Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifiers
inexpensive integrated circuits which are
used for analog signal processing
can be used to amplify, filter and process
analog data from the input transducer

Ideal Op Amp
characteristics:
input impedence, (input resistance and
reactance lumped together) zi =
output impedence, zo = 0
amplication, A =

Op Amp
6

1
8
Balance

2
5
3
7

Gain

Input

Bypass

+Input

V+

Grd

Output

4
LM386 Audio Amp

Op Amp
-

V+
Gnd

Out

Gnd
Out
+
V

+In

-In

LM383 Audio Amp

Schematic Representation

Equivalent circuit
diagram of an
operational amplifier.

Schematic Representation

Symbols for
operational amplifiers.

Schematic Representation

Circuit design of a
typical operational
amplifier.

Negative Feedback
"An operational amplifier circuit with
negative feedback"
Rf

InputSignal
3

O
utput

2.5

10

volts

1.5

vi

0.5
0
0
-0.5

Ri
ii

if

8
6
4

vs
is

2
volts

vo

-20

-4

-6
-8
-10

time

e
tim

Negative Feedback
Equations:
from Kirchhoffs current law
ii = is + if
where ii => input current
is => signal current
if => feedback current

Negative Feedback
when

is = 0

then

ii = if

thus from Ohms Law

ii = (Vin - )/Ri
where

potential at the input to the

op amp
Vin => voltage of input
Ri => input resistance

Negative Feedback
when

is = 0

then

ii = if

thus from Ohms Law

if = ( - Vo)/Rf
where

Vo voltage at the op amp output

Rf => feedback resistance

Negative Feedback
then
(Vin - ) ( - Vo)
------------ = -----------Ri
Rf

Negative Feedback
if = 0
Vin
- Vo
----- = -----Ri
Rf

Negative Feedback
if = 0
Vo
Rf
--- = - ---Vin
Ri
thus closed loop gain, with negative
feedback applied, controlled by Rf/Ri
ratio and not gain of amplifier itself

Amplification and Measurement of

Transducer Signals
Current
Measurement
"Application of an
operational
amplifier to the
measurement of
a small
photocurrent,
Ix."

Amplification and Measurement of

Transducer Signals
Potential Measurement
"A high impedance circuit for
voltage amplification."

Amplification and Measurement of

Transducer Signals
Resistance or Conductance Measurements
"Two simple circuits for transducers
with conductance or resistance outputs."

Amplification and Measurement of

Transducer Signals
Comparison of
Transducer Outputs
"A circuit for the
amplification of
differences."

Application of Operational Amplifiers

to Voltage and Current Control
Constant-Voltage Sources
"Constant-voltage sources"

Application of Operational Amplifiers

to Voltage and Current Control
Constant-Current Sources
"Constant-current sources"

Application of Operational Amplifiers

to Mathematical Operations
Multiplication and Division
"Mathematical operations with operational
amplifiers"

Application of Operational Amplifiers

to Mathematical Operations
Addition and
Subtraction
"Mathematical
operations with
operational
amplifiers"

Application of Operational Amplifiers

to Mathematical Operations
Integration
"Mathematical operations with operational
amplifiers"

Application of Operational Amplifiers

to Mathematical Operations
Differentiation
"Mathematical operations with operational
amplifiers"

Application of Operational Amplifiers to Switching

faster than mechanical switches
"Switching Circuits"

Application of Operational Amplifiers to Switching

faster than mechanical switches
"Switching Circuits"

Application of Operational Amplifiers to

Switching
faster than mechanical switches
"Switching Circuits"