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1. Synopsis:Isolator and breaker are the two important equipments in the grid sub-station, which play the
vital role for correct and smooth operation of power flow in a circuit. In major sub-stations, these
equipments are operated on remote switches at control room. Some cases for automatic and SCADA
controlled sub-stations these are controlled at the Central Control Stations (CCS). To avoid improper
switching operations, interlocks are provided in the system among the isolators and breakers which are
involved during power flow in the circuit.
This paper deals with the various interlock schemes to maintain a safety approach of grid
operations. A novel approach of an innovative design of a relay, called Interlock Supervision Relay
(ISR), has also been described. This ISR is a microprocessor-based relay, which studies the status of the
interlocks being simulated with contacts and logics
of operations. According to the status (ON/OFF
Condition) of the related equipments in the network, this relay supervises the system and allows the
permissive output for correct and smooth operation of the equipments.
2. Introduction: Interlock between the equipments is always explained as the conditional operation of the
components in the system. Suppose an isolator is to be operated in series to the breaker in the system,
then this isolator must not be operated when circuit breaker is in closed condition i.e. the power
interruption or reconnection should not be done through isolator. Because this equipment is considered as
a switch, that operated in air medium. Switching action in air medium may result severe spark/arc and
damage to the equipment with interruption of power supply to the consumers.
In major sub-stations, the operators are equally trained to handle smooth operation of correct
power flow path in the circuit. But occurrence of human errors can not be totally avoided. So, for safety to
the equipment and to the operating personnel, interlock schemes are required to be introduced in every
system.
3. Design of ISR (Interlock Supervision Relay)
3.1 General used Bus Systems
According to the system of power flow in the circuit general used Bar Systems are as follows.
1.
Single Bus system ( Fig. 1 )
2.
Ring Bus system ( fig. 2 )
3.
Main and transformer Bus system ( Fig. 3 )
4.
Double Bus Bar Arrangement ( Fig. 4 )
5.
Double Bus and transformer Bus Bar Arrangement ( Fig. 5 )
L1
B1
52B1
B2
52B2
29M
52L
29L
Fig. 1
Fig. 2
29M
52L
29M1
52B
52B
29L
29T
29M2
Fig. 3
29L1
29B
52L
Fig. 4
29 L2
Index
Fig.1
29 M Main Isolator
29 L Line Isolator
52 L - Line Breaker
Fig 4.
29 M1 Main Bus1 Isolator
29 M2 Main Bus2 Isolator
Fig.2
L1 Line Isolator
B1 Bus Isolator 1
B2 Bus Isolator 2
52B1 Ring Bus Breaker 1
Fig 3
29 M - Main Isolator
29 L Line Isolator
29 T Transfer Bus Isolator
52 L - Line Breaker
52 B - Bus Coupler Breaker
29 L1 Line Isolator 1
29 L2 Line Isolator 2
29 B By Pass Isolator
52L , 52 B Line, B/C Breaker
Bus 1
29 A
B1
29 TBC-A
52B
B2
29 B
29 TBC-B
Bus 2
Transfer Bus
52 L
29 D
52 TBC
29 C
29 TBC-C
Fig 5
Fig 5.
29 A Main Bus1 Isolator
29 B Main Bus2 Isolator
29 C Transfer Bus Isolator
29D - Line Isolator
52 L Line Breaker
B1 B/ C Isolator 1
B2 B/ C Isolator 2
52 B B/C Breaker
For the available and generally used Bus Bar Systems as mentioned above, the interlock
arrangements among the equipments are taken by the multiplication of various auxiliary contacts of the
related components (Breakers, Isolators). To maintain the suitable interlock designs, such schemes
involve the Hardware concepts that include the circuits of having physical bunch of cables, number of
contacts and number of auxiliary relays. However these schemes do not become reliable in long run.
Because these contacts change their position due to the mechanical operation of the equipments and do
not work properly after few days of operations. Moreover the complexity of cable connection and contact
multiplication relays involve high cost of design. The other possible problematic area with these schemes
is to trace the faults in the circuit.
EXAMPLE: - Consider the case of a typical Double Bus and Transformer Bus Bar Arrangement
(Fig. 5). The interlock schemes of every feeder equipments (Isolators) are explained below.
10
10
11
11
12
6
2
5
9
Number Notation in the circuit for Interlock Scheme
1- 29A
6-29 TBC-A
11-52TBC
2-29B
3-29C
4-29D
5-29E
7- 29TBC-B 8- 29TBC-C 9- 52L
10-52B
12- TBC Multiplication Relay. NIT Trip Transfer Switch
Isolators
Main Bus Isolator (29A)
Equipments Involved
For interlock
52L, 29B, 52B
Remarks
* Suppose transfer bus isolator (29 C) of any Transformer/Main incomer feeder is closed, along
with another transfer bus isolator of any distributing feeder, then power flow will result directly without
the involvement of any breaker in the system. This system results no protection in the system. So, this
kind of operation is required to be avoided.
From the above described scheme it is seen that to maintain the suitable interlock design, a large
number of contacts are required to be taken in the circuit ,which becomes difficult many a times to
maintain in operational condition of the schemes. The described example is for only one number of
feeder. Similarly for other feeders, again the contacts from corresponding equipments are required to be
laid to the scheme which increases the complexity of the system.
A
N
D
52 L (N/C )
29 B ( N/O )
A
N
D
29 A ( N/O )
A
N
D
52 TBC (N/C )
A
N
D
52 L (N/O )
52 TBC (N/O )
29 TBC-A (N/O )
29 TBC-B (N/O )
29 A
A
N
D
52 BC (N/O )
29 A ( N/C )
O
R
O
R
O
R
A
N
D
A
N
D
29 B
A
N
D
O
R
A
N
D
29 E (N/C)
A
TBC-Relay Panel (N/C ) N
D
NIT Switch
A
N
D
A
N
D
29D
29 C
3.4.1
IN 1
Input Function
Assignment
Event Report,
Self Supervision
Others
Out put
Functio
ns
IN 20
DISPLAY
EXT. UNIT
OUT 1
OUT n
Intermittent
Logic
Equations
The relay has I/O board with 20 inputs (IN 1 IN 20). These Inputs are assigned according to the
available and requirement of the scheme. Then for designing the out put functions, different operators
(LOGIC GATE CIRCUITS) that available in the relay elements are used for correct sequential logic
equations. The Intermittent Logic Equations combining with other relay elements are also used for the
critical circuits. Finally out put permissive contacts are extended for the correct operation of the
equipments (ISOLATORS). Self supervision of the relay elements, contacts and other associated circuits
are done by the pre- defined logic equations. For the case of any abnormality in the self supervision
circuits, warning command is extended to the display unit with detail faults in the circuit. According to
the intensity of the fault, some times signal is extended to block the relay operations. Similarly for every
operation of the equipment, event logger circuit helps to log the events for future analysis of the
operations.
Advantages of the ISR
1. Single relay can be utilized for the total system that avoids the complexity of the bunch of
cables and auxiliary relays.
2. It is a programmable relay, so according to the logic and requirement of the system the relay
can be programmed.
3. Schemes other than Interlock, like Synchronism, Parallelization of the equipments etc.. can
also be programmed by this relay
4. Because of the pre-supervision facility in the relay the fault tracing/status of the equipment
becomes easy to obtain for any operation.
5. This relay has the facility of logging the events of operations which becomes helpful for post
analysis.
6. This relay has also the facility of data storage, data transmissions etc..
7. The cost of the relay is also very economic in comparison to the hardware schemes as
described before.
8. It is smaller in size and occupies lesser space in the panel
9. Automatic supervision of the logic and status of the circuits reduces the time of operations.
10. It becomes quite helpful for smooth and correct operation of the Electrical Equipments.
Important Note: - The detail logic circuits and special features of this ISR have not been mentioned in
this paper. The concept of the relay has only been explained.
Conclusion:Interlock Scheme is considered as a safety tool for every power flow system. So, every
organization should adopt this scheme for its system. Because of the Interlock Scheme the human error at
the time of equipment operation can be avoided. Moreover operators become conscious for doing the
operation