DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A

MICROCONTROLLER-BASED MAINS SWITCH

CONTROL SYSTEM

BY

GWAGWA O. TUBUKARE
NAU/ECE/2008366010P

A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF

ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING
NNAMDI AZIKIWE UNIVESITY, AWKA
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE AWARD OF
MASTER OF ENGINEERING DEGREE (M. ENG)
IN
ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING
SEPTEMBER, 2010

ii

CERTIFICATION
The thesis a microcontroller- based mains switch control system
presented by GWAGWA O. TUBUKARE has been read and certified to
have met requirement of the Department of Electronics and Computer
Engineering in the Faculty of Engineering, in project presentation to acquire
a Masters Degree in Engineering.
GWAGWA O. TUBUKARE

..

NAU/ECE/2008366010P

Signature

iii

Date

APPROVAL

This thesis titled a microcontroller- based mains switch control

system has been approved for the department of Electronics and Computer
Engineering:
BY
------------------ Engr. Prof. H.C. Inyiama
Supervisor

-----------Date

------------------Engr. Dr. V. E. Idigo

HOD

-----------Date

------------------Prof. C.C. Osuagwu

External Examiner

------------Date

------------------Prof. O.D.Onukwuli
Dean of Faculty of Engineering

-----------Date

------------------Prof. N.O. Anike

Dean School of Postgraduate

------------Date

iv

DEDICATION
To the Lord God Almighty who is the owner of my life and for His divine
providence, love and care.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
My sincere gratitude goes to my supervisor, Engr. Prof. H. C. Inyiama, who
has been so supportive to me throughout the period of this program. Also to
my head of department, Engr. (Dr) V. E. Idigo, for his quick response. My
regards to Engr. Dr. (Mrs.) C. C. Okezie, Engr prof. G.N. Onoh, Engr. (Dr)
Eric Okafor, Engr. C. U. Mezi, Engr. A.C. O. Azubogu, Engr. K Akpado,

Engr. C.O. Ohaneme, Engr. A.N. Isizoh, Mr. T.L. Alumona, Mrs. S.U.
Nnebe, Mr. S.P.C. Ndum, Engr. T.C. Okafor, Engr. O.O. Eze, Engr. H.
Ejiofor, Mr. U.P. Ajakor, Mr. C. Ogu,Mr. J.U. Oguejiofor, Mr. T. Onyeyili,
Engr. V.N. Okorogu, Mr. O.O. Nnaeto and staff of the Department of
Electronics and Computer Engineering. Greetings to all my friends, and
fellow classmates who supported me by their encouragement. May God
bless you all.
Special thanks to the members of my family, especially to my wife Mrs.
Gwagwa Mary and my children, Ufuoma Priscilla Gwagwa, Oghenekevwe
Joy Gwagwa, Ovie Gideon Gwagwa and Oghenetega Goodness Gwagwa
for their good courage and patience. May the LORD bless with you all.

vi

ABSTRACT
Many people tend to enjoy use of facilities without control even when there
are bills to settle to guarantee continuity. This project was born out of the
desire to prevent damages and time wastage on control of industrial
equipment. It is designed to control all the facilities (for example electrical
appliances) not only in the hospitality industry but also in organizations such
as schools, for security, safety and elimination of problems associated with
manual switching. The system is a microcontroller-based mains switch
control project which automatically controls AC loads connected to it
through a serial port interface. The switch control system can range from
simply controlling of light without leaving a seat, to being able to switch on
and off industrial electrical devices through a computer interface, so the
system produced will enable the switches to be controlled from one source
(computer system) by simply issuing a command through the interface on
the computer screen to save the time of going from one switch to another to
put on or off the industrial equipments since the switches can be controlled
from a remote system.

vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page ... i
Unizik Logo.ii
Certification............ iii
Approval ... iv
Dedication . v
Acknowledgement .vi
Abstract . . ..vii
Table of content viii
Chapter One: Introduction

1. 1 Background 1
1.2 Objective .3
1.3 Significance of the Project...4
1.4The scope of the Project5
1.5 Block diagram Overview of the Project .. 6
Chapter Two: Literature Review
2.1 Introduction........

2.2 Overview of Lighting Controller...

11

viii

2.3 Methods of Control. 13

2.4 Types of Systems. 15
2.5 Manual Switching System... 17
2.6 History of Automation. 19
Chapter Three: Methodology and System Analysis
3.1 Introduction .21
3.1.1 Methodology .22
3.1.2 Prototyping22
3.1.3 Classification of system Prototypes. .23
3.1.4 Steps involved in Prototyping.. .24
3.1.5 Advantages of Prototyping25
3.1.6 Disadvantages of Prototyping....26
3.2 Analysis of the Existing System26
3.2.1Three Features of Existing Switch28
3.3The Problem of the Existing Switch 28
3.4 Overview of the Proposed Solution.29
3.4.1 High level model of the proposed Solution. .30

ix

Chapter Four: System Design

4.0 Introduction

32

4.1 The Design Objective .34

4.2 Design Process34
4.3 Control Center .36
4.3.1 The hardware Module...36
4.3.2 Switching Circuit..37
4.3.3 Control Module.38
4.3.4 Transmitting Module.39
4.3.4 Receiving Module ....41
4.4 Relay Section..42
4.4,1 Relay driver Unit43
4.5 Power supply Section (Circuit) 45
4.5.1 Electrical Components Used..47
4.6 Functions...48
4.7 Max 232 serial Interface.....50
4.7.1 Serial Connection to the PC51
4.8 Microcontroller Section..54
4.8.1 Mathematical Specification.57
4.9 System software Algorithm.......57
4.10 Justification and choice of Programming Language60
4.11 Data Dictionary.60

Chapter Five: System Implementation and Testing

5.0 Introduction.62
5.1 Hardware Requirements..63
5.2 The control Subsystem63
5.3 Installation Process.66
5.4 How to open the Software...66
5.5 Hardware Guide..67
5.6 System Testing67
5.6.1 Pre-implementation Testing.68
5.6.2 Post-implementation Testing69
5.7 Program Documentation (Operation)..70
5.8 Maintenance Details..71
5.9 Performance Evaluation72
5.10 Project Costing....72
Chapter Six: Summary and Conclusion
6.0 Summary.74
6.1 Problems Encountered75
6.2 Contribution to the Body of Knowledge.75
6.3 Recommendations...76
6.4 Conclusion..77
References...................................................................................78
Appendices
Appendix i: Source Code.. 81
xi

Appendix ii: Sample Output of the Visual Basic Code101

Appendix iii: Evidence of Completion102
Appendix iv: Operational Guide Manual.103
List of Figures
Figure 1.1 Block Diagram overview of the Digital Control System. 6
Figure 3.1 High-Level Model of the Proposed System 31
Figure 4.1 Project block diagram...33
Figure 4.2 The Design Loop..35
Figure 4.3 Diagram of the Hardware Module...37
Figure 4.4 The Data Circuit Diagram38
Figure 4.5 Circuit Diagram of Relay......43
Figure 4.6 Relay Driver Circuit Diagram..44
Figure 4.7 Block Diagram of a Regulated Power Supply System45
Figure 4.8 Block Diagram of the Power Supply Circuits.47
Figure 4.9 Schematic MAX-232 diagram.........51
Figure 4.10 Serial Connection to the PC......52
Figure 4.11 RS-232 Connections using the MAX232 53
Figure 4.11 Shows the Pin- out of the 8952 Microcontroller 54
Figure 4.12 Circuit Diagram of Quartz Crystal Oscillator..56
Figure 4.13 The Overall program Flow Chart.....59
Figure 5.1: The AT89C52 Implementing the Control Subsystem ......65
Figure 5.2 Overall Circuit Diagram.73
List of Table

Table 5.1 Showing the Operational Status of the System 70

xii

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND
Man has been in a continuous quest to improve his well being through
reactions to problems and challenges posed by his environment. For the past
decades, computer and computer communication had gained so much
attention and grown tremendously, that portable and affordable computers
have become ubiquitous. Statistics have shown that most people spend most
of their time on computers, connected together by a network (locally or
globally). Since much time is spent on computer systems, it becomes
necessary to design a device for controlling switches from computer.
Switches are so essential that one cannot avoid using them on a daily basis
for putting on or turning off electrical devices, and as a result of these, many
devices have been designed by man to help him conquer these problems and
challenges posed by physical contact with electricity [1]. The switch control
system can range from simply controlling of light without leaving a seat, to
being able to switch on industrial electrical devices through a computer.
There has to be an interface between industrial electrical devices and a
controller, the personal computer (PC) in this case. Interface is required so
1

that the PC can communicate with other devices. The interface used in this
work is the computer port interface [2]. The microcontroller-based mains
switch control system is made up of several devices connected together;
keypads that transmit commands to the device, the controller that is
programmed to put on or off the appliances automatically via a computer
system [9].
It has been observed that the manual switching of the industrial equipment
in the industrial sector has many problems associated with it, which
includes:

Life of the switch operator might be at risk.

Damage of the industrial equipment.

Dissatisfaction of customers due to damaged equipment.

Time wastage.
As a result of the outlined problems associated with manual switching, the
design of a device that will be able to control switches via a computer
system is intended. The system is aimed at solving the associated problems.

1.2

OBJECTIVES

This research work is aimed at constructing effective software and

hardware

for

microcontroller-based

mains

switch

control

system.

Specifically the objectives are to produce a device that:

Saves the time of going from one switch to another to put on or
off the industrial equipments since the switches can be
controlled from a remote place (computer system).
Has program control switch, which will help to reduce the use of
manual switches, if not eliminating it completely.
To create a system that ensure integrity of the complete
microcontroller system during all forms of environmental stress
(shock, transient noise) etc.
Removes friction with the use of the program control switch.

1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

The significance of this research work is that the system is designed to show
that it can be useful in the industrial sector, large or small organization such
as schools, hotels and business centers and governments. The system
produced will enable the switches to be controlled from one source
(computer system) by simply issuing a command through the interface on
the computer screen. This work can also create job opportunities.
Time: This work will be able to save the time it takes to manually go
from one device point to another to ensure that proper measures are
taken.
Safety: This will prevent human physical contact with the manual
switches, which we know has taken many lives due to power
instability.
Cost: The system reduces the cost of buying switches, which will
easily wear out due to frequent use.
Home device: This system can equally reduce stress at home
especially when everybody at home is off to work. So it can be used
4

when the system in which it is installed is on line by making it a

web- based.
This work can be used for academic purpose.
Generation of fund: When an organization makes greater profit, they
tend to pay larger tax to the government.
1.4 THE SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
This project is limited to the control of electrical devices from a standalone
computer system. This prototype is achieved through the serial port and
expected to control up to three devices, which will be demonstrated with
three bulbs via three relays. This is achieved through an interface with a
microcontroller, an integrated circuit that contains the entire central
processing unit of a computer on a single chip. It can interpret and execute
program instructions as well as handle arithmetic operations [1]. Their
development in the late 1970s enabled computer engineers to develop
microcomputers. Microprocessors led to "intelligent" terminals, such as
bank ATMs and point-of-sale devices, and to automatic control of much
industrial
microwave

instrumentation
ovens,

and

and

hospital

electronic
5

games.

equipment,

programmable

Many automobiles

use

microprocessor-controlled ignition and fuel systems. In essence, the

microprocessor contains the core elements of a computer system, its
computation and control engine.
1.5 BLOCK DIAGRAM OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT

BRIEF STUDY AND

SUMMARY, ACHIEVEMENTS

BACKGROUND

RECOMMENDATION,

MICROPROCESSOR SWITCH

SUGGESTION AND CONCLUSION

CONTROL SYSTEM

REVIEW ON
MICROPROCESSOR-BASED

SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION

SWITCH CONTROL SYSTEM

AND TESTING

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

SYSTEM DESIGN

AND ANALYSIS

Figure1.1: Block diagram overview of the centralized

digital control system
6

To ensure clarity as well as understanding of this project work, this report is

presented in six chapters. Chapter one deals on the introduction with some
basic definitions necessary for proper understanding of the project topic.
Chapter two embodies the review of related works while chapter three
describes the methodology and system analysis. Chapter four showcases the
system design a description of the performance analysis. Chapter five
discussed the system implementation. The last chapter chapter six
summarizes the research work and states conclusion. References and
appendices follow immediately after chapter six.

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUUCTION
A control system is a device or set of devices used to manage, command,
direct or regulate the behaviour of other devices or system. The term control
system may be applied to the essentially manual controls that allow an
operator to, for example close and open a hydraulic press, where the logic
requires that it cannot be moved unless safety guards are in place.
There are two common classes of control systems with many variations and
combinations: logic or sequential controls and feedback or linear controls.
There is also fuzzy logic, which attempts to combine some of the design
simplicity of logic (the study of the principles of valid inference and
demonstration) with the utility of linear control. Some devices or systems
are not controllable. An automatic sequential control may trigger a series of
mechanical actuators (mechanical device form ring or controlling a
mechanism or system) in the correct sequence to perform a task. In the case
of linear feedback systems, a control loop, including sensors (a device that
measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal which can be read

by an observer or by an instrument), control algorithms and actuators, is

arranged in such a fashion as to try to regulate a variable at a reference value
or set point. An example of this may be to increase the fuel supply to a
furnace when a measured temperature drops. As Wikipedia cited, PID
controllers (proportional- integral- derivative controller) is a generic control
loop feedback mechanism widely used in industrial control system, attempts
to correct the error between a measured process variable and a desired
setpoint by calculating and then outputting a corrective action that can adjust
the process accordingly to keep the error minimal. Open loop control
systems do not directly make use of feedback, but run only in pre-arranged
ways. Pure logic control systems were historically implemented by
electricians with network relays and designed with a notation called Ladder
logic [3].
Today, most of such systems are constructed with programmable logic
devices. ON OFF control, for example a switch control is a simple
negative- feedback, when light goes below a setpoint (SP), the light is
switched OFF but when it goes above a setpoint, the light is switched ON,
logic controllers may respond to switches, light sensor and pressure switches
9

and cause the machinery to perform some operation. They are used to
sequence mechanical operations in many applications. Some techniques are
used in control system like the Derivative action which is a part concerned
with the rate of change of the error with time. This action makes control
system behave much more intelligently. The microcontroller- based switch
control system uses specialized equipment to control the switching of
electrical devices. Through the interface on the computer, one can switch
on/off electrical appliances from remote places. Sayers et al. (1991) noted
that technological advances in Digital Signal processor (DSPS), networking,
microprocessors, and programmable logic devices (PLDS) have empowered
designers with entirely new techniques and methodologies that were
economically unthinkable two decades ago. These advances, along with
increased performance demands, have fueled the push of digital technology
deeper into the controlled devices. The justification often quoted for this
push to digital control includes reproductively, increased stability, increased
resolution and decreased infrastructure costs (networks replace control
wiring) [4].

10

2.2 OVERVIEW OF LIGHTING CONTROLLER

A switch is a device that opens or closes a circuit. Switch is a device that
causes the operation of a circuit between discrete specified levels. The
technology of the automation evolves from a manually switching of devices
on or off. This automation can be illustrated with a control system that
uses a computer system to control the state (on/off) of appliances.
Advanced English Dictionary, defines control to mean the authority, or
the power to influence or guide something. It can also be defined as the
levers, switches and other instruments for operating a machine or other
devices. Lighting Controller here can be defined as responsible for directing
or controlling the light automatically whether remotely or locally in contrast
with the manual control where people need to go to the located switch to
turn on or off the light. This reflects the evolution from Energy Management
Systems in which a central computer was used to control the lamps in a
building. A lighting automation technology can enable the person by
assisting in daily routines and enabling the individual to achieve tasks, they
might not have previously been able to achieve. Tasks can range in levels of
complexity from simple tasks such as turning on or off lights through to
11

fully automating the majority of electrical systems within the building.

Referring to Bill Gates (2000), We will be able to control our entertainment
systems in simple but elegant ways, use any TV in the house to monitor
inexpensive outdoor surveillance cameras and connect to the Internet from
multiple locations [23]. Some of these tasks will not require a PC, but in the
end it will make sense to have a computer to quietly orchestrate the
operations of the systems in a house.
Most of the todays lighting automation technologies requires computer to
operate them. Even the stand alone designs need computer to be initialized.
The existence of computer technology had driven the lighting automation
technology into the right path. The capability of the lighting automation
technology has transformed the environment to be an intelligent
environment or smart environment (Heimer, 1995) [23].

12

2.3 METHODS OF CONTROL

There are many options available for controlling the lighting system. In
order to operate all the mechanical and electrical devices, it requires either a
very large or a very complex remote control keypad. There are several
options of the lighting control method that can be identified and these are:
Computer
Control systems can be completely computerized. This capability
allows us to perform complete control and monitoring functions from
any personal computer.
Hand Held Remote Control
Similar to a standard universal remote control that we use for the
television, DVD player, VCR, or any other electronic equipment, a
Hand-Held Remote Control is used to provide portable, in home,
control of any function available in the home automation system.

13

 Timed Events
Employing a computer-controlled system typically includes software
that can be programmed to initiate activities. This capability provides
the ability to trigger, or initiate, pre-defined events at pre-scheduled
times or under predefined conditions. For example, the system can be
programmed to turn off all room lights, turn on fan, and turn on gate
lamps.
Keypad
A keypad is the least costly method to control light fixtures, lighting
scenes, audio/video (AV) equipment, or other devices. These are wall
plates, similar to a regular wall switch plate with 2 to 8 buttons on
them. Simply press a button to initiate the desired action. A single
button press may activate only one light fixture, many fixtures
located anywhere in the home, or lighting with AV events
simultaneously. Each plate has an engraved description as to what
each button will activate. Buttons can be illuminated for locating
them in the dark.

14

 Liquid Crystal Display

A LCD Touch Screen controls everything a keypad does plus it can
display an array of additional information. The display may include
such things as video camera shots, email, weather, and stock quotes.
These can be presented on a greyscale screen or on full colour
screens. In addition, the information is presented in real-time.
Essential for Heat, ventilation and air conditioner (HVAC) and
monitoring, LCD screens provide enhanced control of the lighting,
AV systems, security, and the capability to control the entire home
from any room.
2.4 TYPES OF SYSTEMS
There are several types of systems, or commonly called system protocols,
that perform light control to suit occupant needs and budget. All of these
various types of control systems should have the capability for interfacing
with other systems in the building.

15

 Power Line Carrier (PLC)

This technology or protocol has existed for over 20 years and used
for existing homes and expanding existing systems. A command
signal is transmitted over our existing 230 volt home wiring.
Wireless Protocols
Wireless technology, sometimes referred to as RF, or radio
frequency, control systems, have existed for over 10 years. RF
components are used in the construction of wireless devices. However,
RF is more commonly used for existing homes and for expanding existing
hardwired systems. A command signal is transmitted by radio waves to the
controller. Systems using this technology have been experiencing
increasing reliability and dependability.

Hardwired Systems
This technology has existed for over 40 years. Hardwired systems
create a communications network within the home that is impervious
to the problems that are sometimes suffered by the other protocols
described above. This technology is most always used in new
construction due to the extremely reliable communication by a data
16

path over wire placed in the walls before they are covered. This is
known as pre-wiring the home for control. This system can also be
used during major home remodels and controlling other sections of
the home not being remodeled with one of the wireless methods
described above.
2.5 MANUAL SWITCHING SYSTEM.
The operation of manual switching system is by controlling the switching
by hands. One can switch something off: to turn off electric bulb or
industrial equipment or appliance with a switch or one can switch on: to turn
on electricity with a switch. A switch is a device for completing or breaking
a circuit [1]. In a Multi- throw switch, there are two possible transient
behaviour as you move from one position to another. In some switch
designs, the new contact is made before the old contact is broken. This is
known as make-before- break and ensures that the moving contact never
sees an open circuit. The alternative is break-before-make, where the old
contact is broken before the new one is made. This ensures that the two
contacts are never shorted to each other.

17

The two types of designs are in common use for different applications.
According to Leo Martins, placing parenthesis around all position rather
than the resting position can modify the on-off notation; for example, on
(on) - off- (on) switch can be switched on by moving the actuator in either
direction away from the center but returns to the control off position when
the actuator is released [24].
Push-to-make switch makes contact when the button is pressed and breaks
when the button is released. A push to break switch breaks contact when
the button is pressed and makes contact when it is released. An example of
push-to-break switch is a button used to release a door hold open by an
electromagnetic system. According to Chris Kotoroski, the word toggle is a
reference to the kind of mechanism or joint consisting of two arms, which
are almost in line with each other, connected with an elbow- like pivot.
Toggle switch is a generic class of electrical switch that uses a mechanical
lever, handle or rocking mechanism to activate it [7].

18

2.6 HISTORY OF AUTOMATION.

The first industrial robot, used in 1965 was controlled by a computer and
worked in an automobile assembly plant. Since 1980s, the use of computer
machines has greatly stimulated development. Stephanie (2002), IBM in
1981, introduced its personal computer (PC) for use in home, offices and
schools [25]. Prior to the time there had been several MS-DOS compatible
personal computers that ran DOS programs. As smaller computers became
more powerful, they could be linked or networked to share memory space,
software and information and also communicate with others. Organizations
have come a long way in using technology over the past years. From the
early 1980 through the mid- 1990s, Organizations for the most part used PC
based automated system to boost efficiency and cut cost. Many roles for
human industrial processes presently lie beyond the scope of automation.
Automated control systems have reduced the need for a client to use his
hand in controlling electrical appliances in a hotel. In general, automation
has been responsible for the shift in the world economy to industries in the
19th century and from industrial to services in the 20th century [3].
19

James Watt (1787), a Scottish engineer constructed a device called a flyball

governor to regulate the speed of a steam engine [22]. The use of the flyball
governor marked the first industrial application of automation. These days,
technology and automation have advanced to the stage of controlling some
of the electrical appliances (equipment) at home, office, industries, hotels etc
through a personal computer (PC). This led to the design of this project
microcontroller- based mains switch control system.

20

CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY AND SYSTEM ANALYSIS

3.1 INTRODUCTION:
System Analysis means the procedural study of the operation of a system
with an attempt to discover its problem areas i.e. to know why the system is
not functioning properly and what can be done to restructure the system.
This chapter is concerned with investigation and analysis of the existing
system with a view to understanding how it works including the problems
and limitations. The characteristic attributes of a problem situation where
system analysis is required are complexity of the issue and uncertainty of the
outcome of any course of action that might reasonably be taken. System
analysis usually has some combination of the following: Identification and
re- Identification of objectives, constrains, and alternative course of action;
examination of the probable consequences of the alternative in terms of
costs, benefits and risk; presentation of the results in a comparative
framework so that the decision maker can make an informed choice from
among the alternatives.
This chapter also deals with the methodology, considering the advantages of
each and the justification of the need for the proposed system.
21

3.1.1 METHODOLOGY
Internationally Software Engineering has accepted standards for
transforming ideas in software. They include:
The structured system Analysis and Design methodology
(SSADM)
Prototyping
Experts system methodology
Usability engineering methodologies, etc.
The methodology applied in the system is prototyping and is discussed
below.
3.1.2 PROTOTYPING
The prototyping methodology is applied in the development of this
project. Prototyping is the process of building a model of a system. It
is a model of a system, built to show off certain features or to get a
working model before refining other parts of the design or just to
evaluate the feasibility of the system development. A system
prototype is a working system built to test ideas and assumptions
22

about the proposed system. Prototyping is an iterative process that is

part of the analysis phase of the system development life cycle. It
helps the analyst develop an initial set of system requirements.
In electronics, prototyping means building an actual circuit to a design
to verify that it works, and to provide a physical platform for
debugging it, if it does not work. Prototyping sometimes converts
intangible specifications into a tangible but limited working model of
the desired information system.
3.1.3 CLASSIFICATION OF SYSTEM PROTOTYPES
System prototypes could be classified into:
I. Evolutionary prototype: This design is adapted for permanent use
after the ideas are clarified and must be built using the program tools
that will be used for the final system.
II. The throwaway prototype: This design is to be discarded after
utilization; basically it is to test ideas and is especially useful for
comparing alternative designs for part of a system.

23

3.1.4 STEP INVOLVED IN PROTOTYPING

I. Identify the users known information requirements and features
needed in the system.
II. Develop a working prototype.
III. Use the prototype, noting need enhancements and changes; this
expands the list of known system requirements.
IV. Revise the prototype based on information gained through user
experience.
V. Repeat these steps as needed to achieve a satisfactory system.
When both user and analyst decide that sufficient information has been
collected for the prototyping process, they determine how to meet the
requirements they have identified using one of the following
alternatives.

a. The prototype is redeveloped

b. The prototype is implemented as the completed system.

24

c. The project is abandoned; in this case the prototype has been

provided to meet the desired objectives within existing
technology or economic or operational guidelines
d. Another prototype series is begun: The information gained
through the current experience may suggest an entirely different
approach or contrasting features.

3.1.5

ADVANTAGES OF PROTOTYPING

I. Requires user involvement.

II. It helps to refine the potential risks associated with the delivery of the
system being developed.
III. Prototyping facilitates system implementation since users know what
to expect and exposed developers to potential future system
enhancements.
IV. User can point to features they like or dislike and so indicate
shortcomings in an existing and working system more easily, and then
they can describe them in a theoretical or proposed system.

25

3.1.6 DISADVANTAGES OF PROTOTYPING.

I. The process of developing a prototype can cause systems to be left
unfinished or implemented before they are ready.
II. Prototyping can sometimes lead to incomplete documentation and
insufficient analysis.
III. The process of developing a prototype may require greater
involvement and commitment by key users who are already busy with
their regular work.
IV. If sophisticated software prototypes are employed, the time saving
benefit of prototyping can be lost.
V. In prototyping, structure of system can be damaged since many
changes could be made and it is not suitable for large applications.
Our prototype in this project is constructed using a microprocessor to
control electrical appliances.
3.2 ANALYSIS OF THE EXISTING SYSTEM
The present procedure involves a manual control of the power switch
by the industrial electrician. The power control switch is operated
with hand by pushing the switch lever to on position if its intended to
26

be turned on or off position if its intended to be turned off. Basically,

during the analysis of this procedure, it is discovered that the
operators is at high risk of been electrocuted. Manually, switches have
been existing for many years in every home, industry, company,
schools and colleges.
These switches are in different standards such as:
1.

ON- OFF e.g. toggle switches it is used to switch the power

supply of a circuit. When used with mains electricity, this type
of switch must be in the lives wires.

2.

(ON OFF) push- to- make switch is for doorbell.

3.

(ON OFF) push- to- break switch is also for doorbell. This
switch can be ON in both positions, switching on a separate
device. In each case, it is often called a change over switch
example; a SPOT switch can be used to switch ON red lamp in
one position and a green lamp in another position.

Reed switch:
The contacts of a reed switch are closed by bringing a small
magnet near the switch. They are used in security circuits, for
27

example to check the doors and close. Standard reed switches

are SPST (simple ON/ OFF)

3.2.1 THREE FEATURES OF EXISTING SWITCH

Contacts (example single pole, double throw)
Rating (maximum voltage and current)
Methods of operation (toggle, slide, key) etc.

3.3 THE PROBEM OF THE EXISTING SWITCHES (SYSTEM)

Electrocution: Those switches claim a lot of lives as a result of

direct contact of the operator with them for example; the
operator might be electrocuted in the process of carrying out
power change over.

Time wastage: it takes time to go from one switch to the other

to ON or OFF them whenever there is power failure.

Friction: friction is applied in operating these switches. Worn

out switches can lead to the damage of the electrical devices
which it is controlling.
28

Frequent touching of the switch causes the damage of the switch

circuit.

Bad switch control might result to serious inferno to industrial

equipment and other valuables.

3.4 OVERVIEW OF THE PROPOSED SOLUTION:

Now that the shortcomings of the present system have been
identified, it becomes necessary to specify what the new system
will achieve:

The new system must eliminate direct contact with switch by

providing an interface on the computer screen through which
the electrical devices will be controlled.

The new system will save the time it takes the device and
operator in going from one switch to another.

The new system must be able to turn ON or OFF the

selected electrical devices anytime any day. To implement an
efficient system integrated with software and hardware
components for the purpose of creating a microcontroller- based
mains switch control system for electrical appliances.
29

The new system must respond in real- time.

There must be a (new) system that is efficient in controlling

power switch without causing any sparking. This help to avoid
interference which may affect any mobile devices.

The new system will have program controlled switching, which

will help to reduce the use of manual switches in the industry.

The new system reduces the movement of the user in switching

ON or OFF the appliances and would be an advantage to the
physically challenged.

3.4.1 HIGH LEVEL MODEL OF THE PROPOSED

SOLUTION.
The High Level model (HLM) is a top- down design
specification of those modules and sub modules identified for
automation. This high level model comprises the power supply
section, MAX- 232, microprocessor, GUI (computer system),
the relay, and the appliances. It is this HLM that is taken to the
system design chapter as the control center, decomposed,
exploded, analyzed, programmed and finally a cohesion is
achieved at the end to bring a system into existence.
30

COMPUTER

MAX - 232

MICROCONTROLLER

RELAY 1

APPLIANCE 1

RELAY 2

POWER CIRCUIT

APPLIANCE 2 ...

Figure 3.1: High-level model of the proposed system

31

RELAY n

APPLIANCE n

CHAPTER FOUR: SYSTEM DESIGN

4.0 INTRODUCTION:
In this chapter, the design of a switch control system is described for
controlling appliances such as bulbs using a computer system through a
serial port. The Graphical user interface (GUI) through which command is
given to the switch controller circuit is achieved with visual basic. The
system can control other appliances such as Television, Refrigerator, Ceiling
fan etc. This design is a prototype of a switch control system which can be
used in a large organization to control several electrical appliances
connected to it. There is an interface provided by visual basic programming
language, which contains ON buttons and OFF buttons through which
control command is sent to electrical devices. Therefore when any command
button is clicked to switch on or off, device signals go from the control
module through the serial port, serial cable to the Max- 232 interface which
amplifies the signals. The signal goes to the microcontroller and from the
microcontroller the signal gets to the relay through the transistor down to the
bulbs which are the receiving module. The design consists of two modules:
the hardware and the software modules both working together to achieve the
32

desired result. In the hardware module, the power source supplies current to
all the hardware component of the control box. Max 232 acts as buffer that
amplifies the signals coming from the computer. The 8051 microprocessor
used is the controller that controls the relay and makes it function like a
switch.

Figure 4.1 Project Block Diagram

33

4.1 THE DESIGN OBJECTIVE

The objective of the design is to implement a system (prototype) that will
turn ON or OFF three electric bulbs through a computer system. With
this system an operator will not move from one switch point to another in
order to control the appliances as with the case of manual system.
4.2 DESIGN PROCESS
The design process is a basic step by step sequence of tasks that are
performed in various situations. The first step assumes we have an initial
concept about what should be achieved in the design process to generate an
initial design. This often requires a lot of manual effort because most designs
have some specific goals that can be reached only through the designers
skillful knowledge. The next step is the simulation of the design at hand. The
Computer Aided Design (CAD) tools can be helpful in this step. Adequate
input conditions that can be applied to the design that is being simulated and
later to the final product that has to be tested is necessary. By applying these
input conditions, the simulator tries to verify that the designed product will
perform as required under the original product specifications. If the
simulation reveals some errors, then the design must be changed to
34

overcome the errors. Simulation efforts are necessary because errors are
typically much harder to fix if they are discovered late in the design process.
Simulation of redesigned version is to determine whether the errors have
disappeared. Figure 4.1 below is a design sequence. The loop is repeated
until the simulation indicates design successful.
Design Concept

Initial Design

Redesign

Simulation

No

Design Correct?
Yes
Design Successful

Figure 4.2: The Design Loop

35

4.3 CONTROL CENTER.

To bring the system into existence, the high level model or the control center
in chapter three is analyzed and divided into modules. The different modules
or sections include: the hardware module (control module, relay section,
power supply section and microcontroller control section). The control
centre activates the module of interest at any time.
4.3.1 THE HARDWARE MODULE
The hardware module is the main switch controller. It takes power from the
main switch control. There is also a serial cable meant to be connected to the
serial port of a computer system. A USB to Serial (DB-9) adapter could also
be used to connect the serial port to the computer system. The program
which controls the hardware module is written in Assembly and Visual
Basic Programming Language. The assembly language converts the highlevel language which is the VB programming language to machine language
of Zeros (0) and Ones (1).

36

Figure 4.3: Diagram of the Hardware Module

The hardware module is made up of the three circuits

The data circuit
The switching circuit and
The power supply circuit.
4.3.2 SWITCHING CIRCUIT
The switching circuit is made up of BC 337 transistor switching circuit; each
circuit is connected to a relay, a transistor and diode. The relay when
activated, ON or OFF any appliance connected to it. The three lines from the

37

microcontroller are each connected respectively to the BASE pin of the three
corresponding transistor

Figure 4.4: The data circuit diagram

The circuit is the heart of this module. It comprises of 9-pin Dip-male
connector, Max-232, 8952 microcontroller, crystal oscillator. The circuit
connects directly to the computer serial port through a pin cable. The MAX232 amplifies signal (VS) that goes into the microcontroller from the
computer system through the serial cables. Serial data is transmitted from
the PC as a series of positive and negative voltage on a single wire, which
serial data occurred at a pre-determined time established by the base wire.

38

The 11-0597MHZ crystal oscillator determines the speed of the 8952

microcontroller used. The microcontroller is connected to the three BC 337A
transistors that operate the relays. Pin 2 and 3 of the serial port are connected
to line 14 and 13 of the MAX- 232.
4.3.3 CONTROL MODULE
The control module consists of the graphical user interface (GUI) and the
software, which controls the hardware and are based on the computer
system. A user interface that is graphical in nature; that is, the user can enter
commands by using a mouse, icons and windows.

4.3.4 TRANSMITTING MODULE

This module consists of the software and some parts of hardware. On
clicking a device button (Command button) on the GUI (graphical user
interface) depending on the previous state of the device, the software should
determine whether to turn ON or OFF the device. The term
transmitter means an electronic device, which with the antenna propagates
an

electromagnetic

signal

such
39

as

radio,

television

or

other

telecommunications. A transmitter usually has a power supply, an oscillator,

a modulator and amplifiers for audio frequency, intermediate frequency (IF)
and radio frequency (RF). Sometimes a device, e.g. a cell phone contains
both a transmitter and a radio receiver or transceiver. The modulator is the
device which modulates the signal information onto the carrier frequency
which is then broadcasted.
In industrial process, control transmitter is any device which converts
measurement from a sensor into a signal to be received usually sent through
wires by some display or control device located a distance away. Some
transmitter require excellent frequency stability, there are usually several
amplifier stages between oscillator and antenna. Special standard frequency
transmitters use frequency synthesis referenced is to a very stable atomic
clock. This is generated from the oscillators output, filtered with
combination of inductors and capacitors and then amplified.

40

4.3.5 RECEIVING MODULE

This is where the processes are to command and control the desires device.
A receiver is a device whose main function is the reception of signals. It is
designed to perform the task of low and high frequency reception. Receiver
is useful in appliances such as the detection of signals from high-frequency
impendence bridges, signal strength measurement, frequency measurement
and even detection and display of individual component of high frequency
wave. It selects the desired signal from all unwanted signal, amplifying and
demodulating it and displaying it in the desired manner. Then receiver tunes
to the desired signal and converts the incoming signals to an intermediate
frequency is the same for all received signals, regard less of the original
frequency of the signals. Therefore, once the signal has been translated to
the intermediate frequency, circuitry optimized to perform the critical
receiver function at this signal. A Receiver converts all signals to IF value
and then performs the steps needed to fully receive the modulated
information.

41

4.4 RELAY SECTION

A relay is an electrically operated switch that makes or breaks one or more
of the contacts between its terminals [1]. Current flowing through the coil of
the relay creates a magnetic field which attracts a lever and changes the
switch contacts. The coil current can be ON or OFF so relays have two
switch positions and they are double throw (change over) switches. The coil
of a relay passes a relatively large current, typically 10VDC for a 12v relay,
but it can be as much as 10mA for relay designed to operate from lower
voltages.
Three electromagnetic relays are connected to the po (port) of the
microprocessor/microcontroller one of the relay switch is to be connected to
the individual Diode and also has its own separate transistor all connected to
MAX-232. The Diode is located at the back of the circuit board. The circuit
is ON when the relay coil is on and the contact closes. When the coil is off
the circuit is OFF and the contact opens.

42

RL3
OMIH-SH-124D

Figure 4.5: Circuit diagram of relay.

NO- Normally Open: Com is connected to this when the relay coil is on.
COM- Common always connects to this, (NO) it is the moving part of the
switch
NC- Normally closed: Com is connected to this when the relay coil is off.
4.4.1 RELAY DRIVER UNIT
The Relay diver circuit show in figure 4.6 below is designed to control three
different electrically operated appliances. Relay contacts are normally open
and therefore devices are not working at the beginning until energized
through proper order by the micro controller or microprocessor. The relay
output is simply a pull down transistor or open collector output. It can
connect to a power flash with ease. In this design, we employed the BC 337
43

transistor. The transistor is used to establish the current necessary to

energize the relay in the collector circuit. With no inputs at the base of the
transistor, the base current, collector current and the coil current are
essentially zero and the relay sits in the un-energized states.
However, when a positive pulse is applied to the base, the transistor turns
on, establishing sufficient current through the coil of the electromagnet to
close the relay. Ideally, the current through the coil and transistor will
quickly drop to zero, the arm of the relay will be released and the relay will
simply remain dormant until the next on signal.

1K
MICRO
CONTROLLER

1K
1K
BC337

+5V IN4001

BC337
+5V

IN4001

RELAY 1

+5V IN4001
RELAY 2

Figure 4.6: Relay driver circuit diagram

44

BC337

RELAY 3

The characteristics of BC337 transistor used is as follows

Lead current is 5mA 10mA
Max voltage 7volts
PD (max) 100mw at 250C
To calculate for the limiting Resistor
R1=

Vin

5 x 10 3

Therefore a value of 1k is used as the limiting resistor.

4.5 POWER SUPPLY SECTION (CIRCUIT)

There are many types of power supply. The one used for this project is
designed to convert high voltage AC mains electricity to a suitable low
voltage supply for electronic circuits and other devices. The power supply is
broken down into a series of blocks, each of which performs a particular
function.
240AC MAINS
TRA NSFORMER

RECTIFIER

SMOOT

CIRCUIT

HING

Regulated 5VDC
VOLTAGE
REGULATOR

Figure 4.7: Block Diagram of a Regulated Power Supply System

45

Transformer: steps down high voltage AC main to low voltage AC.

Rectifier: converts AC to DC, but the DC output is varying Smoothing:
Smoothes the DC from varying greatly to a smaller ripple Regulator:
Eliminates ripple by setting DC output to a fixed voltage. The power
supplies made from these blocks are described below with a circuit diagram.
It consists of 12v 350mA transformer, a rectifier, a 100 out capacitor for
smoothing and a 5v regulator. The 12v transformer input is connected
directly to the 240Vac mains to give a 12Vac. The 12VAC output from the
transformer is passed through four Diodes connected as a bridge rectifier to
rectify the 12Vac voltage to 12VDC which powers and derives the
transistor, 12Vv relay switching after passing through the smoothing
circuits. It also powers a 5v regulator, which converts the 12v dc, which now
drives the ICS.

46

To relay
In

7812

In

Figure 4.8: Block diagram of the power supply circuit

4.5.1

ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS USED

Other components used for the design are:

1. Resistor (1000)
2. Transistors (BC 337A- NPN configuration)
3. Capacitors
4. Diodes
5. LED (red)
6. Crystal oscillation (11.0592MHZ)
7. Relay (12v)
8. The microcontroller (Intel 8952)
9. The serial port
10. Serial cable
11. Max- 232
47

7805

out

out

To other ICs

4.6 FUNCTIONS
In this design, a resistor (1000) is placed in series with each of the
transistors and one with a light- emitting diode (LED) to limit the current
passing through the Transistor and the LED respectively. The NPN transistor
(BC 337A) is used in the design of this project. This semiconductor device
provides current amplification. A small current of I mA flowing between
base and emitter can produce as large as 100MA or more in the collector
emitter circuit. Transistors are therefore widely used as current amplifiers
and as relay drivers. Transistor amplify current, they are used to amplify the
small output current from a logic chip so that it can operate a lamp (bulb) in
relay or other high current device. The B 337A NPN, which are low power
transistors are used to switch the relays coils. A transistor may be sued as
switch (either fully ON with maximum current, or fully OFF with no
current) and as an amplifier (always partly ON).
The amount of current amplification is called the current gain, hFE. When
transistor is saturated the collector current IC is determined by the voltage
and the external resistance in the collector circuit, not by the transistor
current gain.
48

Therefore, the ratio of IC/IB for saturated transistor is tested. Where IB =

Base current, IE = Emitter current. The emitter current IE = IC +IB, but IC
(collector current) is larger than IB, so roughly IE =IC.
Diodes allow electric current to flow in only one direction. The purpose of
the diode in this design is to prevent spikes from the relay coil from
damaging the transistor and the computer on which the circuit is connected
to. It protects the serial port against voltage higher than +5v signal and
against wrong polarity signals. Diodes are used to protect transistor and
integrated circuits from the brief high voltage produced when the relay coil
is switched off. The protection diode is connected across the relay; it is
connected so that it will normally not conduct. Conduction only occurs when
the relay coil is switched off, at this moment current tries to continue
flowing through the coil and it is harmlessly diverted through the diode.
Without the diode no current could flow and the coil would produce a
damaging voltage spike in its attempt to keep the current flowing. The
Crystal oscillator determines the speed of the microprocessor in the
hardware module.

49

4.7 MAX 232 SERIAL INTERFACE

For

communication

between

the

personal

computer

and

the

microprocessor an interface is needed. The Max-232 serial converter IC

is connected between computer and the microprocessor. It works with
voltages =15V to +15V. Modern low power consumption logic operates
in the range of 0V and +3.3V or even lower. To receive serial data from
the interface the voltage has to be reduced. Also the low and high voltage
level has to be inverted. This level converter uses a Max232 and five
capacitors. The MAX232 from Maxim was the first IC which in one
package contains the necessary drivers and receivers to adapt the RS-232
signal voltage levels to TTL logic [18].

50

Figure 4.9: Schematic Max-232 diagram

4.7.1 SERIAL CONNECTION TO THE PC

The expanded drawing below shows the actual connections to a PC from the
MAX 232A in the circuit above. T1 OUT, pin#14 on the MAX232A goes to
pin#2 on the DB9 attached to the PC serial port. Pin# 13, R1 IN on the
MAX232A goes to pin# 3 of the DB9 connector attached to a PC serial
port. Make sure to connect pin#5 from the DB9 connector to the circuit
GND. Below is a quick hookup diagram showing (only) the connections to
the DB9 serial connector without the capacitors. Make these last three

51

connections after building the circuit above to connect the programmer to

your PCs serial port.[18]

Figure 4.10: Serial connection to the PC

Here's an expanded drawing showing the actual connections to your PC
from the MAX232A in the circuit above. T1 OUT, pin#14 on the
MAX232A goes to pin#2 on the DB9 attached to the PC serial port. Pin#
13, R1 IN on the MAX232A goes to pin# 3 of the DB9 connector attached
to your PC serial port. Make sure to connect pin#5 from the DB9 connector
to your circuit GND. Below is a quick hookup diagram showing (only) the
connections to the DB9 serial connector without the capacitors. Make these
52

last three connections after you have built the circuit above to connect your
programmer to your PCs serial port.[18]

Figure 4.11: RS-232 Connections using the Max-232

Five capacitors are normally required for the MAX232A. If you don't mind
the added expense, or you want to conserve board space, you can use the
MAX233 that doesn't require the 5 external capacitors; however the
MAX233 is considerably more expensive so I chose to use the 232 to keep
the project costs to a minimum [18].

53

4.8 MICROCONTROLLER SECTION

The 8051 microprocessor is a low- power, high performance CMOS 8- bit
microprocessor with 4KB of flash Erasable and programmable read only
memory (EPROM). This devices is compatible with the industry standard
8051 instruction set and pin configuration. The on-chip flash allows the
program memory to be quickly reprogrammed using non-volatile memory
programmer such as PG302.

Figure 4.12: Shows the pin- out of the 8952 Microcontroller.

54

The 8952 microcontroller has 40 pins functioning 1/0 port lines. Each pin
can operate as a control line or pin of the address or data bus. Each line can
operate independently in interfacing to single- bit devices like switches,
LEDS, transistors, speakers etc.
Port 0: port 0 is a dual-purpose port on pins 32-39 of the 8952 IC. It is use as
a general- purpose 1/0 port.
Port 1: port 1 pin is available for interfacing to external devices required. No
alternate function are assigned for port 1 pins, thus they are for interfacing to
external devices.
Port 2: Port 2 is a dual-purpose port as well as general-purpose 1/0 design
with external code memory or more than 256bytes of external memory.
Port 3: These pins are multifunctional with each having an alternate purpose
related to special features of the 8051.
RESET: This is on pin 9 of the 8952-microcontroller audio used for
resetting the device. The circuit is shown in the figure below;
GND: The on pin 20. It is an input pin and is used for the circuit ground of
the system.
ALE: This is on pin 30. It means Address Latch Enable. It is an output
function pin for latching the low byte of the address during access to
external memory.
EA: This is on pin 31. It is an input function pin for external access enables
it must be strapped to GND to enable the device to fetch code from external
program memory.

55

XTAL1: XTAL1 is on pin 18.It is an input function to the inverting

oscillator amplifier (crystal) and to the internal clock operating
circuit.XTAL2 is on pin 19 and is an output function pin from the inverting
oscillator amplifier. Also two capacitors is connected of 30 PF value is also
connected where one side of the capacitor is connected to the ground as
shown below in fig 4.7

30F
30F

Figure 4.13: Circuit diagram of quartz Crystal Oscillator

The essence of the crystal oscillator is to control the speed of the

microcontroller. Here, the speed of the microcontroller refers to the
maximum oscillator frequency connected to XTAL1; in this case a crystal
with 11.059MHZ frequency was used. The frequency can be observed on the
XTAL2 pin using the oscilloscope.

56

4.8.1 MATHEMATICAL SPECIFICATION

CALCULATION ON MICROCONTROLLER
Mathematically; the 8952 microcontroller operate at a maximum frequency
of 24MHZ. Any crystal oscillator frequency within this range will operate
the controller effectively. However, we chose to use an 11.059 MHZ crystal
12 crystal pulses make 1 cycle (instruction line), so using an 11.059MHZ
crystal oscillator i.e. 11.059,000 crystals pulses/sec => 11.059,000. Then the
controller executes approximately 1,000,000 instructions every seconds.
Thus the time it takes to execute a single instruction is =1/1000,000 =1s
which implies that it takes 1 micro second to execute a single instructions.
1 s= 1000,000.

4.9 SYSTEM SOFTWARE ALGORITHM

After

building the hardware, the chip is as good as nothing if there is no

software program to direct the actions of the microcontroller. The sequence

of operation used to solve a problem is often called ALGORITHM. It is this
sequence of operation that constitutes the action of the microcontroller chip.
A very simply way of representing these sequence of actions is by the use of
57

flow charts. This is a guide in writing the assembly language program that
runs the microcontroller. A program is an orderly sequence of machine
instructions that can be obtained using a high level or low level
programming language statement. The written program is burn in
microcontroller using EEPROM programmer. Shown below is a flow chart
that describes the action of this project.

58

START

NO

IS THE

YES

APPLIANCE
ON?

SWITCH ON THE

SWITCH OFF THE

APPLIANCE

APPLIANCE

MAX-232

MICROPROCESSOR

RELAY 1

APPLIANCE 1

RELAY 2

RELAY n

APPLIANCE 2

APPLIANCE n

Figure 4.14: The overall program flow chart

59

4.10 JUSTIFICATION AND CHOICE OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

For this project, assembly language was chosen because it is hardware

driven i.e. language that is close to the hardware than the high level or other
languages. Assembly language is a language which is one step above
machine, where abbreviations called mnemonics substitute for the
machine code. Unlike other programming languages, assembly language is
not a single language, but a group of languages. Each processor family has
its own assembly language.
4.11 DATA DICTIONARY
Data dictionary contains the list and meaning of all the variables to be used
in the development of the application including alias names:
Mov it is used to move the content of a register to another register.
Org it is used to initialize the assembler
Clr it is used for clearing a port or a register
Cancel it is a name use for representing the port for the cancel button.

60

Jnb it is a short form of jump on bit. It checks if its first variable is set and
if true, it executes the second variable
Call it is a name used for calling a function
Scan it is used as a label in a program
Ret it is used for returning to a call from a subroutine.
Setb it is used for sending a 1 to a register or to a port.

61

CHAPTER FIVE: SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION AND TESTING

5.0 INTRODUCTION
The various units of the microcontroller- based mains switch control system
(both the hardware and software subsystems) are implemented using
different circuitry formulations that satisfy the aim of the design, and
software coding using a specific software language that provide appropriate
control as specified in the design
Concerning the implementation of this system the hardware part of the
design; that is, the wired diagram of the system is shown. In chapter four the
design of the system was shown to be consisting of three circuits, the power
supply circuit, switching circuit and the data circuit. This chapter also states
the system operation of the device. Brief attention was given to the issue of
programming and the other constructions carried out during the design
process. The chapter five of this work will deal with the implementation of
the hardware and software designs, testing the system, and performance
evaluation.

62

5.1 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

Microcontroller
Transistors
Relays
AC bulbs
Capacitors
LEDS
Switches
Diodes
Resistors
5.2 THE CONTROL SUBSYSTEM
The implementation of the control subsystem is done using a single
microcontroller chip. This chip, the AT89C52WD belong to the 8051 family
of chips and comes as a 40pin integrated circuit (IC). The AT89C52WD is a
low power; high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller (microcomputer)
with 20K byte of flash programmable and erasable read only memory
(ROM).

Manufactured using Atmels high density nonvolatile memory

technology this device is compatible with the industry standard 80C51

instruction set and pin out. The on-chip flash allows the program memory to
be reprogrammed in system or by a conventional non-volatile memory

63

programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic

chip, the Atmel AT89C52 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a
highly flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded control
applications [19, 20].
This microcontroller chip runs on a clock frequency of up to 33MHZ and
has a 256 x 8bit internal RAM, with 32 programmable I/O lines including
other features making it very suitable for output application. The
programmable 32 I/O lines are grouped into four ports each having 8 pins.
These ports labeled P0 to P3 can be used as an 8 bit data bus with the port
address or single bit data each using the particular pin address [20]. The
connection of the controller for our application is as shown figure 5.1.

64

33pf

33pf

U1
19

18

XT AL1

XT AL2

RST

10k

29
30
31

TO DEVICE I/O

P1.0/T2
P1.1/T2EX
P1.2
P1.3
P1.4
P1.5
P1.6
P1.7

P3.0/RXD
P3.1/T XD
P3.2/INT0
P3.3/INT1
P3.4/T0
P3.5/T1
P3.6/WR
P3.7/RD

21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

TO KEYPAD

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

PSEN
ALE
EA

P2.0/A8
P2.1/A9
P2.2/A10
P2.3/A11
P2.4/A12
P2.5/A13
P2.6/A14
P2.7/A15

39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32

CONTROL SIGNAL OUT

10u

P0.0/AD0
P0.1/AD1
P0.2/AD2
P0.3/AD3
P0.4/AD4
P0.5/AD5
P0.6/AD6
P0.7/AD7

TO LCD DATA LINES

CRYST AL

AT89C55

Figure 5.1: The AT89C52 Implementing the control Subsystem

The specification sheet of the AT89C52 shows that the reset (RST) input
voltage is 0.7Vmin to (Vcc + 0.5)Vmax. Meaning the microcontroller will
reset at an input voltages of - 0.7V to Vcc + 0.5V. This implies that the chip
will run only when the reset input is below 0.7V down to 0V. It is required
that the chip reset to start the execution of internal program from the origin
65

at startup. The differentiator circuit connected to the reset input ensures a

good startup at about 0.04V in 0.5s when powered. As earlier stated, the
essence of the crystal oscillator is to control the speed of the microcontroller.
Here, the speed of the microcontroller refers to the maximum oscillator
frequency connected to crystal; in this case a crystal with 11.059MHZ
frequency was used. Higher crystal value may be used in order to meet with
speed demand of most logic chips if high speed systems are to be developed.
5.3 INSTALLATION PROCESS
The set up program prepares your computer to stall the software from the
CD.
To install the program;
Insert the CD in the CD Drive;
Double click on My computer on the Desktop
Double click on CD drive icon
Double click on setup icon
Follow the screen instructions to complete installation.
5.4 HOW TO OPEN THE SOFTWARE
Click to view start menu
Click on all program
Click on control
Finally click on control
66

The interface will appear:

Check the ON/ OFF box and click on desired relay button
When the status is B or D or F the relays are ON, but when the status
is A or C or E then the relays are OFF.
5.5 HARDWARE GUIDE
The switch controller must be connected to the system unit. The guides on
how to connect it to the computer are:
Insert the serial cable female port into D- shape male 9- pins serial
port at the back of system unit and screw.
Connect the power cable into any power source of 240V
Ensure the computer system cables are properly fixed.

5.6 SYSTEM TESTING

The importance of the testing stages in the development of any new product
or repair of existing ones cannot be over emphasized. Tracing of faults is
very difficult in a finished work, especially when the work to be tested is too
complex. Therefore, Software or hardware testing is very important element

67

of assurance and it represents the ultimate view of specification, design and

coding. Two stages of testing are involved for the purpose of this project.
The objectives of embarking on new software and hardware project through
testing are to ensure that it meets the requirements in the specification. The
two stages are:
i.

Pre-implementation testing.

ii.

Post-implementation testing.

5.6.1 PRE-IMPLEMENTATION TESTING

Pre-implementation testing is carried out on the components before they

are soldered to the veroboard. This is to ensure that each component is in
good working condition on board. The components used in this design
can be grouped into:
Discrete components e.g. resistors, light emitting diodes, capacitors,
transistors. Etc.
Integrated circuit components. The discrete components are tested
with a multimeter by switching the meter to the required value and

68

range corresponding to each discrete component to check for

continuity.
5.6.2 POST-IMPLEMENTATION TESTING
After implementing the circuit on a project board, the different sections of
the complete system were tested to ensure that they were in good operating
condition. The continuity test carried out is to ensure that the circuit or
components are properly linked together. This test was carried out before the
circuit was powered.
After the testing stages and troubleshooting has been done on the whole
circuit, it was powered. Visual troubleshooting was also carried out at this
stage to ensure that the components do not burn out. Different load was
added or connected to the power outlet ranging from 25 watts to 200 watts
of power to check if the circuit can carry it without any effect to the circuit.
After all the test and observation as explained above, the project was now
certified ready for packaging.

69

Table 5.1 Showing the operational status of the system

RELAY NO
1

STATE

STATUS

APPLIANCE

ON

Bulb

OFF

Bulb

ON

Bulb

OFF

Bulb

ON

Bulb

OFF

Bulb

5.7 PROGRAM DOCUMENTATION (OPERATION)

The microprocessor/microcontroller- based main switch control system is a
system consisting of software and hardware module. The hardware module
is the controller circuit, which must be connected to the system unit and the
software module is in a CD-ROM and needed to be installed in the system
unit (hard disk). This takes effect only when the controller is properly
connected to the computer system through the serial port and to the power
source. Any electrical device connected to it can be switch ON or OFF
through the interface provided by the software. Depending on the previous

70

state ON or OFF bulbs, when the command button of any relay is clicked,
signals goes from there to desirable bulb.
When relay 1 is off the status will display A but when it is ON, the status
will display B.
Also when relay 2 is off the status will display C, when it is ON the status
will display D.
Finally when relay 3 is off the status will display E but the relay is ON the
status will display F.

5.8 MAINTENANCE DETAILS

Maintenance involves the preventing the development of faults and even its
correction when it occurs. Things to do to effect this are:
Ensure that proper connections are done with accurate power voltage.
Ensure that the points of connection or joining on the wires are firmly
soldered to avoid exposure of the circuits inside the casing.
Ensure that the system is kept on a safe place.
Proper connection especially the circuit should be done orderly to
ensure continuity in the circuit.

71

 The management of any organization using this project should employ

a computer literate who will be able to operate it to avoid damage due
to carelessness.
5.9 PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
This project work or prototype by evaluation, perform up to 98% of its
proportion. 100 % performance can still be achieved by way of adjustment
of error noticed.

5.10 PROJECT COSTING

(a) Cost of prototype = N39,000.00
(b) Cost of commercial Production = N25,000.00
(c) Average Cost of conventional type = N60,000.00

72

12V

Vcc

RELAY

10F
1K

11.0592MHZ

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19

30F

8952

40

1K

39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21

12V

RELAY
1K

20

30F

12V

RELAY
1K

Figure 5.2 Overall Circuit Diagram

73

CHAPTER SIX: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

6.0 SUMMARY
In summary, the project work (A microcontroller-based mains switch control
system) was introduced in chapter one giving us an insight that it was a
microcontroller- based mains switch control system interfaced to a personal
computer through which appliances could be switched ON or OFF without
leaving ones seat. In chapter two of the research work, various literatures on
the topic under study were reviewed analyzing the invention, operations,
function of microcontroller to control appliances. Chapter three provides an
analysis of the existing system and proposed system as well as the
methodology. Chapter four was based on the system design. Chapter five
dealt with the system implementation and testing of the entire
microcontroller- based mains switch control system. Finally this project is
able to switch ON or OFF a device using computer system via serial port.
The system was designed in such a way that maintenance and repairs are
easily done in case of any faults. Soldering techniques and practical

74

electronic were carefully studied and the experience gained from it was
instrumental to the success of this project
6.1 PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED
Some problems were encountered in the cause of developing the prototype
of this system. Most prominent is the issue of frequent power failure from
the public power supply. This prolonged the wiring time. Secondly, the
problem of some components initially tested okay not functioning on circuit
board during testing.

6.2 CONTRIBUTION TO THE BODY OF KNOWLEDGE

The microcontroller based controlled system approach is an automated
switching of appliances that leads to:

The elimination of direct contact with switch by providing an

interface on the computer screen through which the electrical devices
will be controlled.

The saving of the time it takes the operator going from one switch to
another is a delight to the Operator.

75

The ability to turn ON or OFF the selected electrical devices

anytime any day (e.g. in the hotel room, childrens room etc) is a plus
to the system.

Real- time response.

System reliability in controlling power switch.

The elimination of users movement in switching ON or OFF the

appliances is an advantage to the physically challenged.

6.3 RECOMMENDATIONS
(a)

Before going ahead to wire components on the circuit board ensure

that you test the hardware properly and simulate the design. This
will enable you make all necessary adjustments to reduce mistakes
and design errors.

(b)

For better implementation use the same family of chips if possible

(i.e only TTL or only CMOS). This will ensure compatibility of
components.

(c)

Ensure to keep within specified values; because exceeding any of

these values may cause a permanent damage to either the clips in
particular or the entire system as a whole.
76

(d)

It is recommended that this work be used in industries such as

hotels, schools to provide easy and safe use of the electrical
devices. The management of any organization using this work
should employ a computer literate person to operate the system.

6.4 CONCLUSION
The result achieved in the design and construction of the microcontrollerbased mains switch control system is actually a move away from manual
mode of switching to that of automation. For the fact that the materials used
are locally sourced make room for cost effectiveness of design and economic
application viable.
The system was designed in such a way that maintenance and repairs are
easily done in case of any faults.

77

REFERENCES

[1]. IEEE Std 610.10-1994, IEEE Standard Glossary of Computer Hardware

Terminology (Computer Hardware Dictionary)
[2]. Osinuga and Oresotu (2001) Description of a Computer Port Interface
(2001).
[3]. Wikipedia the free encyclopedia (2008). History of Modern computing
(http://www.wiki.com/histroy/mordencomputing).
[4]. Sayers, A.P. Robson, A.E. Adams and G.E.Chester,(1991) Principles of
Microprocessor, Hewlett-Packard Journal.
[5]. Ismail, and V.M Rooney, (1987) Microprocessor Hardware and
Software Concepts IT Press, Chicago.
[6]. Takashi (1990) Observed the increase in processing capacity of evolving
Microprocessors.
[7]. Chris Kotoroski, (2008) A push to break breaks word toggle switch.
[8]. Tendler,J.M. Dobson, S. Field, S. LE and Sinharoy, B. (2002) Power for
system micro architecture, IBM Journal of Research and Development.
[9]. Addison, Wesley k. and Takashi 9 (1990) Power electronics for the

78

microprocessor Age, Oxford University Press.

[10]. Alluwalia. A and Yeralan: Programming and interfacing the Beyond
Logic (2008), Interfacing the serial RS-232 Port,
(http//www.Interface com/ MAX-232/html)
[11]. Boylston, R.L.,and L Nashalsky. Electronic Devices and Circuit
Theory, edition, Prentice Hal/ of India private Ltd., New Delhi, 8th
edition, 2004
[12]. Douglas, V.H; Microprocessor and Interfacing .Tata McGraw-Hill,
New Delhi; 2nd Edition Electrical Technology, ELBS and Longman
group,
[13]. Hennessy, J,L and Patterson D.A (2002), Interfacing the serial RS-232
Port. (http//www.interface.com/Max-232/html).
[14]. Hughes Edward; 4thEdition, 1972 8951 micro controller adhesion_
Wesley, 1995.
[15]. Kassakian, John G. Martin, F. Schechter, and George C. Varghese,
(1991). Principles of power Electronic Microprocessor and Computer
(http://www.electronic org/microcomputer/kit/html).
[16]. Kerrville, Gregg (1998) Practice guide to the low voltage directive
Oxford, Boston Newness, vll, 203p.
[17]. Kingenstein (1996) Switch power control circuit in practice Willy,
79

338p.ISBN047692005 2nd Edition, Osborne McGraw Hill, Berkley

California, ISBNO-93 1988- 34-9 PG1-1
[18]. Max-232 Serial Converter. (http://www. sodoityourself.com)
[19]. B. RAM: Fundamentals of Microprocessor and Microcomputers, 6th
edition, Dhanpat Rai 2008.
[20]. Microchip AT89C51, Micro controller datasheet
http://www.microchip.com, copyright 2000-2004 pg 5-10.
[21].Thomas L. Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th Edition, Prentice Hall
2009.
[22]. James Watt, Related Articles, Microsoft Encarta Premium 2009.
[23]. Hermiza Binti Abdullah Sani, Project on Lighting Controller-Based On
PC Serial Port, Mara University of Technology, Shah Alam 2006.
Pg 8.
[24]. http://www. Linkedin.com/pub/dir/martin/leo
[25]. Stephanie (2002), International Business Machine Corporation,
Microsoft Encarta 2009.

80

APPENDIX I: SOURCE CODE

PROJECT: A MICROCONTROLLER-BASED MAINS SWITCH
CONTROL SYSTEM.
AUTHOR: GWAGWA O. TUBUKARE
PROCESSOR: AT89C52WD
DATE: 03/06/2010

org 00h
mov SCON,#01010000b
mov TMOD,#00100000b
mov a,PCON
setb acc.7
mov PCON,a
mov TH1,#250

;baud rate = 9,600

setb TR1
relay1 equ p0.0
relay2 equ p0.1
relay3 equ p0.2
CPU EQU 40
CPUIN EQU 41
clr RI
clr TI
mov p0, #00h
CLR P2.0
81

MOV 40, #00H

MOV 41, #00H
SCL BIT P1.0 ;SCL BIT IS PORT 1, BIT 0
SDA BIT P1.1 ;SDA BIT IS PORT 1, BIT 1
SLV_ADDR EQU 0101B ;FIXED SLAVE ADDRESS BITS
DATAOUT EQU R5 ;DATA READ FROM DEVICE
ACK_READ EQU 10000101B ;READ FOR ACK POLLING 18
DSEG
ORG 006EH
PAGE_DATA: DS 1
BLK_ADDR: DS 1
BYTE_ADDR: DS 1
BYTE_DATA: DS 1

CSEG
ORG 0040H
CALL recal_1
NOP
CALL recal_2
NOP
CALL recal_3
NOP

JMP START
82

ORG 0100H

start: jnb RI, start

clr ri
mov a, sbuf

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
cjne a, #'A', next
MOV CPU, #'A'
CALL SAVE_1
clr relay1
call delay
jmp start
next: cjne a, #'B', next1
MOV CPU, #'B'
CALL SAVE_1
setb relay1
call delay
jmp start
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
next1: cjne a, #'C', next2
MOV CPU, #'C'
CALL SAVE_2
clr relay2
83

call delay
jmp start
next2: cjne a, #'D', next3
MOV CPU, #'D'
CALL SAVE_2
setb relay2
call delay
jmp start

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
next3: cjne a, #'E', next4
MOV CPU, #'E'
CALL SAVE_3
clr relay3
call delay
jmp start

next4: cjne a, #'F', next5

MOV CPU, #'F'
CALL SAVE_3
setb relay3
call delay
jmp start
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
84

NEXT5:

CALL DELAY

JMP START

delay: MOV 118,#8

MOV 117,#8
MOV 116,#200
TT1: DJNZ 116,TT1
DJNZ 117,TT1
DJNZ 118,TT1
RET

save_1:

MOV BYTE_ADDR,#0 ;BYTE ADDRESS

NOP
jmp save

save_2:

MOV BYTE_ADDR,#6 ;BYTE ADDRESS

NOP
jmp save

save_3:

MOV BYTE_ADDR,#12 ;BYTE ADDRESS

NOP
jmp save

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
85

recal_1:MOV BYTE_ADDR,#0 ;BYTE ADDRESS

NOP
jmp recal

recal_2:MOV BYTE_ADDR,#6 ;BYTE ADDRESS

NOP
jmp recal

recal_3:MOV BYTE_ADDR,#12 ;BYTE ADDRESS

NOP
jmp recal

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

save: MOV BLK_ADDR,#000B ;INITIALIZE 2K BLOCK

MOV BYTE_DATA,#00h ;BYTE DATA
MOV PAGE_DATA,#0aaH ;PAGE DATA
nop
nop
nop
nop
nop
mov byte_data, #'{'
CALL BYTE_WR ;CALL BYTE WRITE ROUTINE
86

inc byte_addr
nop
nop
nop
nop
nop

mov byte_data, CPU

CALL BYTE_WR ;CALL BYTE WRITE ROUTINE
inc byte_addr
nop
nop
nop
nop
nop
mov byte_data, #'}'
CALL BYTE_WR ;CALL BYTE WRITE ROUTINE
inc byte_addr
nop
nop
nop
nop
nop

87

RET
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
error: CLR TI
MOV SBUF #'F'
JNB TI, $

SETB P2.0
ret
recal: MOV BLK_ADDR,#000B ;INITIALIZE 2K BLOCK
MOV BYTE_DATA,#00h ;BYTE DATA
MOV PAGE_DATA,#0aaH ;PAGE DATA
nop
nop
nop
nop
nop
CALL SELECT_RD ;CALL BYTE READ ROUTINE
mov a, dataout
cjne a, #'{', error
INC BYTE_ADDR

nop
nop
nop
88

nop
nop
CALL SELECT_RD ;CALL BYTE READ ROUTINE
mov CPUIN, dataout
INC BYTE_ADDR
nop
nop
nop
nop
nop

CALL SELECT_RD ;CALL BYTE READ ROUTINE

mov a, dataout
cjne a, #'}', errooooor
INC BYTE_ADDR
MOV A, CPUIN
cjne a, #'A', ION
clr relay1
call delay
RET

ION: cjne a, #'B', ION1

setb relay1
call delay
89

RET
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
ION1:cjne a, #'C', ION2
clr relay2
call delay
RET
ION2:cjne a, #'D', ION3
setb relay2
call delay
RET
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
ION3:cjne a, #'E', ION4
clr relay3
call delay
RET
ION4:cjne a, #'F', ION5
setb relay3
call delay
RET
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
ION5:CALL DELAY
RET

90

errooooor:
CLR TI
MOV SBUF #'E'
JNB TI, $
SETB P2.0
RET
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;next line
;************** BYTE WRITE *****************
BYTE_WR: CALL START_BIT ;SEND START BIT
MOV A,#SLV_ADDR ;FIRST 4 SLAVE ADDRESS
MOV R7,#4H

;BITS

CALL SHFTO
MOV A,BLK_ADDR

;2K BLOCK ADDRESS

MOV R7,#3H
CALL SHFTO
MOV A,#00H

;R/W BIT SET TO 0 FOR

MOV R7,#1H

;WRITE

CALL SHFTO
CALL SLAVE_ACK
MOV A,BYTE_ADDR ;BYTE ADDRESS
MOV R7,#8H
CALL SHFTO
CALL SLAVE_ACK
MOV A,BYTE_DATA ;BYTE DATA
91

MOV R7,#8H
CALL SHFTO
CALL SLAVE_ACK
CALL STOP_BIT ;STOP BIT
CALL ACK_POL ;CALL ACK POLLING, WAIT
RET

;FOR END OF WRITE CYCLE

;*******************************************

;************** PAGE WRITE *****************

PAGE_WR: CALL START_BIT ;SEND START BIT
MOV A,#SLV_ADDR ;FIRST 4 SLAVE ADDRESS
MOV R7,#4H ;BITS
CALL SHFTO
MOV A,BLK_ADDR ;2K BLOCK ADDRESS
MOV R7,#3H
CALL SHFTO
MOV A,#00H ;R/W BIT SET TO 0 FOR
MOV R7,#1H ;WRITE
CALL SHFTO
CALL SLAVE_ACK
MOV A,BYTE_ADDR ;BYTE ADDRESS
MOV R7,#8H
CALL SHFTO
CALL SLAVE_ACK
92

MOV R4,#0FH

NEXT_DATA: ;WRITE 16 BYTES TO

MOV A,PAGE_DATA ;EEPROM
MOV R7,#8H
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;line 3
CALL SHFTO
CALL SLAVE_ACK
DJNZ R4,NEXT_DATA
CALL STOP_BIT
CALL ACK_POL ;CALL ACK POLLING,WAIT
RET ;FOR END OF WRITE CYCLE
;*******************************************
;************** SELECTIVE READ *************
SELECT_RD:
CALL START_BIT ;START BIT
MOV A,#SLV_ADDR ;DUMMY WRITE TO FIRST
MOV R7,#4H

;2K BLOCK

CALL SHFTO
MOV A,BLK_ADDR

;2K BLOCK ADDRESS

MOV R7,#3H
CALL SHFTO
MOV A,#00H

;R/W BIT SET TO 0

MOV R7,#1H

;FOR WRITE
93

CALL SHFTO
CALL SLAVE_ACK ;SEND ACKNOWLEDG

MOV A,BYTE_ADDR ;ADDRESS TO READ

MOV R7,#8H
CALL SHFTO
CALL SLAVE_ACK

CALL START_BIT ;NEW START BIT

MOV A,#SLV_ADDR
MOV R7,#4H
CALL SHFTO
MOV A,BLK_ADDR

;2K BLOCK TO READ

MOV R7,#3H
CALL SHFTO
MOV A,#1H

;R/W BIT SET TO 1

MOV R7,#1H

;FOR READ

CALL SHFTO
CALL SLAVE_ACK
MOV R7,#8H
CLOCK8: SETB SCL

;CLOCK IN DATA

NOP
MOV C,SDA
CLR SCL
94

MOV A,DATAOUT
RRC A

;ROTATE NEXT BIT

MOV DATAOUT,A

;SAVE ROTATED DATA

DJNZ R7,CLOCK8

;READ 8 BITS OF DATA

CALL NO_ACK
CALL STOP_BIT
RET
;*******************************************

;************** SEQUENTIAL READ ************

SEQ_RD:
CALL START_BIT ;START BIT
MOV A,#SLV_ADDR ;DUMMY WRITE TO FIRST
MOV R7,#4H ;2K BLOCK
CALL SHFTO
MOV A,BLK_ADDR ;2K BLOCK ADDRESS
MOV R7,#3H
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;line 5
CALL SHFTO
MOV A,#00H ;R/W BIT SET TO 0
MOV R7,#1H ;FOR WRITE
CALL SHFTO
CALL SLAVE_ACK
95

MOV A,BYTE_ADDR ;ADDRESS TO READ

MOV R7,#8H
CALL SHFTO
CALL SLAVE_ACK
CALL START_BIT ;NEW START BIT
MOV A,#SLV_ADDR
MOV R7,#4H
CALL SHFTO
MOV A,BLK_ADDR ;2K BLOCK TO READ
MOV R7,#3H
CALL SHFTO
MOV A,#1H ;R/W BIT SET TO 1
MOV R7,#1H ;FOR READ
CALL SHFTO
CALL SLAVE_ACK
MOV R6,#0FH
NXT_BYTE: MOV R7,#8H
ONE_BYTE: SETB SCL

;READ 16 BYTES OF DATA

NOP
CLR SCL
NOP
DJNZ R7,ONE_BYTE
CALL MSTR_ACK

;ACKNOWLEDGE

DJNZ R6,NXT_BYTE
96

MOV R7,#8H
LST_BYTE: SETB SCL
NOP

;READ LAST BYTE

CLR SCL
NOP
DJNZ R7,LST_BYTE
CALL NO_ACK ;NO ACKNOWLEDGE
CALL STOP_BIT ;STOP BIT
RET
;*******************************************
;************** ACK_POL ********************
ACK_POL: MOV R3,#40H

;# OF TIMES TO POLL

ACK_LOOP: DJNZ R3,DONE_YET ;DEVICE

SJMP DN_ACKPOL
DONE_YET: CALL START_BIT

;SEND START BIT

MOV A,#ACK_READ ;SEND READ

MOV R7,#8H
CALL SHFTO
CALL SLAVE_ACK

;SEND ACKNOWLEDGE

JC ACK_LOOP

;LOOP IF NO ACK RCVD,

;JUMP IF ACK RCVD

DN_ACKPOL: CALL STOP_BIT ;SEND STOP BEFORE RETURN
RET
;*******************************************
97

;************** SHFTO **********************

SHFTO: CLR SCL
NXTSHF: CLR SCL
RRC A

;ROTATE DATA INTO CARRY

MOV SDA,C

;SEND CARRY TO SDA

SETB SCL
DJNZ R7,NXTSHF
RET
;*******************************************
;************** START BIT ******************
START_BIT: SETB SCL

;START BIT

NOP
SETB SDA
NOP
CLR SDA
NOP
CLR SCL
RET
;*******************************************
;************** STOP BIT *******************
STOP_BIT: CLR SDA

;STOP BIT

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;line 4
NOP
SETB SCL
98

NOP
SETB SDA
RET
;*******************************************

;************** SLAVE ACKNOWLEDGE **********

SLAVE_ACK: NOP
NOP
CLR SCL

;SLAVE ACKNOWLEDGE BIT

NOP
SETB SDA
NOP
NOP
SETB SCL
NOP
NOP
NOP
MOV C,SDA
CLR SCL

;READ STATE OF SDA,

;SAVE TO CARRY

RET
;*******************************************

;************** MASTER ACKNOWLEDGE *********

MSTR_ACK:
99

CLR SCL ;MASTER ACKNOWLEDGE BIT

NOP
CLR SDA
NOP
NOP
SETB SCL
NOP
CLR SCL
NOP
SETB SDA
RET
;*******************************************

;************** NO ACKNOWLEDGE *************

NO_ACK: SETB SDA ;NO ACKNOWLEDGE
NOP
SETB SCL
NOP
CLR SCL
RET
;*******************************************

END

100

APPENDIX II: SAMPLE OUTPUT OF THE VISUAL BASIC CODE

101

APPENDIX IV: EVIDENCE OF COMPLETION

102

APPENDIX IV: OPERATIONAL GUIDE MANUAL

To avoid malfunctioning of the system, the following precautions must be
observed strictly:
1. Do not subject the system to vibrations.
2. Make sure the system sits on a balance surface.
3. Ensure power supply is from a stable source for proper
operation of the relays.
4. Do not forcefully press components on the breadboard. Ensure
that components begins and wires are not bending and are in
proper size to enter the holes of the breadboard
5. The digital control system should not be subjected to a
temperature above 600C. Room temperature is best.
6. Do not expose the system to dusty condition.
7. Do not clean the unit with wet or damp material
8. Avoid water getting into the system. This will cause short
circuit.
9. The unit should be kept in a secure place,
10. Do not use the system in a damp environment.
11. Do not clean with wet or damp material.
103