Thc hin sxsh nh th no?

u pht sinh ra cht thi v kh thi?

Ti sao cht thi v kh thi c to thnh?

Lm th no loi b c nguyn nhn?
I - cc k thut SXSH:

K thut SXSH

Gim cht thi ti

ngun

Qun l
ni vi tt

Thay i
nguyn
liu u
vo

Thay i
qu trnh
sn xut

Kim
sot qu
trnh sn
xut tt

Ti sinh cht thi

(tun hon)

Ti s
dng cho
sn xut

Ci tin
thit b

To sn
phm
ph

Thay i
cng
ngh

Ci tin sn phm

Giao trnh SAN XUT SACH HN

K thut SXSH c th chia thnh 3 nhm:

- Gim cht thi ngay ti ni pht sinh.
- Ti ch (tun hon).
- Ci tin sn phm.
1 - Gim cht thi ti ni pht sinh:
Cc gii php thc hin gim cht thi ti ni pht sinh bao gm: qun
l ni vi tt v thay i qu trnh sn xut.
a/ Qun l ni vi tt: l gii php n gin nht ca SXSH. Bao gm ch trng
n vn vn hnh v bo dng thit b bng cc bin php thch hp ngn
nga r r, ri vRi v khuyn khch thi lm vic tch cc ca ngi sn xut.
Cc gii php qun l ni vi thng thng khng t tin v c thi gian
thu hi vn nhanh.

 Ni chung, qun l ni vi trong nh my l bao gm lch trnh bo dng

phng nga; thanh tra thit b thng xuyn; tt cc thit b khi khng s dng;
ci tin phng thc sn xut gim thiu tht thot nguyn liu; bo n
ng ng, thit b,...; thanh tra v o to ng quy cch nhm nng cao hiu
lc cc ni quy lm vic hin c.
b/ Thay i qu trnh sn xut: bao gm 4 bin php:
 Thay i nguyn liu th hin ang s dng (tc thay i nguyn liu u
vo): bng cc nguyn liu t c hoc c th ti to c. iu c ngha l
lm gim c thnh phn v tnh cht c hi ca cht thi cng nh s lng
cht thi pht sinh trong qu trnh sn xut.
 Kim sot qu trnh sn xut tt hn: ngha l ci tin cc qui phm lm vic,
cc ni qui vn hnh v ghi chp l lch qui trnh cng ngh nhm chy cc thit
b my mc vi hiu qu cao hn v to ra lng cht thi t hn.
 Ci tin thit b: l c nhng thay i nh ngay bn trong thit b v cc b
phn sn xut hin c hoc u t ng k hn nhm chy qui trnh vi hiu
sut cao hn v t l to ra cht thi t hn.
 Thay i cng ngh: l c nhng thay i v qui trnh sn xut mt cch khoa
hc sn xut c hiu qu hn; p dng nhng tin b khoa hc mi nht vo
lnh vc sn xut nhm gim thiu ti a cht nhim ra mi trng.
2 - Ti sinh cht thi
Ti ch bao gm thu hi, ti s dng ti ch v sn xut cc sn phm ph
hu ch:
a/ Thu hi v ti s dng ti ch: ti s dng cc nguyn liu, nng lng b thi
b trong cng mt qu trnh hoc s dng cho mt cng on khc trong cng
ty.
Nguyn nh Hun

= 21 =

HBKN

Giao trnh SAN XUT SACH HN

b/ Sn xut cc sn phm ph hu ch: thay i qu trnh sinh ra cht thi

chuyn dng vt liu b thi b thnh dng vt liu c th ti s dng hoc tun
hon cho mc ch khc.
3 - Ci tin sn phm:
C th ci tin cc c tnh ca sn phm nhm gim thiu cc tc ng
ti mi trng trong qu trnh sn xut ra sn phm hoc cc c tnh ca bn
thn sn phm trong khi s dng v sau khi s dng (thi b).
II phng php lun nh gi SXSH:
Qui trnh ca nh gi sn xut sch hn bao gm 6 bc v 18 nhim v.
 Bc 1: Lp k hoch v nh gi SXSH:
1. Thnh lp i SXSH.
2. Lit k cc bc cng ngh v xc nh nh mc.
3. Xc nh v la chn cng on gy lng ph nht.
 Bc 2: Phn tch cc bc cng ngh:
4. Lp s cng ngh cho phn trng tm kim ton.
5. Cn bng vt liu/ nng lng.
6. nh gi cho dng thi.
7. Phn tch nguyn nhn.
 Bc
Bc 3: xut cc c hi SXSH:
8. Xy dng cc c hi SXSH
9. La chn cc c hi kh thi nht.
 Bc 4: La chn cc gii php SXSH:
10. nh gi kh thi k thut.
11. nh gi kh thi v kinh t.
12. nh gi v mt mi trng.
13. La chn gii php thc hin.
 Bc 5: Thc hin cc gii php SXSH:
14. Chun b thc hin.
15. Thc hin cc gii php SXSH.
16. Quan trc v nh gi kt qu.
Nguyn nh Hun

= 22 =

HBKN

Giao trnh SAN XUT SACH HN

 Bc 6: Duy tr SXSH:
17. Duy tr cc gii php SXSH.
18. La chn cng on tip theo cho trng tm nh gi SXSH
(quay tr v bc 3).
phn tch cc bc thc hin nh gi SXSH:
1/ Bc 1: (Lp k hoch SXSH)
 Nhim v 1: Thnh lp i (nhm) nh gi SXSH:
 Cc dng nhm nh gi SXSH c th l:
- Nhm ch o gm cc thnh vin ht nhn.
- Nhm thc hin SXSH (nhm kim ton).
 Cc yu cu i vi nhm SXSH:
- Phi c kh nng nhn dng c cc c hi SXSH.
- Xy dng c cc gii php v thc hin c chng.
 Thnh phn v qui m nhm:
- Cn phi c i din cc n v trong cng ty (cc c ng, phng ban
chc nng) tham gia.
- Qui m v thnh phn ca nhm phi ph hp vi c cu t chc ca
cng ty
 Nhim v ca i:
- i ch o nhim v:
+ Xc nh mc tiu, chin lc ca chng trnh nh gi SXSH.
+ nh gi k hoch thc hin.
+ Phn cng trch nhim vi tng thnh vin i vi tng bc thc
hin.
+ nh gi k hoch sp xp th t u tin ca cc c hi SXSH.
+ Kt hp vi cc chng trnh khc nh qun l cht lng, kim
tra cht lng sn phm thc hin SXSH cho x nghip.
+ Cung cp nhn lc v ti chnh.
+ Theo di thc hin cc gii php SXSH.
+ nh gi kt qu kim tra thc hin cc giai on.
- i thc hin nhim v:
+ Lp k hoch thc hin kim ton SXSH.
Nguyn nh Hun

= 23 =

HBKN

Giao trnh SAN XUT SACH HN

+ Phn cng trch nhim i vi tng thnh vin.

+ Trc tip thc hin cc hot ng ca chng trnh kim ton (c
kh nng xc nh cc c hi SXSH, a ra v thc hin cc gii
php ).
+ Lp bo co kt qu kim ton.
 Thnh phn ca i SXSH bao gm:
- i ch o c th gm:
+ i din lRnh o nh my (gim c hay ph gim c).
+ Trng hay ph phng k thut.
+ Cn b kim tra mi trng v an ton lao ng.
+ Cn b kim tra cht lng sn phm.
- i thc hin: l nhng thnh vin am hiu v cng ngh, k thut v
trc tip thc hin nhim v kim ton di s iu hnh ca nhm ch o.
C th gm:
+ Ph gim c k thut/ trng phng k thut.
+ Qun c phn xng, qun l sn xut trc tip.
+ i trng nhm sn xut.
- i vi nh my c qui m va v nh thng ch t chc mt i SXSH
thc hin chc nng, nhim v ca c hai nhm trn, nhm ny gm:
+ Gim c k thut.
+ i din iu hnh sn xut (qun c phn xng, trng ca hay
cng nhn lnh ngh).
+ Qun l sn xut (ph trch bo dng thit b, an ton lao ng,
mi trng).
+ i din phng k hoch, ti chnh, tiu th sn phm v cung
ng vt t.
+ i din b phn kim tra cht lng.
+ C th mi thm t vn (SXSH, MT) bn ngoi.

 Nhim v 2: Lit k cc bc cng ngh:

Cc bc cng ngh sn xut cn c ch r (v s dng, lu gi, x l
v vn chuyn cht thi) c th hiu bit ng v qui trnh sn xut, cc khu
vc pht sinh cht thi chnh (ch r nguyn nhn pht sinh cht thi). Ngoi ra,
hot ng qun l ni vi v kim sot qu trnh sn xut cn nh gi r rng.
Cn ch c bit cc hot ng c tnh chu k v ti sinh (cc cht xc
tc, hp th,...).

Nguyn nh Hun

= 24 =

HBKN

Giao trnh SAN XUT SACH HN

Xc nh cc u vo v u ra quan trng nht, bao gm nguyn vt liu,

nng lng, nc, cht thi.

 Nhim v 3: Xc nh v la chn cc bc cng ngh gy lRng ph (trng

tm nh gi):

y l nhim v cn c u tin hng u. Khng i vo chi tit m i

ch cn nh gi tng th ton b cc bc cng ngh v cc mt nh lng
cht thi, mc nh hng n mi trng, nhng c hi gim thiu cht thi,
li nhun c tnh,...
S b xc nh th t u tin gia cc bc cng ngh v kha cnh:
- Kinh t: tn tht tnh bng tin theo dng thi.
- Mi trng: ti lng v thnh phn cc dng thi.
- K thut: c hi ci tin hy vng c th.
Mc tiu ca bc 1 c th tm lc trn s sau:

2/ Bc 2: (Phn tch cc bc cng ngh)

Bc ny gm vic thu thp v nh gi cc s liu mt cch chi tit i
vi cc bc cng ngh R la chn.

 Nhim v 1: Chun b s dng ca qu trnh:

- Xc nh tt c cc bc ca cng ngh.
- Lin kt cc bc cng ngh vi dng vt cht.
- M t tt c cc u vo v ra.

 Nhim v 2: Cn bng vt cht v nng lng:

Mc ch ca cn bng vt cht v nng lng l nhm lng ho dng
vt cht v cc tn tht trong qu trnh sn xut. Ngoi ra, s c s dng
gim st qu trnh thc hin SXSH.

Nguyn nh Hun

= 25 =

HBKN

Giao trnh SAN XUT SACH HN

Thng thng c th thnh lp theo tng thnh phn. V d nh cn bng

nc, cn bng si (trong ngnh dt), cn bng du,...
- Ngun s liu: o ti ch; ly t s sch, h s mua v bn hng; t bo
co sn xut,...
- nh gi cht lng s liu: v tin cy; chnh xc; tnh ton
din;...
Nguyn l cn bng da vo nh lut bo ton vt cht:

Nu khng c phn ng ho hc tn ng th:

 Ch :
+ Cn kim tra tnh ng nht ca n v o s dng.
+ Vt cht cng t v cng c hi th cn cn bng chnh xc hn.
+ Cn bng s c ngha hn nu xc lp cn bng cho tng hp cht, hp
phn.
+ Kim tra cho c th gip pht hin sai st.

 Nhim v 3: Tnh ton chi ph dng thi:

C th c tnh s b chi ph cho mi dng thi qua vic tnh chi ph ca
nguyn liu th v tn tht sn phm trung gian theo dng thi. Ngoi ra, nu
phn tch theo chi tit hn s a ra cc chi ph khc, gm:
 Chi ph ni b (bn trong):
+ Chi ph thu gom v x l cht thi.
+ Chi ph vn hnh cc thit b x l.
+ Chi ph tn tht nguyn vt liu th v sn phm (NVL th trong cht
thi, sn phm trong cht thi).
 Chi ph bn ngoi:
+ L ph thi.
+ Thu v chi ph khc.
V d: Hng mc chi ph dch en ca nh my giy:
- Hp phn

- Loi chi ph

+ Ho cht d

+ ni b (gi mua ho cht)

+ Tn tht si

+ ni b (gi mua si trung gian)

Nguyn nh Hun

= 26 =

HBKN

Giao trnh SAN XUT SACH HN

+ Tn tht nhit

+ ni b (nng lng- theo calo)

+ Ti lng nc thi

+ ni b (gi cc)

+ Ti lng COD

+ Chi ph x l v l ph thi.

 Nhim v 4: Xem xt qu trnh sn xut xc nh cc nguyn nhn sinh ra

cht thi:

Cc nguyn nhn khi xem xt qu trnh:

+ Qun l ni vi cha tt.
+ Cu th trong bo dng v vn hnh.
+ Cht lng v vic chn nguyn vt liu u vo km.
+ S b tr nh xng cha hp l.
+ Cng ngh sn xut lc hu.
+ Thit b my mc v b tr dy chuyn sn xut cha hp l.
+ Hiu sut qu trnh thp.
+ K nng tay ngh ca cn b, cng nhn cha c o to hp l.
3/ Bc 3: ( xut cc c hi SXSH)
Nguyn nhn pht sinh cht thi R c xc nh, i SXSH c th
chuyn sang phn nhn dng cc c hi SXSH.

 Nhim v 1: Xy dng cc c hi SXSH:

i SXSH bt u tm kim v la chn cc bin php c th loi tr cc
nguyn nhn gy ra cht thi. thc hin tt nhim v ny i SXSH cn phi:
 C ngun nng lc v thng tin:
+ Sng to, khuyn khch sng kin.
+ Tm kim sng kin t cc thnh vin bn ngoi i.
+ La chn mu: cn c vo s liu, s tay hng dn, cc bo co SXSH
trc ,...
 Kim tra cc kha cnh:
+ Ci tin sn phm.
+ Thay i nguyn liu u vo.
+ Thay i cng ngh.
+ Ci tin thit b.
+ Kim sot qu trnh sn xut tt hn.
+ Qun l ni vi tt.
+ Ti s dng hoc thu hi ti ch.

Nguyn nh Hun

= 27 =

HBKN

Giao trnh SAN XUT SACH HN

+ Sn xut cc sn phm c ch.

 Nhim v 2: La chn cc c hi c kh thi nht:

Cc c hi SXSH s c sng lc loi b cc c hi khng thc t.
Qu trnh loi b ny thng thng ch mang tnh nh tnh. Cc c hi cn li
s c nghin cu kh thi mt cch chi tit hn.
 Cc c hi SXSH cn phn thnh:
+ Cc c hi c th thc hin c ngay.
+ Cc c hi thc hin c nhng cn phn tch thm.
+ Cc c hi ra nhng khng kh thi cn loi b.
 nh gi s b cc c hi thc hin c :
+ Cht thi v pht thi hy vng gim c.
+ Tnh kh thi v kinh t c th t c.
+ Tnh kh thi v mt k thut c th thc thi c.
+ Tnh d dng khi trin khai thc hin.
Cn phi c s tham gia ca cc chuyn gia v cn b k thut chuyn
mn trong qu trnh nh gi s b.
V d: Sng lc cc c hi SXSH:

Nguyn nh Hun

= 28 =

HBKN

Giao trnh SAN XUT SACH HN

Mc tiu ca bc 3 c th tm lc trn s sau:

4/ Bc 4: (La chn cc gii php SXSH)

Tnh kh thi ca cc c hi SXSH c th thc hin c, cn phi c
nh gi chn ra cc gii php thc t nht.

 Nhim v 1: nh gi tnh kh thi v k thut:

Trc khi la chn 1 gii php trin khai, cn nh gi tc ng ca
gii php SXSH ti qu trnh sn xut, sn phm, sn lng, mc an
ton,... Khi phn tch tnh kh thi v k thut cn quan tm n cc kha cnh
sau:
- Cht lng sn phm.
- Nng sut sn phm.
- Yu cu v din tch.
- Thi gian ngng hot ng.
- So snh vi cc thit b hin c.
- Yu cu bo dng.
- Nhu cu o to.
- Phm vi sc kho v an ton ngh nghip.
Ngoi ra cn lp bng lit k nhng thay i k thut cn thit i vi vic
thc hin c hi SXSH l:

Nguyn nh Hun

= 29 =

HBKN

Giao trnh SAN XUT SACH HN

 Nhim v 2: nh gi tnh kh thi v kinh t :

Tnh kh thi kinh t cn c tnh ton da trn c s u t v tit kim
d tnh.
 Mt vi phng php c s dng trong thm nh u t:
+ So snh chi ph: so snh cc la chn c thu nhp nh nhau nhng
chi ph khc nhau.
+ So snh li ch: da trn thu nhp v khon tit kim ca tng la chn.
+ Hon vn u t: a li ch vo cng mi quan h vi vn u t.
+ Thi gian hon vn:
< 1-2 nm (d n n gin).
< 3-4 nm (d n c vn u t trung bnh).
< 5 nm (d n c vn u t cao).
Lu :
Tnh kh thi v ti chnh i vi cc doanh nghip va v nh l mt ch
tiu then cht trong qu trnh nh gi c hi SXSH. Do vy cn dnh u tin
cho vic nh gi cc gii php c chi ph thp m thng ch yu cu phn tch
n gin m thi gian hon vn nhanh. i vi nhng gii php yu cu vn u
t cao hn, cn c cc nh gi thch hp nhm m bo tnh kh thi v kinh t.
Ch tiu kinh t:
Thi gian thu hi vn =

Vn u t
Dng tin thu c

y l ch tiu phn nh mc ri ro v l qui tc nhanh cho cc d n nh.

Nguyn nh Hun

= 30 =

HBKN

Giao trnh SAN XUT SACH HN

 Nhim v 3: nh gi kha cnh mi trng:

Phn ln SXSH u mang li ch mi trng. Tuy nhin vi nhng gii
php phc tp cn c s thay i v nguyn vt liu u vo hoc qu trnh ho
hc th nn nh gi xem SXSH c thc s lm gim cc cht c hi v ti
lng cht thi vo mi trng hay khng?
nh gi cc ci thin mi trng thng qua cc ch tiu:
- Gim pht sinh cc cht thi.
- Gim tnh c hi ca cht thi.
- Gim tiu th nng lng.
- Gim tiu th NVL th (k c c hi, khng th ti to c).
- Gim tiu th nc.
- Gim ti lng cht thi.

 Nhim v 4: La chn cc gii php thc hin:

Tng hp cc kt qu nh gi v k thut, ti chnh v mi trng
chn ra nhng gii php thc tin v kh thi nht. C th s dng phng php
cng c trng s chn cc gii php SXSH nh sau:

Mc tiu ca bc 4 c th tm lc trn s sau:

Nguyn nh Hun

= 31 =

HBKN

Giao trnh SAN XUT SACH HN

5/ Bc 5: (Thc hin cc gii php SXSH)

Cc gii php SXSH c tnh kh thi cao nht s c la chn thc
hin, c th ngay sau khi pht hin ra (v d nh sa cha cc ch r r, ban hnh
cc ch dn lm vic) m khng cn lp k hoch c tnh h thng trin khai.
t c mc tiu ny cn thc hin cc nhim v:

 Nhim v 1: Chun b thc hin: bao gm:

- Lit k mt cch chi tit cc thng s k thut ca thit b my mc.
-

Chun b k hoch xy dng chi tit.

nh gi so snh v la chn cc thit b t cc nh cung cp khc nhau.

C k hoch hp l gim thi gian lp t.

 Nhim v 2: Thc hin cc gii php kh thi:

Thc hin nhim v ny cn tin hnh:
- Gim st cng tc xy dng v lp t:
+ Kim sot tin cng vic.
+ Kim sot cc thng s lp t v thit b.
- Chun b a vo hot ng:
+ Mua cc ha cht, ph tng,...
+ Lp k hoch bo dng, phng nga.
+ o to cng nhn, c cng v cn b k thut.

 Nhim v 3: Gim st v nh gi kt qu:

y l cng vic cn lm nhm tm ra cc nguyn nhn dn n cc sai
lch so vi mc tiu R ra cng nh thng tin cho cp lRnh o v duy tr
cam kt ca h i vi SXSH.
Cng vic c th:
- Gim st kt qu:
+ La chn phng php o m (thay i v lng cht thi, v mc
tiu hao ngun lc, v li nhun).
+ Ch n cc thay i v tng sn lng sn xut, v sn phm.
- nh gi kt qu:
+ So snh cc li ch t c vi li ch d kin.
+ Tm kim cc gii php c c cc li ch cao hn na t cc thit b
lp t.
+ Thm tra chng minh qu trnh lp t v vn hnh ph hp vi cc
thng s k thut.

Nguyn nh Hun

= 32 =

HBKN

Giao trnh SAN XUT SACH HN

Bc 5 c th tm lc theo s sau:

6/ Bc 6: (Duy tr SXSH)
Duy tr v cng c mt chng trnh SXSH thc s l mt thch thc.
Vic cn phi lm l hp nht chng trnh SXSH vi tin trnh k hoch ha
bnh thng ca cng ty.
Cha kha cho thnh cng lu di l phi thu ht s tham gia ca cng
nhiu nhn vin cng tt, cng nh c ch khen thng cho nhng ngi xut
sc.
V c bn, giai on ny cn thc hin cc nhim v:

 Nhim v 1: Duy tr cc gii php SXSH, cn:

- Lp k hoch cho cc nhn t:
+ Trong c cu t chc c thnh phn SXSH.
+ o to v khuyn khch cn b cng nhn vin.
+ C chnh sch v chin lc di hn i vi SXSH.
+ Lng ghp SXSH vo chng trnh pht trin cng ngh.
- C cu t chc:
+ Cn phi bm r chc chn trong cc phng sn xut.
+ Cn ch n pht sinh cht thi.
+ Phng mi trng v k thut cn tham gia vo ci tin rng hn.
- S tham gia ca cng nhn vin vo SXSH:

Nguyn nh Hun

= 33 =

HBKN

Giao trnh SAN XUT SACH HN

+ Khng ngng duy tr o to thay i nhn thc.

+ Thng tin ni b hai chiu mang li ch cho SXSH.
+ Cn c khen thng kp thi i vi tp th v c nhn c thnh tch xut
sc.
- Lng ghp SXSH vo qu trnh pht trin cng ngh:
+ Cc k hoch bo dng phng nga.
+ Kim tra kha cnh mi trng i vi cc thit b mi.
+ Lng ghp nhn thc SXSH vo cc chng trnh.

 Nhim v 2: Xc nh v la chn cc bc cng ngh gy lRng ph:

Sau khi R ci thin cc hot ng mi trng ca cc gii php R la
chn, cn phi chn trng tm kim ton SXSH tip theo. Cc trng tm kim
ton mi c chn s tun th theo cc bc kim ton R trnh by trn (bt
u t bc 2: phn tch cc cng on).
Nhim v ny cn thc hin:
- nh gi cc cng on sn xut v:
+ Mc pht sinh cht thi.
+ Mc chi ph mi trng ni b v bn ngoi.
+ Mc qun l.
+ Tim nng c th c cc ci tin.
- La chn cc trng tm c trin vng nht.
- Vch k hoch kim ton cho cc k hoch m rng v nng cp.
Bc 6 c th tm lc theo s sau:

Nguyn nh Hun

= 34 =

HBKN