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R1 1k
10k
+6V
R 2 100k
Vout
VCC 6V
-6V
METU-NCC
3. What are monostable and astable multivibrators? What are the main differences and
similarities between them? Try to find at least one application area for both types of these
multivibrator circuits.
4. A) Figure 7.2 depicts a monostable multivibrator circuit constructed using CMOS NAND gates,
a resistor, and a capacitor. Assume VDD=5 V, C=1 F, and R=1 k. Calculate the
approximate output pulse width, and plot the output waveform, Vout, when the input is
excited as shown in the figure. Plot also the voltage waveform across the resistor under the
output waveform. Explain very briefly one cycle of the operation of this circuit, and comment
on why this circuit is classified as a monostable multivibrator.
Vin
VDD=5V
Vin
NA2
NA2
Vout
R
t
0
T
input pulse
Figure 7.2. The schematic view of a monostable multivibrator circuit constructed using
CMOS NAND gates.
B) Use the 74HC00 model in Appendix B and copy the LTSPICE NAND2 symbol provided with
this lab exercise to your Project directory to build the monostable multivibrator circuit. Show
your simulations results, and comment on any differences from your calculations in Part A.
5. Draw the internal block diagram of the 555 Timer IC. Figure 7.3 gives the pin diagram of
the 555 IC, and the required connections for astable and monostable multivibrator circuit
configurations. Considering the internal diagram that you have drawn and the circuit
configurations given in Figure 7.3, explain briefly the operation of these two multivibrator
circuits. For the astable mode plot the output voltage (Vout(t)) and the voltage across the
capacitor (VC(t)). For a detailed discussion on 555 multivibrator circuits, you can refer to the
second reference mentioned at the beginning.
VCC
VCC
Rb
TRIG
THR
THR
TRIG
VC
C
OUT
Vout
Vtrigger
TRIG
THR
TRIG
OUT
Vout
OUT
555 IC
THR
TRIG
VCC
VCC
555 IC
VC
GND
VCC
555 IC
Ra
DIS
THR
DIS
DIS
GND
(a)
GND
RES
(b)
CONT
(c)
Figure 7.3. The schematic views of the 555 Timer circuits: (a) Astable multivibrator, (b)
Monostable multivibrator, (c) pin diagram of the 555 Timer IC.
Experiment
METU-NCC
6. A) Given a 555 Timer IC, a 741 OPAMP IC, resistors and capacitors, design a triangular
wave generator, paying attention to total cost. Start by considering that OPAMP behaves
as a constant current source with a typical current of +/- 25 mA for UA741 model in Appendix
A. Sketch the schematics of your design and explain briefly.
Bonus: Can you derive the equation to relate triangular wave frequency to the design
parameters?
B) Simulate your circuit in LTSPICE and explain any unexpected behavior.
III. EXPERIMENT
Construct the circuit given in Figure 7.1 using the 741 IC. Use R1=10k and R2=100k.
i.
Set the output of the function generator to High Z (You have to repeat this each
time you turn on the function generator). Connect the input of the circuit to the
output of the function generator and set the waveform to a triangular wave with 8Vpp
amplitude at a frequency of 100Hz.
ii.
Connect the input to Channel-1 and output to the Channel-2 of the scope, and observe
the transfer characteristics on the scope in the X-Y mode.
iii.
Repeat parts (i) and (ii) for the following circuit (R1=1k, R2=100k).
R2
R1
+6V
Vin
Vout
-6V
Figure 7.4. The schematic view of another basic Schmitt trigger circuit.
2.
Briefly explain the operation of these circuits. Which one of them has an inverting
characteristic? Do the results agree with the simulation results performed in the preliminary
work?
Construct the circuit given in Figure 7.2 using two NAND gates from a 74HC00 (NOT
74LS00). Apply +5V to VDD and 0V to the ground pins of the 74HC00 (R=1k, C=1F).
4.
Set the output of the function generator to High Z. Set the waveform to a square wave
with 5Vpp amplitude and 2.5V offset at a frequency of 100Hz. Connect the input of the
circuit to the output of the function generator. Record Vout(t) and Vin(t) indicating all the
voltage levels and time intervals.
5.
Measure the pulse width of the output signal. Compare this with the calculated value in
the preliminary work.
Experiment
METU-NCC
6.
Measure the pulse width of the output signal when the input signal frequency is increased
to 200Hz. Comment on the results that you obtained up to here in this part.
Construct the circuit given in Figure 7.3(a) using 555 IC whose pin diagram is given in
Figure 7.3(c). Apply +9V to the VCC pin and 0V to the GND pin of the 555 IC. Use
Ra=Rb=1k and C=1F.
8.
Record output voltage Vout(t) and the voltage across the capacitor VC(t). Compare these
results with the ones that you have calculated and plotted in your preliminary work.
9.
Measure the positive and negative pulse widths and compare them with your preliminary
work results.
10. Change Rb to 10k and then measure the positive and negative pulse widths. Comment
on the effect of Rb on the output pulse width. Does this agree with what you have found
in the preliminary work?
Operational Amplifier-OPAMP
555 IC
Timer IC
74HC00
Experiment
METU-NCC
Experiment
METU-NCC
Copy the existing symbol for opamp2 from LTSPICE installation area (most likely
C:\Program Files\LTC\LTspiceIV\lib\sym\Opamps\opamp2.asy) into your project
directory, and rename it to UA741.asy to match the above defined SUBCKT
model.
ii.
When you annotate the opamp component symbol to your circuit in LTSPICE by
picking it up from your project directory, change its Value attribute to UA741 so
that the symbol gets associated with the SUBCKT definition in your model file.
tripdt2={tripdt1}
tripdt2={tripdt1}
tripdt2={tripdt1}
.SUBCKT
74HC_IN_1
in
out
VCC
VGND
vcc3={vcc2}
speed3={speed2}
tripdt3={tripdt2}
.param Cval = 0.55e-12*4/({vcc3}-0.5)*{speed3}
.param vt1=0.5
.param gain=(1/{vcc3})
R1 in out10 10k
C1 out10 VGND {Cval}
R2 in VGND 1e8
B1 out20 0 V=LIMIT(0,V(out10,VGND)*{gain},1)
*B1 out20 0 V=LIMIT(0,V(out10,VGND)/max(V(VCC,VGND),1),1)
AE1 out20 0 0 0 0 0 out 0 BUF ref={vt1} vhigh=1 tripdt={tripdt3}
.ends
* Standard output driver
.SUBCKT
74HC_OUT_1X
in
out
VCC
VGND
vcc3={vcc2}
speed3={speed2}
tripdt3={tripdt2}
.param trise1=6e-9*4.0/({vcc3}-0.5)*{speed3}
.param Rout=60*4.0/({vcc3}-0.5)*{speed3}
AE1 in 0 0 0 0 0 out10 0 BUF tripdt={tripdt3} trise={trise1}
E1 out20 VGND out10 0 {vcc3}
Rout out20 out {Rout}
.ends
Experiment