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Chemistry (H)
Unit 3 Stoichiometry Notes

I. Introduction to Stoichiometry
A. Reaction Stoichiometry deals with the mass relationships between reactants and products in
a chemical reaction.
B. To solve reaction Stoichiometry problems, you need to know how to use molar masses and
mole ratios
1. Molar mass
a. The mass in grams of one mole of a substance
b. How to find if an element, use the atomic mass of the element; or if a compound,
add the atomic masses of each element that makes up the compound express the
unit in grams per mole
c. Used to convert between the mass in grams of a substance to its amount in moles
and vice versa
d. Ex find molar mass of Al:

find molar mass of Al2O3:

2. Percent composition
a. The percent by mass of each element in a compound
b. To calculate:
Mass of element in 1 mole of compound x 100 = % element in
Molar mass of compound
compound
c. Ex Find the percent composition of copper I sulfide, Cu2S.

3. Determining chemical formulas

a. Empirical formula formula of a compound showing the smallest whole number ratio
of the different atoms in the compound
1. Determined by its percent composition
2. To calculate:
a. convert the % of each element to a mass out of 100 g sample
b. convert the mass of each element to moles using molar mass
c. now you have a mole ratio, but it is probably not in whole #s
d. to get whole # ratio, divide each elements moles by the smallest # of
moles in the current ratio
e. round to the nearest whole #
3. Ex A compound contains 32.38% Na, 22.65% S, and 44.99% O.
Find the empirical formula.

b. molecular formula formula of a compound showing its actual ratio of the different
atoms in the compound (may or may not be the smallest ratio)
1. Determined by its empirical formula and molar mass
2. To calculate:
a. Add up molar mass of empirical formula
b. Take actual molecular formula mass (given in problem) divided by the
empirical formula mass that you added up
c. Take that # you just got and multiply each subscript in the empirical
formula by it to get the molecular formula
3. Ex Empirical formula of a compound of phosphorus and oxygen
was found to be P2O5. Experiments show that the molar mass of this
compound is 283.89 g/mol. What is the molecular formula?

4. Mole ratio
a. A conversion factor that relates the amounts in moles of any two
substances involved in a chemical reaction
b. Mole ratios are exact and so do NOT limit the number of significant
figures in a calculation
c. Ex - 2 Al2O3
4 Al + 3 O2
find the mole ratio of between Al and Al2O3 :

I. Four types of stoichiometry calculations

A. For all types of stoichiometry problems, use the following to solve:
1. BALANCE the chemical equation!
2. Determine what you are GIVEN and what you need to FIND
3. Use part or all of the chart:
If given in the problem:
mass A
OR
moles A
start here

start here

mass (g) A x ____1____ = mol A x

molar mass A

If asked to find:
moles B
OR
mass B
stop here

stop here

mol B = mol B x molar mass B = mass (g) B

mol A

B. Mole Mole
1. Given moles of substance A and asked to find moles of substance B
2. Applicable part of chart: mol A (given) x mol ratio B/A = mol B (unknown)
3. EX. How many moles of lithium hydroxide are required to react with 20 moles
of CO2 given the reaction products are lithium carbonate and water?

C. Mole Mass
1. Given moles of substance A and asked to find the mass of substance B
2. Part of chart: mol A (given) x mol ratio B/A x molar mass of B = mass of B
3. EX During photosynthesis, what mass of glucose is produced when 3.00 moles
of water reacts with carbon dioxide?

CO2 + H2O
C6H12O6 + O2

D. Mass Mole
1. Given the mass of substance A and asked to find the moles of substance B
2. Part of chart: mass A (given) x 1/(molar mass A) x mol ratio B/A = mol B
3. EX In the following reaction, if 8.00g of SO2 reacts, how many moles of CS2
are formed?

SO2

CS2 +

CO

E. Mass Mass
1. Given the mass of substance A and asked to find the mass of substance B
2. All of chart: mass A (given) x 1/(molar mass A) x mol ratio B/A x molar mass B = mass B
3. EX In the following reaction how many grams of SnF2 are produced from the
reaction of 30.00 g of HF with Sn?

Sn + HF
SnF2 + H2

II. Limiting Reactant

A. def a reactant in a chemical reaction that limits the amounts of the other reactants
that can combine and the amount of product that can form
B. the substance that is not used up completely in a reaction is called the excess reactant
C. ex In the following reaction if 2.0 mol of HF are exposed to 4.5 mol of SiO2, which
is the limiting reactant? SiO2 + HF
SiF4 + H2O

III. Percent Yield

A. Theoretical yield the maximum amount of product that can be produced from a
given amount of reactant.
B. Actual yield the measured amount of a product obtained from a reaction
C. Percent yield the ratio of the actual yield to the theoretical yield multiplied by 100
% yield = actual yield x 100
theoretical yield

Practice Problems:
% composition
1) Find the % composition of PbCl2 .

2) Find the % composition of Ba(NO3)2 .

Empirical Formula
3) Find the empirical formula of a compound that contains 63.52% iron and 36.48% sulfur.

4) Find the empirical formula of a compound that contains 26.56% potassium, 35.41%
chromium, and the remainder oxygen.

Molecular Formula
5) Find the molecular formula of the compound with emp formula of CH and molecular mass
78.11 g/mol.

6) A sample of a compound with a formula mass of 34.00 amu is found to consist of .44 g H
and 6.92 g O. Find its molecular formula.

Mole-Mole
7) Ammonia, NH3, is widely used as a fertilizer and in many household cleaners. How many
moles of ammonia are produced when 6 moles of hydrogen gas react with an excess of nitrogen
gas?

8) The decomposition of potassium chlorate, KClO3, is used as a source of oxygen in the

laboratory. How many moles of potassium chlorate are needed to produce 15 moles of oxygen?

Mole-Mass
9) When magnesium burns in air, it combines with oxygen to form magnesium oxide. Write a
balanced equation for this reaction. What mass in grams of magnesium oxide is produced from
2.00 mol of magnesium?

10) What mass of glucose can be produced from a photosynthesis reaction that occurs using 10
mol CO2? Write the balanced equation.

Mass-Moles
11) Oxygen was discovered by Joseph Priestley in 1774 when he heated mercury (II) oxide to
decompose it to form its constituent elements. How many moles of mercury (II) oxide, HgO,
are needed to produce 125 g of oxygen?

12) How many moles of mercury are produced in problem #11?

Mass-Mass

13) When copper metal is added to silver nitrate in solution, silver metal and copper (II) nitrate
are produced. What mass of silver is produced from 100. g Cu?

14) What mass of aluminum is produced by the decomposition of 5.0 kg of Al2O3?

Limiting Reactant
15) Some rocket engines use a mixture of hydrazine, N2H4, and hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, as the
propellant. The reaction is given as : N2H4 + 2 H2O2
N2 + 4H2O
a) Which is the limiting reactant in this reaction when .750 mol of N2H4 is mixed with
0.500 mol H2O2?

b) How much of the excess reactant, in moles, remains unchanged?

c) How much of each product, in moles, is formed?

Percent Yield
16) Methanol can be produced through the following reaction: CO + 2H2
CH3OH
If 75.0 g of CO reacts to produce 68.4 g CH3OH, what is the percent yield of CH3OH?