EE101 CIRCUITS 1

1T SY 2014-2015

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Resistors and Resistive Circuits

Week 2

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Learning Outcomes

Solve for the total resistance, current through

an element, and voltage drop across an
element in a series, parallel, and series-parallel
connected dc network using voltage divider,
current divider, Ohms Law, and Kirchhoffs
Law.
Solve the total resistance, current through an
element, and voltage drop across an element
in a wye- or delta-connected dc network.

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NODES, BRANCHES, AND LOOPS

A branch represents a single element such as a
voltage source or a resistor.
A node is the point of connection between two or
more branches.
A loop is any closed path in a circuit.

A network with b branches, n nodes, and l

independent loops will satisfy the fundamental
theorem of network topology:

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NODES, BRANCHES, AND LOOPS

Equivalent circuit

Original circuit
How many branches,
nodes and loops are
there?

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NODES, BRANCHES, AND LOOPS

Should we consider it as one
branch or two branches?

How many branches, nodes and loops are there?

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NODES, BRANCHES, AND LOOPS

Two or more elements are in series if they exclusively

share a single node and consequently carry the same
current.
Two or more elements are in parallel if they are
connected to the same two nodes and consequently have
the same voltage across them.

Is 5- resistor in series or in
parallel with 2- resistor?

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RESISTANCE

Materials in general have a characteristic behavior of

resisting the flow of electric charge. This physical property,
or ability to resist current, is known as resistance and is
represented by the symbol R.

The circuit element used to model the current-resisting

behavior of a material is the resistor.

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OHMS LAW

Georg Simon Ohm (1787-1854), a German physicist, is

credited with finding the relationship between current
and voltage for a resistor

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OHMS LAW

It states that the voltage across a resistor is directly

proportional to the current flowing through the resistor.
That is,

Ohm defined the constant of proportionality for a

resistor to be the resistance, R.

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KIRCHHOFFS LAWS

Kirchhoffs laws were first introduced in 1847 by the

German physicist Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (1824-1887).

These

laws are formally known as Kirchhoffs current law

(KCL) and Kirchhoffs voltage law (KVL).

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KIRCHHOFFS CURRENT LAW (KCL)

Kirchhoffs current law (KCL) states that the

algebraic sum of currents entering a node (or a
closed boundary) is zero.

It is based on the law of conservation of charge, which requires

that the algebraic sum of charges within a system cannot
change.
The sum of the currents entering a node is equal to the sum of
the currents leaving the node.

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KIRCHHOFFS CURRENT LAW (KCL)

Mathematically,

= 0

Current entering a node is (+) and

current leaving a node is (-) or viceversa

=1

Where

N = number of branches
connected to the node
= nth current entering
(or leaving) the node

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KIRCHHOFFS CURRENT LAW (KCL)

Current sources in parallel:

(a) Original circuit
(b) Equivalent circuit

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KIRCHHOFFS VOLTAGE LAW (KVL)

Kirchhoffs voltage law (KVL) states that the algebraic

sum of all voltages around a closed path (or loop) is
zero.

It is based on the principle of conservation of energy.

The sum of voltage drops is equal to the sum of voltage rises.

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KIRCHHOFFS VOLTAGE LAW (KVL)

Mathematically,

= 0

Sign on each voltage is the polarity

of the terminal encountered first as
we travel around the loop.

=1

Where

M = number of voltages in
the loop (or the number of
branches in the loop)
= nth voltage

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KIRCHHOFFS VOLTAGE LAW (KVL)

Voltage sources in series:

(a) Original circuit
(b) Equivalent circuit

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ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEM 1

Find the currents and voltages in the circuit shown.

= , = , = , = . , = , = .
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ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEM 2

Calculate in the circuit below.

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ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEM 3

Find and in the circuit below.

=
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ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEM 4
Given

the circuit shown, determine the following:

a)
b)
c) 30

=
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SERIES RESISTORS AND VOLTAGE

DIVISION

Recall:Two or more elements are in

series if they exclusively share a
single node and consequently carry
the same current.
Resistors in series behave as a
single resistor whose resistance is
equal to the sum of the
resistances of the individual
resistors.

= 1 + 2 + +

For two resistors in series:

=

=1

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SERIES RESISTORS AND VOLTAGE

DIVISION

The equivalent conductance of resistors connected in

series is:

1
1
1
1
=
+
+ +

1 2

Voltage Division

1 + 2 + +

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SERIES RESISTORS AND VOLTAGE

DIVISION

Voltage Divider Circuit

1
1 =

1 + 2 + 3

1
1 =

1 + 2

2
2 =

1 + 2 + 3

2
2 =

1 + 2

3
3 =

1 + 2 + 3

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PARALLEL RESISTORS AND CURRENT DIVISION

Recall:Two or more elements are in

parallel if they are connected to the
same two nodes and consequently
have the same voltage across them.
The equivalent resistance of a
circuit with N resistors in parallel
is:

1
1
1
1
=
+
+ +

1 2

For 2 resistors in parallel:

1 2
=
1 + 2
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PARALLEL RESISTORS AND CURRENT

DIVISION

The equivalent conductance of resistors connected in

parallel is:

= 1 + 2 + +

Current Division

=
=

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PARALLEL RESISTORS AND CURRENT DIVISION

Current Divider Circuit

2
1 =

1 + 2

1
2 =

1 + 2
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EQUIVALENT RESISTANCE

In general, it is often convenient and possible to combine

resistors in series and parallel and reduce a resistive
network to a single equivalent resistance.

Such an equivalent resistance is the resistance between

the designated terminals of the network and must exhibit
the same i-v characteristics as the original network at the
terminals.

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POWER IN RESISTIVE NETWORKS

Total power is the sum of the power dissipated by each

resistor in the circuit:

= 1 + 2 + . . . +

2
=

= 2

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Consider the figure below. What are the corresponding

currents? What about equivalent resistances?

= 0

= 1
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MORE ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS

1.

Two 115-V incandescent lamps A and B are connected

in series across 230-V source. If lamp A is rated 75
watts and lamp B is rated 50 watts, determine the
current drawn by the series connection.

2.

R resistor is connected in series with two resistances

1 = 2 and 2 = 4 . The series combination is
connected across a 36-V source. A voltmeter, placed
across 2 , reads 12 V. Find the value of the resistor R.

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MORE ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS

3.

Two resistances of 10 and 5 ohms are connected in

parallel and the combination is connected in series with
a 10-ohm resistance. If these are connected across a 48V battery, determine the current through the 5-ohm
resistance.

4.

The equivalent resistance of three resistors A, B and C

connected in parallel is 1.714 ohms. If A is twice of B
and C is half as much as B, find the equivalent resistance
when the three of them are connected in series.

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MORE ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS

5.

Three resistors R1, R2, and R3 are connected in seriesparallel with R1 in series with the parallel combination
of R2 and R3. The whole combination is connected
across a 120-V DC source. R1, R2, and R3 take 750 W,
250 W, and 200 W, respectively. Calculate the resistance
R2.

6.

Resistances X,Y, and Z are connected in series. The

voltage across X and Y is 21 V, across Y and Z is 24 V,
and across X and Z is 27 V. Find the value of resistance
Y when the current is 1 A.
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MORE ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS

7.

A 16- resistor is connected in series with a parallel

combination of two resistors, one of which has an
ohmic value of 48 and the other is unknown. What is
the resistance of R if the power taken by the 16-
resistor is equal to the power taken by the parallelconnected pair of resistors?

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MORE ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS

8.

Calculate .

= 11.2
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MORE ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS

9.

Find the equivalent resistance at terminals a-b.

R ab = R
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MORE ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS

10.

Find the equivalent resistance at terminals a-b.

R ab = 54
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MORE ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS

11.

Calculate Vo and Io in the circuit below.

VO = 8 V

IO = 0.2 A
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MORE ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS

12.

Determine V in the circuit below.

Confused if resistors are series- or parallel-connected?

They are neither in series nor in parallel. So, how do we combine them?
They can be simplified by using three-terminal equivalent network!

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WYE (TEE)-CONNECTED
NETWORK

Two forms of the same network: (a) Y, (b) T

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DELTA (PI)-CONNECTED NETWORK

Two forms of the same network: (a) , (b)

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DELTA-WYE CONVERSION

Each resistor in the Y network is

the product of the resistors in the
two adjacent branches, divided
by the sum of the three
resistors.

Mathematical expression:

Rb Rc
R1
Ra Rb Rc
Ra Rc
R2
Ra Rb Rc
Ra Rb
R3
Ra Rb Rc
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WYE-DELTA CONVERSION

Mathematical expression:

R1 R2 R2 R3 R3 R1
Ra
R1

Each resistor in the network is

the sum of all possible products of
Y resistors taken two at a time,
divided by the opposite Y resistor.

R1 R2 R2 R3 R3 R1
Rb
R2
R1 R2 R2 R3 R3 R1
Rc
R3
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ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEM 12

Determine V in the circuit below.

Can we now answer this?

42.18 V
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ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEM 13

Determine the current I as indicated in the circuit

shown below.

I = 0.375 A
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ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEM 14

Find in the four-way power divider circuit in the

figure below. Assume each element is 1 .

References

Please refer to course syllabus.

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