridays the professors do not go to the

university and I do not go there either.
Dar dneghe m zanno mardn, doxtarno

pesarn b ham dars mixnand.
In our university women and men, girls and boys

all study together.
Exercise 19.1
Give negative and positive answers to the following questions:

1. y om har ruz be dnegh miravid?
2. y pedare om dar dnegh dars midahad?
3. y om bardar drid?
4. y om xhar drid?
5. y bardare om az om bozorgtar ast?
6. y xhare om az om kucaktar ast?
7. y xhare om dar xneye pedaratn ast?
8. y bardare bozorge om kr mikonad?
9. y xhare kucake om dar xne ast?
10. y xhare bozorge om owhar drad?
Exercise 19.2

1. man - pedare - dar - xne - nist - ruzh
2. dar - mdaram - xne - mikonad - kr
3. mdar - besyr - bozorgtar - va - pedaram - az - man - hastand
4. az - xharne - yeki - owhar - man - drad
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5. yeki - xharn - kr - man - az - xne - r - mikonad - e
Exercise 19.3
Learn the following pronouns:

pedaram = my father
pedaramn = our father
pedarat = your father
pedaratn = your father
pedara = his/her father
pedaran = their father
xodam = myself
xodamn = ourselves
xodat = yourself
xodatn = yourselves
xoda = himself/herself
xodan = themselves
ketbe xodam = my own book
ketbe xodamn = our own book
ketbe xodat = your own book
ketbe xodatn = your own book
ketbe xoda = his/her own book
ketbe xodan = their own book
Exercise 19.4
Correct these sentences:

1. in az xne be bzr raft.
2. man emruz sobh dar xne hast.
3. u diruz be dnegh miravad.
4. pedare man az man kucaktar ast.
5. man az mdaram bozorgtar hastam.
Lesson 20
m = supper
xork/qaz = food
nn = bread
nhr = lunch
ir = milk
panir = cheese
sobhne/ct = breakfast
bidr odan = to wake
ostan = to wash
Sobhh sate e az xb bidr miavam.
I wake up at six o'clock every morning.
Dasto suratam r miuyam.
I wash may hands and face.
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Nno paniro ir mixoram, va be dnegh

miravam.
I eat bread with cheese and milk and head to the

university.
Sate hato nim dar kels hastam.
I am in the classroom at eight thirty.
Ostd be kels miyyad va dars midahad.
The professor arrives at class and teaches.
Sobhh se sat dars mixnam.
I study for three hours every morning.
Sate yzdaho nim az dnegh be xne

miravam.
I leave the university for home at eleven thirty.
Dorost sate davzdah nhr mixoram.
I eat lunch exactly at twelve o'clock.
Sate dovo nim dobre be dnegh miravam.
I again go to the university at two thirty.
Do sat digar dars mixnam.
I study another two hours.
Pas az n be xne miravam.
After that I go home.
Dar xne ham kami dars mixnamo kami kr

mikonam.
At home I study and work a little.
Sate hat m mixoramo sate dah mixbam.
I eat supper at eight and sleep at ten.
Exercise 20.1

Sobhh ce sati az xb bidr miavid?
y abh zud mixbid?
y dar zemestn dasto suratetn r b be sard miuyid?
y dar tbestn dasto suratetn r b be garm miuyid?
Ce sati sobhne mixorid?
Ce sati nhr mixorid?
Ce saati m mixorid?
ir ce rang ast?
Dar zemestn xorke sard behtar ast y xorke garm?
abi cand sat mixbid?
Exercise 20.2
Make a sentence with each of the following words:

1. pedaratn
2. xoda
3. pedaram
4. ghi
5. amm
6. setregn
7. pas az n
8. dobre
9. mixbam
Exercise 20.3
Correct these sentences:

1. U xodan be man goft.
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2. Yeki az xaharne man owhar drand.

3. Mahtb m r garm mikonad.
4. Nowruz, ruze naxoste Ordibehet ast.
5. Hav besyr sard bud, tagarg mivazido bd mibrid.
6. Diab hav sf budo setregn r nemididim.
7. Emruz dorost sate davzdah m xordam.
8. om ketbe xodetn r be xne bordand.
9. Zemestn havye Tehrn besyr garm ast.
10. Tbestnh dar Tehrn barf mibrad.
Lesson 21
otqe neiman
livingroom
otqe xb
bedroom
otqe nhrxori
dining room
nowkar
man-servant
otqe paziryi
guestroom
pazxne
kitchen
paz
cook
ruuyi
lavatory
kolfat
maid-servant
mehmn
guest
Xneye m panj otq drad, se otqe n bozorgo

do otqe an kucak ast.
Our house has five rooms, three of its rooms are

large and two are small.
Yeki az otqhye bozorg, otqe neiman ast ke

m dar n mineinim.
One of its large rooms is the living room where

we sit.
Yeki az otqhye kucak barye xb ast ke m dar

an mixbim.
One of the small rooms is the bedroom where we

sleep.
Dar otqe nhrxori xork mixorim.
We eat food in the dining room
Dar otqe paziryi az mehmn paziryi mikonim.
We entertain a guest in the guestroom.
Yeki az otqhye kucak barye nowkaro kolfate

mst.
One of the small rooms is for the maid and the

sevant.
Kolfato nowkare m zano owhar hastand.
Our maid and servant are husband and wife.
M paz nadrim va xodemn pazi mikonim.
We do not have a cook and must cook our own

food.
Sobhh ke az xb bidr miavim har yek az m

be ruuyi miravad va dast o surate xod r
miuyad.
Every morning when we get up each one of us

goes to the bathroom and washes his face and
hands.
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Sate hafte sobh barye xordane sobhne be

otqe nhrxori miravim.
At seven o'clock we go to the dining room to have

breakfast.
Barye xordane nhr va m hameye m

dasthye xodemn r miuyim, pas az n be
otqe nhrxori barye xordane xork miravim.
We wash our hands before lunch and dinner, then

we go into the dining room to have our meals.
Pas az xordane nhr dobre har yek be sare kre

After having lunch we return to our work.
xod miravim.
abh do sat pas az xordane m hameye m
mixbim.
Every night we go to bed two hours after dinner.
Exercise 21.1
Write five simple sentences about your family.

Exercise 21.2
Use each of the following words in simple sentences:

1. bozorgtar
2. haryek
3. hame
4. ostam
5. mard
6. bidr odam
7. pazxne
8. otqe nowkar
9. paziryi kardam
10. sobhne
Exercise 21.3

1. Sobhh ce sati az xb bidr miavid?
2. abh ce sati mixbid?
3. Nhr r ce sati mixorid?
4. Ce sati m mixorid?
5. Sobhh ce sati sare kr miravid?
6. y om paz drid, y xodatn pazi mikonid?
7. Xneye om cand otq drad?
8. abi cand sat mixbid?
9. y om abh dir mixbid?
10. Zemestn r bitar dust drid y tbestn r?
Lesson 22
mndan
to remain
hendese
geometry
zabn
language
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pkize
clean
trix
history
Prsi
Persian
poxtan
to cook
joqrfi
geography
mre/hesb
arithmetic
komak kardan
to help
Pariyo Kuro dar dabestn dars mixnand.
Pari and Kurosh study at the elementary school.
Pari xhare Kuro ast va Kuro bardare Pari ast.
Pari is Kurosh's sister, and Kurosh is Pari's

brother.
Pari kelse dovomo Kuro cahrom ast.
Pari is in second, and Kurosh is in fourth grade.
Sobhh bham az xne be dabestn miravand.
Every morning they go to school together.
Kuro do sl bozorgtar az Pari ast.
Kurosh is two years older than Pari.
Dar dabestn har do zabne Prsi, mre,

hendese, trix, va joqrfi mixnand.
At school they both study Persian, arithmetic,

geometry, history, and geography.
abh Kuro dar xne be Pari komak mikonad.
Every night Kurosh helps Pari at home.
Pedaran ruzh sate hat be sare kr miravado

abh sate haft be xne miyyad.
Their father goes to work every day at eight

o'clock, and every night he goes comes home at
seven o'clock.
Mdaran dar xne mimnado xne r pkize

mikonado barye in xork mipazad.
Their mother stays at home, cleans the house,

and cooks meals for them.
Pariyo Kuro pas az in ke kre xod r tamm

kardand be apazxne miravando be mdaran
komak mikonand.
Pari and Kurosh go to the kitchen after finishing

their work and help out their mother.
Exercise 22.1

1. y Pari xhare Kuro ast?
2. y Kuro bardare Pari ast?
3. Pari dar ce kelsi ast?
4. Kuro dar ce kelsi ast?
5. Kuro cand sl bozorgtar an Pari ast?
6. Dar dabestn ce mixnand?
7. y abh Kuro be Pari komak mikonad?
8. Pedaran ce sati be sare kar miravad?
9. Ce sati pedaran be xne bar migardad?
10. Madaran dar xne ce mikonad?
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Exercise 22.2
Write the infinitive of five different verbs.

Exercise 22.3
Conjugate the present tense of the verb budan.

Exercise 22.4
Conjugate the past tense of the verb xordan.

Exercise 22.5
Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Man u r didam.
2. Ostd dar kels dars midahad.
3. Sate hato nim gerdn dar kels budand.
4. Mdaram diruz be bzr raft.
5. Pedare om diab be xneye m mad.
Numbers
100 sad
600 esad
200 devist
700 haftsad
300 sisad
800 hatsad
400 cahrsad
900 nohsad
500 pnsad
1000 hezr
Lesson 23
xohl odan
to become happy
bidr kardan
to waken
piyde
on foot
kif
school bag
bz miavad
opens
hanuz
yet
xarideid
you have bought
xstan
to want
rasidan
to reach
hardo
both
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Pariyo Kuro diab be pedaran goftand:

Dabestne m, ruze Cahranbe bz miavado
hanuz om barye m ketb, daftar, meddo
kqaz naxarideid.
Pari and Kurosh told their father last night: Our

school will open on Wednesday and you have not
yet bought us any books, notebooks, pencils and
papers.
Pedaran goft: Fard ke Doanbe ast hame b

ham be bzr xhim raft.
Their father said: Tomorrow is Monday and we

will all go to the market together.
Baceh besyr xohl odando be otqe xbe xod

raftand.
The children became happy and went to their

rooms.
Fard sobhe zud har do az xb bidr odando

pedaro mdar r bidr kardand.
The next day they woke up early and awakened

their mother and father.
Pas az xordane sobhne piyde be bzr raftand.
After having breakfast they left for the market.
Dar xiybnh daste Pari dar daste mdar, va

daste Kuro dar daste pedar bud.
In the streets Pari's hand was in her mother's and

Kurosh's was in his father's.
Pas az nim sat be bzr rasidand.
They reached the market after half hour.
Pedar barye har do ketb, daftar, qalam,

meddo kqaz xarid.
Their father bought books, notebooks, pens,

pencils, and papers for both of them.
Pari goft: Pedar jn, man yek kif mixham.
Pari said: Dear father, I want a school bag.
Pedar barye Pari yek kife qahveiyo barye Kuro

yek kife siyh xarid.
Their father bought a brown school bag for Pari

and a black one for Kurosh.
In ketb, daftar, qalam, meddo kqaze xod r

dar kifhyan goztando be xne madand.
They put their books, notebooks, pens, pencils,

and papers in their bags and came home.
Exercise 23.1

1. Ce ruzi Pariyo Kuro b pedaran be bzr raftand?
2. y om bzre Tehrn r dideid?
3. y Pariyo Kuro piyde be bzr raftand?
4. Pas az cand sat be bzr rasidand?
5. y dar xiybnh daste Pari dar daste mdara bud?
6. y pedar barye har do ketb, daftar, meddo qalam xarid?
7. Pari be pedar ce goft?
8. y kife Pari qahvei bud?
9. y kife Kuro siyh bud?
8. y Pariyo Kuro ketbo daftare xod r dar kife xod goztand?
Exercise 23.2
Write the equivalent of the following words in English:

1. hav
2. barye
3. bace
4. zud
5. dir
6. xiybn
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7. otqe paziryi
8. rasidan
9. piyde
10. mre
11. hendese
12. mixham
13. devist
14. komak mikonad
15. mndan
16. dust dtan
17. bitar
18. Prsi
19. poxtan
20. trix
Conjugation of Verbs
Perfect tense:
Xordan
To eat
man xordeam
I have eaten
to xordei
you have eaten
u xorde ast
he/she has eaten
m xordeim
we have eaten
om xordeid
you have eaten
in xordeand
they have eaten
Perfect tense:
Rasidan
To reach
man rasideam
I have reached
to rasidei
you have/thou hast reached
u raside ast
he/she has reached
m rasideim
we have reached
om rasideid
you have reached
in rasideand
they have reached
Pefect tense:
Raftan
To go
man rafteam
I have gone
to raftei
you have/thou hast gone
u rafte ast
he/she has gone
m rafteim
we have gone
oma rafteid
you have gone
in rafteand
they have gone
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Future tense:
Amadan
To come
man xham mad
I shall come
to xhi mad
you will come
u xhad mad
he/she will come
m xhim niad
we shall come
om xhid mad
you will come
in xhand mad
they will come
Future tense:
Didan
To see
man xham did
I shall see
to xhi did
you will see
u xhad did
he/she will see
m xhim did
we will see
om xhid did
you will see
in xhand did
they will see
Future tense:
Xaridan
To buy
man xham xarid
I shall buy
to xhi xarid
you will buy
u xhad xarid
he/she will buy
m xhim xarid
we shall buy
om xhid xarid
you will buy
in xhand xarid
they will buy
Lesson 24
dust
friend
gie
stamp window
hangm
when
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nme
letter
postxne
post office
slem
safe/healthy
posti
postman
tambr
stamp
fahmidan
to realize
sandoqe post
mailbox
andxtan
to drop/to throw
pkat
envelope
ahr
city
Yeki az dustne man, yek mh ast ke be Landan

rafte ast.
One of my friends has gone to London for a

month.
Diruz sate nohe sobh posti nmeyi az Landan

barye man vard.
The postman brought me a letter from London at

nine o'clock yesterday morning.
In nme r duste man ferestde bud.
My friend had sent me the letter.
Nme r xndam.
I read the letter.
Hangmi ke fahmidam u slem be ahre Landan

raside ast, xohl odam.
I was happy when I realized he had safely

reached the city of London.
Diab psoxe nmeye u r nevetamo emruz

sobh n r be postxne bordam.
Last night I wrote an answer to his letter, and

took it to the post office this morning.
Az yeki az gieh tambr xaridamo be pkat

casbndam, va nme r dar sandoqe post
andxtam.
I bought a stamp from a window, pasted it to an

envelope, and dropped the letter in a mailbox.
Az postxne be xneye bardaram raftam.
I went to my brother's place after the post office.
Bardaram goft: Sate hate sobh be xneye

om telefon kardam, om dar xne nabudid.
I called your home at eight o'clock this morning,

and you were not home, my brother said.
Goftam: dorost ast, man be postxne rafte

budam.
That is correct, I had gone to the post office, I

said.
Exercise 24.1

1. y om ahre Landan r dideid?
2. Postxneye Tehrn dar ce xiybni ast?
3. y om postxneye Tehrn r dideid?
4. Tambre post r az koj mixarid?
5. y om dusti dar ahre Landan drid?
6. Hangmi ke tambr r be pkat casbndid, pkat r koj miyandzid?
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7. Sobhh ce sati az xne birun miravid?

8. y om sobhh dir be xne bar migardid?
9. y om be dustne xod ke dar Irn nistand nme minevisid?
10. y om psoxe nmeh r zud minevisid?
Exercise 24.2
Conjugate the future tense of the verb: To Go = Raftan

Exercise 24.3
Conjugate the perfect tense of the verb: To See = Didan

Exercise 24.4
Put the following verbs into negative:

man budeam
man xham goft
man miravam
to budei
to xhi goft
to miravi
u bude ast
u xhad goft
u miravad
m budeim
m xhim goft
m miravim
om budeid
om xhid goft
om miravid
in budeand
in xhand goft
in miravand
Lesson 25
havpeym
airplane
neastan
to sit/to land
forudgh
airport
dast ddan
to shake hands
tksi
taxi
mosfer
passenger
sir/Mr.
digari
the other
didani
worth seeing
miyn
among
gomrok
customs
mrikyi
American
miymad
was coming
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xodrow
automobile
qye Edvrd Jnson va qye Yegne b ham

dust hastand.
Mr. Edward Johnson and Mr. Yeganeh are friends.
qye Yegne be m goft: Emruz sobh sate

haft b yek tksi az ahr be forudghe Mehrbd
raftam.
Mr. Yeganeh told us: This morning at seven

o'clock I took a taxi from the city to the Mehrabad
airport.
qye Edvrd Jnson, yeki az dustne man, az

Nyu York be Tehrn miymad.
One of my friends, Mr. Edward Johnson, was

arriving in Tehran from New York.
Yek rob be hat, yek havpeymye mrikyi be

zamin neast, duste man dar in havpeym bud.
At quarter to eight, an American airplane landed,

and my friend was on board.
Dare havpeym bz od. Mosfern hame be

gomrok raftand.
The airplane door opened. All passengers went

through customs.
Pas az nim sat birun madand.
They came out after a half hour.
Duste man ham birun mad, b u dast ddamo

hle u r porsidam.
My friend came out as well, I shook his hand and

greeted him.
Bardare man ham be forudgh made bud t

duste mar bebinad. B xordove u be ahr
madim.
My brother had also come to the airport to see my

friend. We left for the city in his car.
qye Jnson yek hafte dar Tehrn mimnado dar Mr. Johnson will stay in Tehran for a week, as a
xneye m mehmn ast.
guest in our home.
M az u paziryi xhim kard.
We will entertain him.
Dar in hafte be jhye didaniye ahre Tehrn

xhim raft.
This week we will visit the interesting sights of the

city of Tehran.
Pas az yek hafte u be ahrhye digare Irn xhad

raft.
After a week he will visit other cities around Iran.
Exercise 25.1

1. qye Jnson az kodm ahr be Tehrn mad?
2. qye Jnson b otomobil be Tehrn mad?
3. y qye Jnson b havpeymye mrikyi be Tehrn mad?
4. Ce sati havpeym be zamin neast?
5. Mosafern az havpeym be koj raftand?
6. qye Jnson dar Tehrn mehmne kist?
7. qye Jnson ce moddat dar Tehrn xhad mand?
8. U pas az yek hafte be koj xhad raft?
9. y qye Jnson be jhye didaniye ahre Tehrn xhad raft?
10. qye Jnson b xodrove ke be ahr mad?
Exercise 25.2
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Conjugate the perfect tense of the verbs:

Ddan = To Give, Gereftan = To Take
Exercise 25.3
Translate the following sentences into Persian:

1. What day is it today?
2. Today is Tuesday.
3. What day was yesterday?
4. Yesterday was Monday.
5. What day will tomorrow be?
6. Tomorrow will be Wednesday.
7. It was cold yesterday.
8. It was warm in summertime.
9. It is cold in winter.
10. It was cloudy last night.
Lesson 26
be suye
towards
zang zadan
to ring
sed zadan
to call
ruuyi
lavatory
avaz kardan
to change
taxte xb
bed
jmedn
suitcase
andar/andarun odan
to enter
rhnamyi kardan
to guide
xomad goftan
to welcome
nen
to show
anjm ddan
to finish
ekf
closet
hammm
bathroom
Xneye qye Yegne dar xiybne Taxte Jamid

ast.
Mr. Yeganeh's house is on Takht-e Jamshid

Avenue.
Xodrove bardara jelove xne istd.
His brother's automobile stopped in front of the

house.
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qye Jnson, qye Yegnevo bardar az

xodrow piyde odand va be suye dare xne
raftand.
Mr. Johnson, Mr. Yeganeh, and his brother got out

of the automobile and went towards the door.
qye Yegne zang r zad.
Mr. Yeganeh rang the bell.
Nowkara dar r bz kard.
His servant opened the door.
qye Yegnevo bardara be qye Jnson

tarof kardand va u naxost andarune xne od.
Mr. Yeganeh and his brother gestured Mr.

Johnson politely and he was the first to enter the
house.
qye Yegne u r be otqi rhnamyi kard va u

andarune n otq od.
Mr. Yeganeh directed him to a room which he

entered.
Xnome Yegne ham be in otq mad, be qye

Jnson xomad gofto taxte xb, ekf,
hammmo ruuyi r be u nen dd.
Mrs. Yeganeh also entered the room, welcomed

Mr. Johnson, and showed him the bed, the closet,
the bathroom.
Nowkar ham jmedanhye qye Jnson r vard

va dar otq gozt.
The servant brought Mr. Johnson's suitcases and

placed them in the room.
Hame birun raftand t qye Jnson dasto surate

xod r beuyado jmeye xod r avaz konad.
Everyone left so that Mr. Johnson could wash up

and change his clothes.
Pas az yek sat qye Jnson krhye xod r

anjm ddo duste xod qaye Yegne r sed zad.
Har do be otqe paziryi raftando nj neastand.
After an hour Mr. Johnson was finshed, and called

his friend Mr. Yeganeh. They both went to the
livingroom and sat there.
Exercise 26.1

1. Xneye qye Yegne kojst? ( koj ast?)
2. Ke zange xne r zad?
3. Ke dar r bz kard?
4. Ke be qye Jnson tarof kard?
5. Ke naxost andarune xne od?
6. Ke qye Jnson r be otq rhnamyi kard?
7. Xnome Yegne be qye Jnson ce goft va be u ce nen dd?
8. Ke jmednhye qye Jnson r vard?
9. Nowkar jmednh r koj gozt?
10. Pas az ce moddati qye Jnson krhye xod r anjm dd?
11. qye Jnson ke r sed zad?
12. qye Jnsono qye Yegne be koj raftando ce kardand?
Exercise 26.2
Make a sentence with each of the following words:

1. xne
2. xiybn
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3. bardaram
4. zang
5. bz
6. andarun
7. ekf
8. xoda
Exercise 26.3
Correct the following sentences:

1. Man qye Yegne r dar xiyban did.
2. qye Jnson mehmnhye qye.
3. Havpeym sate hat be zamin neastand.
4. U daste xod r dar kels nadidand.
5. Sate nohe ab posti nmeyi barye man vardi.
6. Bardaram nme r dar sandoqe post andxtam.
7. Yeki az dustne man yek mh ast ke be Landan rfteand.
8. Xharam dusti dar ahre Tehrn drid.
9. Pedaram sobhh sate hat az xne birun miravad.
10. M kami zabne Prsi midnam.
Exercise 26.4
Learn the different parts of the following verbs:

Infinitive
Present tense
Past tense
Past participle
kardan
kon
kard
karde
budan
bud
bude
madan
mad
made
vardan
var
vard
varde
bordan
bar
bord
borde
didan
bin
did
dide
xordan
xor
xord
xorde
raftan
row
raft
rafte
xaridan
xar
xarid
xaride
nevetan
nevis
nevet
nevete
odan
ow
od
ode
tbidan
tb
tbid
tbide
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vazidan
vaz
vazid
vazide
ddan
deh
dd
dde
xndan
xn
xnd
xnde
Lesson 27
aknun/inak
now
neasteand
they are sitting
ehterm
respect/honor
boland odand
they raise up
cy
tea
nalbaki
saucer
gap mizadand
they were talking
piband
apron
qand
sugar
pi/jelow
in front of/before
surat
face
irini
sweets
fenjn
cup
mizbn
host
hangm
when
ne kard
he/she combed
kenr
beside
mixordand
they were eating
qye Jnsono qye Yegne aknun dar otqe

paziryi neasteando bham gap mizanand.
Mr. Johnson and Mr. Yeganeh are now seated in

the livingroom and talking.
Xnome Yegne dar in hangm dar pazxne

bud.
Mrs. Yeganeh was in the kitchen at this time.
Az pazxne birun mad, pibande xod r baz

kard, dasto surate xod r ost, jmeye xne r
avaz kard, sare xod r ne kardo be otqe
paziryi raft.
She came out of the kitchen, took off her apron,

washed up, changed her clothes, combed her hair
and entered the livingroom.
qaye Jnsono qye Yegne be ehterme u az

jye xod boland odand.
Mr. Johnson and Mr. Yeganeh rose up from their

seats as a sign of respect for her.
Hangmi ke Xnome Yegne neast, in ham

dobre neastand.
They sat down again when Mrs. Yeganeh took her

seat.
Nowkare xne cyo irini vardo pie qye

Jnson bord.
The servant brought some tea and sweets and

offered them to Mr. Johnson.
qye Johnson yek fenjn cy bardto do tekke
Mr. Johnson picked up a cup of tea and dropped
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qand dar n andxt.
two pieces of sugar in it.
Pas az n yek irini ham bardto kenre nalbaki

gozt.
Then he picked up a sweet and placed it on the

saucer.
qvo xnome Yegne ham cyo iriniye xod r

bardtand va nowkar az otq birun raft.
Mr. and Mrs. Yeganeh took their tea and sweets

and the servant left the room.
Mehmno do mizbn cy mixordando gap

mizadand.
The guest and the two hosts drank tea and

talked.
Exercise 27.1
Without referring to the translation tell what you read in your own words.
Exercise 27.2
Answer the following questions with complete sentences:

1. qye Jnson va qye Yegne aknun dar koj neasteand?
2. qye Jnsono qye Yegne ce mikonand?
3. ya Xnome Yegne jmevo kafhvo jurbhye xod r avaz kard?
4. Hangmi ke qye Jnsono qye Yegne, Xnome Yegne r didand ce kardand?
5. Hangmi ke Xnome Yegne neast in ce kardand?
6. Nowkare xne ce vard?
7. Nowkare xne cyo irini r pie ke bord?
8. qye Jnson ce bar dt?
9. qye Jnson dar fenjne cy ce andxt?
10. qye Jnson irini r koj gozt?
Exercise 27.3
Put all the verbs in the sentences into present tense.

Exercise 27.4

1. In doxtare man ast.
2. Doxtare man yzdah sle ast.
3. Pesare om cand sle ast?
4. Emruz hav besyr sard ast.
5. y om dar Tehrn zendegi mikonid?
6. Yeki az bardarne man dar Espahn zendegi mikonad.
7. Diab dir be xne raftam.
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8. Nowruz, ruze naxoste sle Iraniyn ast.

9. Havye in otq garm ast, yeki az panjareh r bz konid.
10. Yeki az dustnam be dneghhye Englestn rafte ast.
Lesson 28
gerd madand
they gathered
deh
village
dehnein
villager
dowr
around
pir
old
davat kard
he/she invited
garde kardan
to take a walk/browse/wander
mnand
like
npk
dirty
ketzr
field
jow
barley
kte budand
they had sown
guspand
sheep
boz
goat
xorus
cock
negahdri kardan
to take care
jnvar
animal
sudmand
useful
nm
name
porsid
he/she asked
mde kardan
to prepare
tang
narrow
gandom
wheat
gv
cow
xar
donkey
morq
hen
zir
because
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qye Yegne b pesare bozorgo Xnoma va

qye Jnson ruze dine b xodrow az Tehrn
birun raftand.
Mr. Yeganeh, his eldest son, his wife, and Mr.

Johnson, left Tehran by car on Friday.
Pas az do sat be yek deh rasidand.
They reached a village after two hours.
Dehneinn ke didand xodrow andarune deh ode

ast, dowre n gerd madand.
The villagers gathered around the automobile

after they saw it enter the village.
Yeki az in ke pirmardi bud, in r be xneye

xod davat kard.
One of them, an old man, invited them to his

home.
In ham xodrow r dar kenri goztando be

xneye pirmard raftand.
They left the automobile in a corner and went to

the old man's house.
qye Yegne nme pirmard r porsid, pir-mard

goft: Nme man Kuro ast.
Mr. Yeganeh asked the old man for his name, the
old man replied: My name is Kurosh.
Pas az rasidan be xne zane Kuro in r be

After reaching the house, Kurosh's wife directed
otqi rhnamyi kardo pas az nim sat cy mde them to a room and after a half hour prepared tea
kardo barye in vard.
and brought it inside.
In pas az xordane cy dar deh garde kardand.
They browsed around village after drinking their

teas.
qye Jnson goft: Xnehye deh mnande

xnehye ahr bozorgo zib nistand va kuce ham
tango npk ast.
Mr. Johnson said: The village houses are not as

large and beautiful as the one's in the city, and
the alley is narrow and dirty.
Pas az dah daqiqe az deh birun raftando be

ketzr rasidand.
After ten minutes they left the village and reached

a field.
Bitare zaminh r gandomo jow kte budand.
Most of the field was planted with barley and

wheat.
Dehneinn az gv, guspand, boz, xar, asb,

morqo xorus negahdri mikonand, zir in
janvarn sudmand hastand.
The villagers take care of cows, sheep, goats,

donkeys, horses, hens and cocks, because these
are useful animals.
Exercise 28.1

1. qye Yegne b ke az Tehrn birun raft?
2. Ce ruzi qye Yegne az Tehrn birun raft?
3. Pas az cand sat be deh rasidand?
4. Ce kasni dowre min gerd madand?
5. Ke in r be xneye xod davat kard?
6. y in be xneye an pirmard raftand?
7. Nme n pirmard ce bud?
8. Zane Kuro ce kard?
9. In pas az xordane cy ce kardand?
10. qye Jnson dar breye xnehye deh ce goft?
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11. qye Jnson dar breye kucehye deh ce goft?

12. qye Yegnevo digarn az deh ke birun raftand be koj rasidand?
13. Dar zaminh bitar ce kte budand?
14. Jnvarni r ke dar deh budand nm bebarid?
15. y gvo guspand sudmand hastand?
Exercise 28.2

1. deh
5. rasidan
9. sudmand
2. pir
6. rhnamyi kardan
10. bozorgtar
3. davat
7. ahr
4. nm
8. daqiqe
Exercise 28.3
Explain what you read in your own words without refering to the previous
pages.
Exercise 28.4
Put the sentences you created in Exercise 28.2 into negative.

Exercise 28.5
Name five villages around Tehran.

Lesson 29
asr
evening
hamrhn
companions
xo gozatan
to have a good time
sude
comfortable
byad
must
mixham
I want
safar
trip/voyage
xvar
east
jonubi
southern
bxtar
west
markazi
central
taqriban
nearly
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ncram
Im obliged
gungun
different
yani
it means
dur
far
xnevde
family
oml
north
bax
part
sepas
afterwards
bedrud goftan
to say goodby
Asre dine qye Yegnevo hamrhn az garde

bar gatand va slem be xne rasidand.
Mr. Yeganeh and companions returned home fine

on Friday evening.
Hame barye xordane cy be otqe paziryi

raftand.
They all went to the livingroom for tea.
qye Jnson be xnevdeye Yegne goft: Man

dar xneye om besyr sude hastamo dar inj
be man xo migozarad.
Mr Johnson said to the Yeganeh family: I am

very comfortable at your home and am having a
good time.
Vali man byad ahrhye digare Irn r ham

bebinam.
But I have to visit other cities around Iran.
Naxost be omle Irn mixham beravam va

zarbyjn, Gilno Mnzandarn r b Gorgn
bebinam.
First I want to go north of Iran and visit

Azerbaijan, Gilan, Mazandaran, and Gorgan.
Sepas mixham safari be xvare Irn yani

xorsn beravam.
Then I want to take a trip to Khorasan in eastern

Iran.
Pas az n be baxhye jonubiye Irn mnande

Kermn, Ba1ucestn, Prso Xuzestn xham raft
va safari ham be bxtare Irn xham kard t
Kordestn r bebinam.
Then I will visit the southern regions like Kerman,

Baluchistan, Pars and Khuzistan, and also take a
trip to see Kurdistan in western Iran.
Sepas ahrhye markazi, mnande Qom, Kn,

Espahno Ark r xham did, t taqriban hameye
Irn r dide bam.
Then I will see the cities in the central region, like

Qom, Kashan, Espahan and Arak, so that I would
have visited the entire Iran.
Man gomn dram yek ketbe joqrfi be zabne

Englisi dar breye Irn benevisamo barye
nevetane in ketb ncram baxhye gungune
Irn r bebinam.
I have in mind to write a geographical book on

Iran, and in order to do that I am obliged to visit
the different parts of the country.
Fard sobh b om bedrud xham goft va b

preyi dustne Englisiye xod in safare duro derz
r qz xham kard.
Tomorrow morning I will say goodby to you all,

and leave on this long trip with several of my
English friends.
Exercise 29.1

1. Key qaye Yegne va hamrhna az safar bar gatand?
2. Vaqti be xne rasidand be kodm otq raftand?
3. y qye Jnson dar xneye qye Yegne sude bud va be u xo migozat?
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4. y qye Jnson mixst ahrhye digare Iran r bebinad?

5. y qye Jnson mixst naxost be ome Irn beravad?
6. y zarbyjn dar ome Irn ast?
7. y Prs dar jonube Irn ast?
8. Yeki az ahrhye bxtare Irn r nm bebarid?
9. y qye Jnson mixst yek ketbe joqrfi dar breye Irn benevisad?
10. y qye Jnson mixst baxhye gungune Irn r bebinad?
Exercise 29.2
Fill in the missing words:

1. Cand ruz ast havye Tehrn sard .......... ?
2. Diruz hlam xub .......... va natavnestam be kels ..........
3. Emruz be bzr .......... va yek .......... kaf ..........
4. Dehneinn dar .......... zendegi ..........
5. Diruz sate eo nim be xneye om .......... amm oma ..........
6. Diab .......... abri ..........
7. Espahn yeki az ahrhye .......... Irn ..........
8. Tbestnh havye Tehrn ..........
9. Yek hafte .......... ruz ..........
10. Yek sl .......... ruz ast.
Exercise 29.3
Write the plural form of the following sentences:

1. Man be Espahn raftam.
2. y bardare om dar Tehrn ast?
3. Ketbe man ruye mize om nabud?
4. Kuceye deh tang ast?
5. Man daste xod r ostam.
6. U pas az xordane nhr az xne birun raft.
7. Pye man yax karde ast.
8. ahrnein dar ahr zendegi mikonad.
9. Sandaliye man qahveyi ast.
10. Daro panjareye in otq bz asto havye otq sard ode ast.
Lesson 30
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naxostin
first
molyem
mild
golbi
pears
beh
quinces
anr
pomegranate
gowje
plum
holu
peaches
pundan
to cover
tondar
thunder
okufe kardan
to blossom
rudxne
river
bq
garden
kevarz
farmer
zardlu
apricot
gils
cherry
mive
fruit
lblu
black cherry
portoql
orange
nrangi
tangerine
limu
lemon
barq
lightening
daraxidan
to shine
por
full
farvardeh
crops
sed
sound/noise
Bahr naxostin fasle sl ast.
Spring is the first season of the year.
Havye in fasl molyem ast.
The weather is mild during this season.
Na ziyd sardo na ziyd garm ast.
It is not too cold and not too warm.
Deraxtne mive mnande sib, beh, anr, holu,

gils, lblu, gowje, zardlu, portoql, nrangiyo
limu okufe mikonand.
Fruit trees like apples, quinces, pomegranates,

peaches, cherries, black cherries, plums, apricots,
oranges, tangerines, and lemons blossom.
okufeh, mivehye tbestniyo pyizi miavand.
Blossoms turn into summer and autumn fruits.
Dar in fasl barfhye kuh b miavad.
In this season snow on the mountains melt.
be in barfh rudxneh r por mikonad.
Water from the snow fills the rivers.
Kevarzn be in rudxneh r be zaminhye

keto bqh mibarand va farvardehye xod r
b midahand.
Farmers take the water from these rivers to their

fields and gardens and water their crops.
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Ghi abre siyhi smn r mipunad, barq

mizanad, sedye tondar be gu mirasado pas az
n brne tondi mibrad, sepas hav sf
miavado xorid dobre midaraxad.
Sometimes a dark cloud covers the sky, lightning

strikes, and the sound of thunder is heard; then
there is a shower and finally it clears and the sun
shines again.
Exercise 30.1

1. y bahr naxostin fasle sal ast?
2. Havye in fasl cegune ast?
3. y havye in fasl ziyd garm ast?
4. Havye ce fasli ziyd garm ast?
5. Havye ce fasli ziyd sard ast?
6. Deraxtne mive dar ce fasli okufe mikonand?
7. y deraxtne portoql, narangiyo limu ham dar bahr okufe mikonand?
8. Rudxneh dar ce fasli por b hastand?
9. Kevarzan be rudxneh r ce mikonand?
10. Sedye tondar dar ce fasli bitar be gu mirasad?
Exercise 30.2
Learn the following ordinal numbers:

naxostin - dovomin - sevomin - cahromin - panjomin - eomin - haftomin - hatomin - nohomin dahomin
Exercise 30.3
Write five simple sentences about summer.

Exercise 30.4

1. Xordd mhe .......... bahr ast.
2. ahrivar mhe .......... tbestn ast.
3. Mehr mhe .......... pyiz ast.
4. Dey mhe .......... zemestn ast.
5. U .......... be xneye man mado m montazer .......... budim.
6. Zemestn fasle .......... asto .......... ziyd mibrad.
7. Xorid be zamin .......... va zamin r .......... mikonad.
8. Setregn .......... abh dar .......... mibinam.
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9. Mahtb .......... nisto m r garm .......... .

10. Zamin .......... az xorid ast.
11. Zemestn .......... fasl ast.
12 .......... garmtarin fasl ast.
13. M .......... xorid r nemibinim.
14. Ruzh m setregn r ..........
15. Ruzhye zemestno abhye tbestn .......... ast.
16. Yek sat ast ..........o yek daqiqe .......... ast.
17. Yek abne .......... ruz sat ast.
18. Man b gac .......... taxte syah nevetam va b .......... pk kardam.
19. Yek sl .......... ruz ast.
20. .......... ruze naxoste sl ast.
Exercise 30.5

1. My pencil is longer than yours.
2. This room is the largest.
3. This boy is the tallest student in the school.
4. Shahreza is the widest street in Tehran.
5. My hand is bigger than yours.
6. Im the shortest girl in the class.
7. Mount Damavand is higher than Alvand.
8. Please close this window, I feel a little cold.
9. The people mostly catch cold in winter.
10. This shoe is tight for me.
Lesson 31
oxm zadan
to plough
xue
ear of corn
kam kam
by and by
rasidan
to ripen
sabz odan
to peep out
ds
sickle
byri kardan
to irrigate
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derow kardan
to cut
xarman kardan
to heap up (corn)
bd ddan
to air
kubidan
to thresh
dne
seed
kh
straw
syb
mill
sybn
miller
rd kardan
to grind into flour
jod kardan
to separate
nnvyi
bakery
xamir kardan
to make dough
nnv
baker
dokn
shop
Kevarzn dar pyiz zamine ket r oxm mizanando gandom mikrand.

Gandom kam kam sabz miavad.
Barfe zemestno brne pyizo bahr n r byri mikonad.
Gandom boland miavad, xue mikonado dar tbestan mirasad.
Kevarz b ds gandom r derow mikonad, va gandome derow ode r xarman mikonad, t xub xok
avad.
Sepas n r mikubad, bd midahado dneh r az khh jod mikonad.
Sepas gandomh r pk mikonado be syb mibarad.
sybn gandom r rd mikonando, rd r be nnvyi mibarad.
Xamirgir n r xamir mikonado mipazad.
M be dokne nnvyi miravim, pul midahimo nn mixarim, nn r be xne miyvarimo b xorkhye
gungun mixorim.
Exercise 31.1
Explain in your own words what you read.

Exercise 31.2

1. Kevarz ce hangm zamin ra oxm mizanad?
2. Pas az oxm zadan ce mikonad?
3. y barfe zemestn barye gandome xue ode sudmand ast?
4. y kevarz dar zemestn gandom r byri mikonad?
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5. Gandom key boland miavad?

6. Gandom key xue mikonad?
7. y gandom dar tbestn mirasad?
8. B ce ciz kevarz gandom r derow mikonad?
9. Dne r az kh cegune jod mikonad?
10. sybn kist?
11. y sybn gandom r rd mikonad?
12. rd r be koj mibarad?
13. Xamirgir kist?
14. Nn r ce mikonad?
15. M nn r az koj mixarim?
Exercise 31.3
Write a sentence for each of the following words:

1. pul
2. xork
3. kh
4. xue
5. mive
6. nnvyi
7. syb
8. brn
9. kam kam
10. xaridan
Exercise 31.4

1. dar - Tehrn - oml - dnegh - ast
2. az - dur - dnegh - xneye - ast - man
3. diab - xbidn - bd - man
4. diab - xne - madam - dir - be
5. diruz - hav - sard - od - asr
6. ast - mz - do - ke - garm - ode ast
7. man - bardar - pariruz - raft - Espahn - be
8. do - digar - mali - Englestn - be - miravam
9. xhe - an - panjare - - mikonam - bebandid
10. ostd - dir - be - m - kels - mad
Exercise 31.5

1. Kafhye man kohne odeand, mixham yek joft kafe now bexaram.
2. Pye man bozorgo in kaf barye pye man tang ast.
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3. Agar be bzr raftid dah varaqe kqaz barye man bexarid.

4. Pesare om dah ruz ast ke be dabestn nemiyyad.
5. Yeki az dustne xod r prsl dar mrik didam.
Lesson 32
xar
end
miyne
middle
garm
heat
daraje
degree
tan
body
angur
grapes
estaxr
pool
dary
sea
en
sand
foruxte miavand
they are sold
tatil
holiday
xonak
cool
otobus
bus
tlebi
persian melon
garmak
a kind of melon
kenr
side
en kardan
to swim
hendevne
water melon
Tbestn, dovomin fasle sl ast.
Summer is the second season of the year.
Az xare bahr hav kam kam garm miavado

miyneye tbestan hav besyr garm ast.
Little by little it starts getting warmer at the end

of summer, and the weather is very warm in the
middle of summer.
Garmye Tehrn ghi be cehel darajeye sntigrd

mirasad.
The temperature in Tehran can sometimes reach

forty degrees Celsius.
Dar tbestn dabestnh, dabirestnhvo

dneghhye Irn tatil miavand.
The elementary schools, secondary schools, and

universities of Iran close down.
Bitare gerdno ostdn az Tehrn be ahrhye

digar y be jhye xonak miravand.
Most students and professors leave Tehran for

other cities or cooler places.
dinehvo ruzhye digar ke tatil ast mardome

Tehrn b xodrow y otobus be kenre dary
miravand.
Fridays and holidays people of Tehran leave for

the seaside by car or bus.
Dar b en mikonand, ruye enh mixbando
They swim in the water, lie on the sand, and get
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tanhyan r ftab midahand.
some sun.
Dar ahre Tehrn ham estaxrhyi barye en

sxteand va har kas mitavand b pule kami az in
extaxrh bahremand avad.
There have been pools built in the city of Tehran

for swimming and anyone can use these pools for
very little money.
Dar in fasl tlebi, garmak, hendevne, gils,

gowje, zardluvo angurhye gungun mirasando
dar bzr foruxte miavand.
In this season there are melons, watermelons,

cherries, plums, apricots, and various grapes sold
in the market.
Mardom dar fasle tbestn ziyad mive mixorand.
Everyone eats a lot of fruits in the summertime.
xare ahrivarmh hav kam kam ru be xonaki

miravado pyize zib qz miavad.
At the end of the month of Shahrivar the weather

slowly cools off and the beautiful autumn begins.
Exercise 32.1

1. Kodm fasl garmtarin fasle sl ast?
2. Kodm fasl sardtarin fasle sl ast?
3. y dar bahr hav molyem ast?
4. Garmye Tehrn dar tbestn be cand daraje mirasad?
5. Barye ce dabestnh va dabirestnh dar tbestn tatil miavand?
6. y om dar tbestn dar Tehrn mimnid?
7. Mardome Tehrn tbestnh be koj miravand?
8. y om b otobus mosferat kardeid?
9. y om xub en mikonid?
10. y om daryye Mzandarn ra dideid?
11. Zardlu ce rang ast?
12. Ce miveyi r bitar az hame dust drid?
13. Pyiz zibtar ast y tbestn?
14. Tbestn r bitar dust drid y zemestn r?
15. Key hav ru be xonaki miravad?
Exercise 32.2
Name the months of the year.

Exercise 32.3

1. Man emruz xasteam va nemitavnam dars bexnam.
2. Darshye Prsi kam kam dovr miavand.
3. Emruz sardtar az diruz ast.
4. Xhe mikonam yek varaqe kqaz be man bedahid.
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5. Diruz hlam xub nabud va be kelse Prsi naymadam.
Exercise 32.4
1. Ostd b .......... ruye taxteye syh nevet.
2. Man b .......... taxteye syh r pak kardam.
3. Pedaram si sl az man .......... ast.
4. Man yeke pas az nimruz .......... mixoram.
5. .......... dar deh zendegi mikonad.
6. Havye bahr va pyiz .......... ast.
7. Daryaye Mzandarn dar .......... Irn ast.
8. Tehrn pyetaxt .......... ast.
9. M mitavnim kam .......... Prsi bexnim.
10. Sobhh zud az xb.......... .
Lesson 33
kevar
country
mellat
nation
xoki
land
bax
part
din
religion
Kalimi
Jewish
Budyi
Buddhist
poni
Japanese
Mosalmn
Moslem
kore
globe
Englisi
English
Rusi
Russian
Frnsavi
French
lmni
German
mrikayi
American
Torkiye
Turkey
Cini
Chinese
Masihi
Christian
Brahman
Brahman
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Zartoti
Zoroastrian
Xokihye koreye zamin r be panj bax

kardeand.
The land masses of the globe have been divided

into five continents.
Nme in panj bax az in qarr ast: 1. Asy 2.

Orup 3. friq 4. mrikye omli va mrikye
Jonubi. 5. Ostrly.
The names of these five divisions are: 1. Asia 2.

Europe 3. Africa 4. North America and South
America 5. Oceania.
Har yek az in baxh be kevarhye gungun

bax odeando dar har kevari, mellati ke drye
zabno dine jod ast zendegi mikonad.
Every one of these divisions has been divided into

different countries, and in each country lives a
nation with its separate language and religion.
Irni dar Irn zendegi mikonado zabna Prsi

ast.
An Iranian lives in Iran and his language is

Persian.
Englisi dar Englestn zendegi mikonado zabna

Englisi ast.
An Englishman lives in England and his language

in English.
Frnsavi dar Frnse zendegi mikonado zabna

Frnsavi ast.
A Frenchman lives in France and his language is

French.
Rusi dar Rusiye zendegi mikonado zabna Rusi

ast.
A Russian lives in Russia and his language is

Russian.
lmni dar lmn zendegi mikonado zabna

lmni ast.
A German lives in Germany and his language is

German.
mrikyi dar mrik zendegi mikonado zabna

Englisi ast.
An American lives in America and his language is

English.
Tork dar Torkiye zendegi mikonado zabna Torki

ast.
A Turk lives in Turkey and his language is Turkish.
Cini dar Cin zendegi mikonado zabna Cini ast.
A Chinese lives in China and his language is

Chinese.
poni dar pon zendegi mikonado zabna

poni ast.
A Japanese lives in Japan and his language is

Japanese.
Mardome jahn dinhye gungun drand, be in

arh: Masihi, Zartoti, Brahman, Budyi, Kalimiyo
Mosalmn.
People of the world belong to different religions,

as listed here: Christianity, Zoroastrianism,
Brahman, Buddhism, Jewish and Muslim.
Exercise 33.1

1. om ahle kodm kevar hastid?
2. Zabne om cist?
3. Ce dini drid?
4. y om zabne Englisi midnid?
5. y om zabne frsi r mitavnid bexanid?
6. lmni koj zendegi mikonad?
7. Englisi koj zendegi mikonad?
8. Zabne mardome Cin cist?
9. Zabne mardome mrik cist?
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10. Mardome Irn ce dinhyi drand?
Exercise 33.2
Write five simple sentences about the climate of Iran.

Exercise 33.3

1. He is an Iranian, but he lives in U.S.A.
2. I learned Persian in Iran.
3. Is this the road to Isfahan?
4. His servant brought a letter for me yesterday.
5. We have studied thirty-three parts of this text.
Subjunctive mood of the verb: Xordan (To eat)
Present
Perfect
agar bexoram
agar xorde bam
agar bexori
agar xorde bi
agar bexorad
agar xorde bad
agar bexorim
agar xorde bim
agar bexorid
agar xorde bid
agar bexorand
agar xorde band
Negative
agar naxoram
agar naxorde bam
agar naxori
agar naxorde bi
agar naxorad
agar naxorde bad
agar naxorim
agar naxorde bim
agar naxorid
agar naxorde bid
agar naxorand
agar naxorde band
Lesson 34
kambi
nearly
anjir
fig
farvn
abundant
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barg
leaf
mirizad
falls down
micinand
they pluck
preyi
a number
dame barfi
snowman
boxri
stove
anbr
storage
sabok
light
pam
wool
pami
woollen
mipuand
they wear
rav
usually
bzi
play
dorost mikonand
they make
pyn yft
it is finished
Pyiz fasle zibyi ast.
Autumn is a beautiful season.
Dar in fasl kambi hameye miveh mirasand.
In this season nearly all fruits ripen.
Mivehye pyizi mnande anr, anjir, sib,

portoql, nrangiyo limu farvn ast.
Autumn fruits like pomegranates, figs, apples,

oranges, tangerines, and lemons are abundant.
Barghye deraxtn kam kam zard miavando

mirizand.
The leaves slowly turn yellow and fall down.
Kevarzan miveh r az deraxtne bqhye xod

micinando dar anbr negah midrand t az sarm
xarb naavand.
Farmers pluck the fruits off the trees in their

gardens and keep them in storage so that they do
not spoil.
Mardom jmehye pamiye zemestni mipuand.
People wear woollen winter clothes.
Mhe xare pyiz hav sardtar miavado sepas

zemestne sard miyyad.
It gets colder the last month of autumn and then

the cold winter arrives.
Dar zemestn barf bridan rav asto hame j r

sepid mikonad.
It usually snows in the wintertime and white

covers everywhere.
Baceh barfbzi r dust drando az barf, dame

barfi dorost mikonand.
Children love to play with snow, and make

snowmen.
abhye zemestn mardom kamtar dar

xiybnhye ahr dide miavand.
People are seldom seen in the streets on winter

nights.
Naxoste ab be xnehye xod miravando kenre

boxri mineinand.
At the beginning of the night they go to their

homes and sit by the heater.
Preyi niz be sinem y tetr miravand.
A number go to the movies or the theater.
Mhe Espand hav ziyd sard nist.
The weather is not cold during the month of

Espand.
Espand ke pyn yft hav molyem miavado b
By the end of Espand the weather is milder, and
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79
madane bahr deraxtn dobre sabz mivand.
with the arrival of spring the trees turn green

again.
Exercise 34.1

1. Havye pyiz behtar ast y havye bahr?
2. Nme cahr miveye pyizi r beguyid?
3. Barge deraxtn key mirizand?
4. Keavarzn mivehyi r ke cidand koj migozrand?
5. Cer miveh r pyiz micinand?
6. Jmehye tbestni ce rang ast?
7. Ce hangm jmeye pami mipuim?
8. Ay havye zemestn sardtar ast y havye pyiz?
9. Dar ce fasli bitar bd miyyad?
10. Ay om zemestn r dust drid?
Exercise 34.2
Explain your daily program in Persian.

Exercise 34.3
Write the future tense of the verb goftan.

Passive Voice - Indicative mood
Present
Perfect
Imperfect
xaste miavam
xaste odeam
xaste miodam
xaste miavi
xaste odei
xaste miodi
xaste miavad
xaste ode ast
xaste miod
xaste miavim
xaste odeim
xaste miodim
xaste miavid
xaste odeid
xaste miodid
xaste miavand
xaste odeand
xaste miodand
Pluperfect
Preterite
Future
xaste ode budam
xaste odam
xaste xham od
xaste ode budi
xaste odi
xaste xhi od
xaste ode bud
xaste od
xaste xhad od
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80
xaste ode budim
xaste odim
xaste xhim od
xaste ode budid
xaste odid
xaste xhid od
xaste ode budand
xaste odand
xaste xhand od
Lesson 35
vpasin
the last
seps
thank
xod
god
bahre bebarim
to make use of/take advantage of
dnemand
authority/learned
pyn ddim
we finished
harf/gap zadan
to speak
irin
sweet/nice
ern
poets
rete
branch
dstn
fable
xndani
worth reading
n odan
to become familiar with
qz kardan
to begin
be sni
easily
mitavnim
we can
nevete ode ast
has been written
andie
thoughts
farjm
result/fruit
dne
science
In dars vpasin darse ketbe naxost ast.
This is the last lesson of the basic text.
Seps xod r ke in ketb r pyn ddimo aknun

mitavnim kami Prsi r bexnimo benevisimo
harf bezanim.
Thank God that we finished this textbook and can

now somewhat read, write, and speak in Persian.
Prsi zabne irini asto, har kas mitavnad be

sni n r yd begirad.
Persian is a nice language, and anyone can easily

learn it.
Agar yeki do sle digar in zabn r bexnim,

mitavnim az ketbhyi ke be zabne Prsi
nevete odeand bahre bebarim.
If we continue studying this language for another

two years, we would be able to take advantage of
the books written in the Persian language.
erne Irni erhye ziydi be zabne Prsi

gofteand; dnemandne Irni ketbhye ziydi
dar retehye gungune dne be in zabn
neveteand; dstnhye Prsi irino xndani
Iranian poets have written many poems in

Persian; learned Iranians have written various
scientific books in this language; Persian stories
are nice and worth reading.
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hastand.
Agar in zabn r dorost yd begirim, mitavnim
hameye in ketbh r bexnimo b andieye
Irniyn sn avim.
If we learn this language properly, we could read

all these books and become familiar with Iranian
thoughts.
Omidvrim betavnim cizi r ke qz kardeim be

anjm rasnim t kuee m bi farjm namnad.
I hope we can finish what we have begun, so that

our efforts would not be fruitless.
Exercise 35.1

1. Cand mh Prsi xndeid?
2. Prsi zabne kodm mellat ast?
3. y om mitavnid Prsi r tond benivisid?
4. y om mitavanid Prsi harf bezanid?
5. y ere Prsi r mitavnid bexnid?
6. Zabne Englisi r zudtar yd gereftid y Prsi?
7. y zabne lmni az zabne farsi dovrtar ast?
8. y om Frnsavi hastid?
9. Dovrtarin zabn kodam ast?
10. Ce zabni az hame sntar ast?
Exercise 35.2

1. dovri - ziyd - Prsi - zabn - nist
2. Englisi - zabn - dovrtar - az - Prsi - zabn - ast
3. u - Englisi - ast - pedar
4. zabn - man - Frnsavi - nemidnam - xub
5. xharam - Prsi - zabn - r - behtar - man - az - harf - mizanad
6. Cini - zabne - dovri - besyr - ast
7. hend - mardom - be - zabnhye - harf - gungun - mizanand
8. mardom - hame - Englisi - mrik - harf - mizanand
9. zabne - Prsi - ast - irin
10. Rusi - zabne - besyr - dovri - ast
Exercise 35.3
Write five simple sentences about the class room.

Exercise 35.4
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Explain the difficulties you had in learning Persian.

PERSIAN VERBS
Persian verbs like the verbs of English and German languages have three Principal Parts:
I) Present root
II) Past root
III) Past participle
All different tenses of the verbs are derived from the above three parts; and the auxiliary verbs used
in conjugating the different tenses are:
odan, budan, xstan.
Let us take the verb xordan (to eat) as an example and show its different tenses.
I) Present root: xor

II) Past root: xord
III) Past participle: xordei
I) Verbs Formed from the Present Root: xor
1. Subjunctive Mood
Let me eat
I may eat
If I eat
agar bexoram = ( be + xor + im )
agar bexori = ( be + xor + i )
agar bexorad = ( be + xor + ad )
agar bexorim = ( be + xor + im )
agar bexorid = ( be + xor + id )
agar bexorand = ( be + xor + and )
2. Indicative Mood
I eat
I am eating
I shall eat
mixoram = ( mi + xor + am )
mixori = ( mi + xor + i )
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moxorad = ( mi + xor + ad )
mixorim = ( mi + xor + im )
mixorid = ( mi + xor + id )
mixorand = = ( mi + xor + and )
Imperative Singular: xor/bexor

Imperative Plural: xorid/bexorid
Present participle: xorn
II) Verbs Formed from the Past Root: xord

3. Indicative mood: Preterite
I ate
xordam = ( xord + am )
xordi = ( xord + i )
xord
xordim = ( xord + im )
xordid = ( xord + id )
xordand = ( xord + and )
4. Indicative mood: Imperfect

I was eating/I used to eat
mixordam = ( mi + xord + am )
moxordi = ( mi + xord + i )
mixord = ( mi + xord )
mixordim = ( mi + xord + im )
mixordid = ( mi + xord + id )
mixordand = ( mi + xord + and )
5. Indicative Mood: Future

I shall eat
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xham xord = ( xh + am + xord )

xhi xord = ( xh + i + xord )
xhad xord = ( xh + ad + xord )
xhim xord = ( xh + im + xord )
xhid xord = ( xh + id + xord )
xhand xord = ( xh + and + xord )
Infinitive mood: xordan

Infinitive mood shortened form: xord
Gerundive (adjective): xordani
III) Verbs Fomed from the Past Participle: xorde

6. Indicatice mood: Present
I have eaten
xordeam = ( xorde + am )
xordei = ( xorde + i )
xorde ast = ( xorde + ast )
xordeim = ( xorde + im )
xordeid = ( xorde + id )
xordeand = ( xorde + and )
7. Indicatice mood: Pluperfect (Past Perfect)

I had eaten
xorde budam = ( xorde + bud + am )
xorde budi = ( xorde + bud + i )
xorde bud = ( xorde + bud)
xorde budim = ( xorde + bud + im )
xorde budid = ( xorde + bud + id )
xorde budand = ( xorde + bud + and )
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8. Subjunctive mood: Perfect

I may have eaten
xorde bam = ( xorde + b + am )
xorde bi = ( xorde + b + i )
xorde b = ( xorde + b)
xorde bim = ( xorde + b + im )
xorde bid = ( xorde + b + id )
xorde band = ( xorde + b + and )
Passive Voice
Infinitive: xorde odan ( to be eaten )
9. Indicative mood: Present
xorde miavam = ( xorde + mi + av + am )
xorde miavi = ( xorde + mi + av + i )
xorde miavad = ( xorde + mi + av + ad )
xorde miavim = ( xorde + mi + av + im )
xorde miavid = ( xorde + mi + av + id )
xorde miavand = ( xorde + mi + av + and )
10. Indicative mood: Perfect

I have been eaten
xorde odeam = ( xorde + ode + am )
xorde odei = ( xorde + ode + i )
xorde ode ast = ( xorde + ode + ast )
xorde odeim = ( xorde + ode + im )
xorde odeid = ( xorde + ode + id )
xorde odeand = ( xorde + ode + and )
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11. Indicative mood: Imperfect

I would be eaten
xorde miodam = ( xorde + mi + od + am )
xorde miodi = ( xorde + mi + od + i )
xorde miod = ( xorde + mi + od )
xorde miodim = ( xorde + mi + od + im )
xorde miodid = ( xorde + mi + od + id )
xorde miodand = ( xorde + mi + od + and )
12. Indicative mood: Pluperfect (Past Perfect)

I had been eaten
xorde ode budam = ( xorde + ode + bud + am )
xorde ode budi = ( xorde + ode + bud + i )
xorde ode bud = ( xorde + ode + bud )
xorde ode budim = ( xorde + ode + bud + im )
xorde ode budid = ( xorde + ode + bud + id )
xorde ode budand = ( xorde + ode + bud + and )
13. Indicative mood: Preterite (Past Participle)

I was eaten
xorde odam = ( xorde + od + am )
xorde odi = ( xorde + od + i )
xorde od = ( xorde + od )
xorde odim = ( xorde + od + im )
xorde odid = ( xorde + od + id )
xorde odand = ( xorde + od + and )
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14. Indicative mood: Future

I will be eaten
xorde xham od = ( xorde + od + am )
xorde xhi od = ( xorde + od + i )
xorde xhad od = ( xorde + od )
xorde xhim od = ( xorde + od + im )
xorde xhid od = ( xorde + od + id )
xorde xhand od = ( xorde + od + and )
15. Subjunctive mood: Present

I may be eaten
xorde avam = ( xorde + av + am )
xorde avi = ( xorde + av + i )
xorde avad = ( xorde + av + ad )
xorde avim = ( xorde + av + im )
xorde avid = ( xorde + av + id )
xorde avand = ( xorde + av + and )
16. Subjunctive mood: Perfect

I may have been eaten
xorde ode bam = ( xorde + ode + b + am )
xorde ode bi = ( xorde + ode + b + i )
xorde ode bad = ( xorde + ode + b + ad )
xorde ode bim = ( xorde + ode + b + im )
xorde ode bid = ( xorde + ode + b + id )
xorde ode band = ( xorde + ode + b + and )
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Active Voice
Negative
17. Indicative mood
Present
nemixoram
Perfect
naxordeam
Imprefect
nemixordam
Pluperfect
naxorde budam
Preterite
naxordam
Future
naxham xord
Subjunctive mood
Present
naxoram
Perfect
naxorde bam
Passive Voice
18. Indicative mood
Present
xorde nemiavam
Perfect
xorde naodeam
Imprefect
xorde nemiodam
Pluperfect
xorde naode budam
Preterite
xorde naodam
Future
xorde naxham od
19. Subjunctive mood

Present
xorde naavam
Perfect
xorde naode bam
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Persian Lessons in Romanization

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a well has water

that water is blue

that is well water

he/she has a place

he/she has foot

the smoke has smell

the water is blue

he/she came early

this lesson is easy

that lesson was easy

our work/job is easy

that is well water

he/she has foot

7. darse man sn ast

8. in darse man ast

he/she came early

that well has water

Forming Interrogative Sentences

Answer the Following Questions:

bale, in dars sn ast

bale, kre m sn ast

bale, u zud mad

bale, dud bu drad

Read the Following Words Loudly and Distinctly:

that horse has two ears

3. in asb yek dom drad

this horse has a tail

my horse has two ears

6. u yek asb drad

he/she has a horse

9. n sag, yek dom drad

that dog has a tail

10. in sage u ast

this is his/her dig

11. in labe mn ast

12. n daste ust (ust = u ast)

that is his/her hand

13. u do asb drad

he/she has two horses

14. man yek sag dram

15. man do p dram

I have two feet

16. asb dom drad

a horse has a tail

17. asb lab drad

a horse has lips

18. u do dast drad

he/she has two hnds

19. in sag do lab drad

this dog has two lips

20. n dar ast

1. Remember the pronunciation of o in the word do (two). Pronounce

y u yek sag drad?

2. asb dom drad

y asb dom drad?

Put the following words in the right order:

1. drad - yek - u - sag

u yek sag drad

2. dom - asb - n - drad

n asb dom drad

3. man - sag - gu - drad - do - e

sage man do gu drad

5. man - in - ast - sage