ENGRAM Engineering Ltd.

Insulation distances arround the active part in

the tank
End-Distances in the core window
Main insulation distances between the windings
Phase to phase distances in core window
Spacer thicknesses in the winding

The insulation distances between the outer winding and the tank wall
on the non regulated low voltage side
Insulation level

Minimum distance

up to 12 kV

80 mm

up to 24 kV

90 mm

up to 36 kV

100 mm

up to 45 kV

110 mm

over 45 kV

120 mm

The above distances are to be increased by 40 mm if the HV

insulation level is over 120 kV

The insulation distances between the outer winding and the flux
collector covered tank wall on the regulated high voltage side
Insulation level

Minimum distance

up to 36 kV

120 mm

up to 52 kV

160 mm

up to 72.5 kV

180 mm

up to 100 kV

200 mm

up to 123 kV

220 mm

up to 145 kV

240 mm

up to 170 kV

270 mm

up to 245 kV

300 mm

up to 362 kV

320 mm

up to 420 kV

340 mm

up to 525 kV

390 mm

The HV side distances shall be used for distance between the tank
wall and OLTC and for the OLTC and outer winding.
The LV side distances shall be used for the distance between the outer
winding and the short side of the tank.
The given distances can be modified by the followings.
the non usual arrangement of the leads
LV side regulation
high currents on LV side
booster, auxiliary transformer or reactor inside the tank
more tap changer in the tank
etc

Under the core to the bottom of the tank:

65 mm
Above the core to the tank cover:
80 100 mm

The given distances are with the consideration of 30 40 mm pressure

ring
In case of ODAF cooling the end distances are changed

LI

AC

UD + LD

325

140

200

60

90

350

140

200

60

90

380

152

210

65

95

450

185

220

70

100

550

230

240

75

105

650

275

260

80

115

750

325

280

115

150

850

360

300

125

165

900

395

320

140

175

950

395

340

150

185

1050

460

360

195

240

Radial clearances in the same phase

Oil duct at the winding is 6 mm maximum
EF EndFed, CF CenterFed, CR CourseRegulation, FR - FineRegulation

BIL

75

95

125

170

250

325

380

450

AC kV

30

38

50

70

100

140

152

185

EF

16

16

16

16

17

24

25

32

CF

16

16

16

16

17

22

24

29

EF

16

16

16

16

17

25

27

32

CF

16

16

16

16

17

22

24

29

no
ZnO

20%

16

16

16

16

16

16

16

20

10%

16

16

16

16

16

16

16

16

with
ZnO

20%

16

16

16

16

16

16

16

16

10%

16

16

16

16

16

16

16

16

Main gap

CR-FR

HV CR/FR

BIL

550

650

750

850

900

950

1050

1300

1425

AC kV

230

275

325

360

395

395

460

570

630

EF

38

46

54

60

66

66

76

96

106

CF

36

44

50

56

62

62

72

90

100

EF

38

46

54

60

66

66

76

96

106

CF

36

44

50

56

62

62

72

90

100

no
ZnO

20%

22

26

31

34

38

38

42

52

58

10%

16

16

16

17

20

20

22

26

29

with
ZnO

20%

16

17

20

24

25

25

29

36

38

10%

16

16

16

16

16

16

16

17

20

Main gap

CR-FR

HV
CR/FR

FR - FR

No switching impulse test

BIL

75

95

125

170

250

325

380

450

AC kV

30

38

50

70

100

140

152

185

20%

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

10%

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

26

28

33

20

20

20

20

20

26

28

33

Y
conn
ected

Delta
connected

HV - HV

FR - FR

No switching impulse test

BIL

550

650

750

850

900

950

1050

1300

1425

AC kV

230

275

325

360

395

395

460

570

630

20%

24

29

33

38

40

42

47

58

63

10%

20

20

20

20

20

21

23

29

32

Delta
connected

41

48

56

63

67

70

78

96

106

41

48

56

63

67

70

78

96

106

Y
conn
ect.

HV - HV

The given minimum values are for the average spacer thickness in the
winding.
At internal directed oil flow the minimum spacer thickness is 3 mm.
For position changing of parallel conductors the appropriate place
should be ensured. This is the sum of conductor height and the spacer
thickness.
BIL of the winding end

Minimum thickness of the

spacers

BIL 450 kV

3 mm

450 kV < BIL 550 kV

4 mm

550 kV < BIL 750 kV

4.5 mm

750 kV < BIL 950 kV

5 mm

950 kV < BIL

6 mm

DIL factors
Weidmann curve safety margin
T50
Spacer thickness
Combined stress
Point stress
Turn to turn

The reference voltage kVAC is calculated by dividing the actual

occurring voltage by the corresponding DIL factor
DIL factor
BIL Chopped wave

2.75

BIL full wave 1.2/50 s

2.50

Switching impulse

1.90

1 hour voltage

0.80

AC test voltage

1.00

Nominal voltage

0.59

Maximum allowed electrical stress in the oil ducts is given by the Weidmann
curves (degassed oil):
Adjacent to a winding:

Emax 17.5 * d

0.37

Emax

0.37

With d: width of
the oil duct

Between cylinders:

21.5 * d

Safety margin with respect to the curves of degassed oil: 10%

Safety margin defined by

SF

stress
strength

Safety margin values (minimum):

Regular transformer: 10 % (Limit = curve * 0.9)

Large Power, Special, Critical, : 20 % (Limit = curve * 0.8)

Weidmann curves

Bare electrodes + cooling ducts

adjacent to windings
1: degassed oil -> E = 17.539 * d-0.3581
2: gas saturated oil -> E = 14.196 * d0.3690

Insulated electrodes
1: degassed oil -> E = 21.407 * d-0.3684
2: gas saturated oil -> E = 18.557 * d0.3769

Use only T50 factor for situation between discs where:

Safety margin is not met
Safety margin can not easily be increased by standard measures.
Well defined half-value time. Well defined peak.
Increase withstand by multiplying with adequate factor in function of the
half-value time.

T50 FACTOR
Unshrunk paper covering, mm
Time, microsecond
0,65

0,75

0,80

0,85

1,00

1,15

1,25

1,50

2,00

2,50

3,00

1,514

1,507

1,503

1,500

1,489

1,478

1,471

1,454

1,419

1,385

1,351

1,343

1,341

1,340

1,340

1,332

1,323

1,319

1,309

1,289

1,269

1,249

1,266

1,264

1,262

1,261

1,257

1,253

1,250

1,243

1,228

1,213

1,198

1,220

1,218

1,217

1,216

1,213

1,210

1,208

1,202

1,191

1,180

1,167

1,188

1,186

1,186

1,185

1,182

1,180

1,179

1,174

1,165

1,156

1,146

1,146

1,145

1,145

1,144

1,142

1,141

1,140

1,137

1,130

1,123

1,116

10

1,109

1,108

1,108

1,107

1,107

1,106

1,105

1,103

1,098

1,093

1,088

15

1,073

1,073

1,072

1,072

1,072

1,071

1,070

1,069

1,067

1,064

1,061

20

1,052

1,052

1,051

1,051

1,051

1,051

1,050

1,049

1,048

1,046

1,044

25

1,037

1,037

1,037

1,037

1,037

1,036

1,036

1,035

1,034

1,033

1,032

30

1,026

1,026

1,026

1,026

1,026

1,026

1,025

1,025

1,024

1,024

1,022

35

1,017

1,017

1,017

1,017

1,017

1,014

1,006

1,000

1,017

1,016

1,016

40

1,011

1,011

1,011

1,011

1,010

1,010

1,010

1,010

1,010

1,010

1,009

45

1,005

1,005

1,005

1,005

1,005

1,005

1,005

1,005

1,005

1,005

1,004

50

1,000

1,000

1,000

1,000

1,000

1,000

1,000

1,000

1,000

1,000

1,000

55

0,996

0,996

0,996

0,996

0,996

0,996

0,996

0,996

0,996

0,998

0,996

60

0,992

0,992

0,992

0,992

0,992

0,992

0,992

0,992

0,992

0,993

0,993

65

0,989

0,989

0,989

0,989

0,989

0,989

0,989

0,989

0,989

0,990

0,990

70

0,986

0,986

0,986

0,986

0,986

0,986

0,986

0,986

0,986

0,987

0,987

75

0,983

0,983

0,983

0,983

0,984

0,984

0,984

0,984

0,984

0,984

0,985

The target is the partial

discharge free
arrangement
Partial discharge free
curve as formula:
Umax=(0.375*sp+15.75)*wire
+9.5*sp+57

The minimum paper insulation on normal rectangular conductor is

0.45 mm.
For Continously Transposed Cable this is 0.6 mm.
The thickness of enamel on CTC individual strands depends on the
CTC manufacturer. Typical value is arround 0.1 mm.
In windings without key spacers the allowable maximum impulse
voltage between wire:
Umax=84.5* wire+10 [kV]

In case of a winding with internal directed oil flow the following

minimum spacer thicknesses should be used.
3 mm up to 60 mm winding radial dimension
4 mm up to 100 mm winding radial dimension
6 mm up to 140 mm winding radial dimension
7.5 mm winding radial dimension over 140 mm
4 mm is the minimum spacer thickness in case of CTC winding

The

above thicknesses must be increased for electrical reasons

AVERAGE COMBINED STRESS

The equivalent radial gap clearence:
t = oil clearance + pressboard clearance/2 + paper clearance/1.5 [mm]
The equivalent axial gap clearance
uncompressed thickness of key spacers + (thickness of paper insulation *
(2.2/3.5)) [mm]
Axial stress calculated maximum lghtning impulse voltage between discs
Radial stress calculated maximum radial lightning impulse voltage to
neighbouring winding

Av.Comb.Stress

Max. allowed value:

BIL full wave:
< 25 kV / mm
BIL chopped wave: < 27.5 kV / mm

rad stress 2
ax stress 2
) (
)
eq. rad . gap
eq. ax. gap

POINT STRESS
On critical points (if the average combined stress seems to be critical),
electric field calculation should be made for checking the critical
regions.
The field calculation practical boundary conditions:
Axi-symmetric
Max voltage in time to be used, in axial and radial direction, independent from
each other.
Max radial voltage at same position of considered discs.

Max allowed Point stress < 35 kV / mm (max. 6 mm duct at the winding)

TURN TO TURN IN DISC

Strength is the 70% of the curve on page 303 (fig.5.79) from Large
Power Transformers, Karsai-Kernyi-Kiss

Continuous service
Turn-to-turn voltage at nominal voltage < 2.5 kV / mm

Have a good job!