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Land
M.Hanuman Sastry
DGM(GP) ONGC
Introduction
Hydrocarbon Exploration involves locating
X, Y, Z of HC bearing reservoirs and
inferring their characteristics
G & G surveys are carried out to converge
from a larger area to a drilling location
Geological surveys : To identify Sedimentary
Basins
Introduction
Geological Surveys to converge from large
area to Sedimentary Basins
Introduction
Geological study of Basin Evolution, Depositional
Environment, Tectonic Activity etc.,
Introduction
Geophysical Gravity & Magnetic Surveys
to converge from Basins to Major Tectonic Blocks
Introduction
Geophysical GM & Regional 2D Seismic
Surveys to delineate Tectonic elements
Introduction
Geophysical Semi Detailed 2D Seismic Surveys
to identify Geological structural features
URA
BARAM
N
MURA
ATHARA
E
CLIN
SYN
URA
AM
TU L
A
HAP
BOG
IA
JAL
GO
Introduction
Geophysical Detailed 2D Seismic Surveys to delineate
individual structural elements (HC Reservoirs)
Introduction
Geophysical 3D Seismic Surveys to
delineate / develop identified reservoirs
Stages of Exploration
Gravity Magnetic exploration methods:
To delineate the basin with a generalized picture of the
sub- surface
2D seismic reflection method:
To find structures within the basins which are favorable
for hydrocarbon exploration
Close Grid 2D seismic reflection:
To map the structures precisely
Stages of Exploration
3D Seismic Reflection methods
To delineate strati-structural features and to
understand reservoir characterization
4D Seismic
For identification of bypassed oil as well as thermal
front movement
Multi-component Seismic
To detect the gas clouds, to identify the facies
variation within reservoir sequence and to
understand fractures
3D Seismic Imaging
Coarse Grid 2D
(reconnasance)
Semi-detailed 2D
Detailed 3D
High resolution-3D
Xl
in
e
Se
ct
io
Inline Section
Time
Slice
Chair Display
2D SEISMIC
TWO DIMENSIONAL IMAGE OF THE SUB SURFACE
3D SEISMIC
THREE
DIMENSIONAL
IMAGES
OF
SUBSURFACE
FIRST DIMENSION : X (ALONG THE LINE)
SECOND DIMENSION : Y (ACROSS THE LINE)
THIRD DIMENSION : T (TRAVEL TIME)
THE
Basement
Reserve Accretion
Discovery Of New Oil Pools
More Oil From Known Fields
Enhanced Oil Recovery
Rc = Ar / Ai
Tc = At / Ai
Tc = 1 - Rc
Introduction of a seismic
pulse into the ground.
2.
Pulse spreading as a
down going seismic wave
front.
3.
Reflection at a boundary
between rock layers.
4.
5.
Recording at a receiver
on the earth's surface.
Reflection Survey
Shot
surface
Receiver
Layer-1
Layer-2
Layer-3
Seismic
Trace
0
Arrival
time
Seismic events
Travel
time curves are fundamental to any understanding and
- Air
wave
discrimination of seismic events.
-
-
Direct wave
Surface
Differentwave
kinds of events may be recognized by their travel time
characteristics,
amplitude variations, and relationship to related
Refracted
wave
events:
Reflection
Head wave
Diffraction
Ghost
Multiples
High velocity
Direct Arrival
2D Seismic Record
Reflection
from subsurface
Refraction
Low velocity
Air waves
Low velocity
Ground Roll
Seismic Methods :
Refraction
Reflection
Energy
Source
EARTH
SUBSURFACE
Black Box
VIBRATOR
DD
OD
Geophone
Amplified
Digitized / Sampled Delta Sigma Technology
Formatted in SEG standards
Analyzed for Quality
Recorded on Storage media
FIELD LAYOUT
End On:
Limited number of channels and required far offset is large.
ASS:
Interest is shallow as well as deep
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Xr
Xs
Xs
Xm
SWATH-1
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SWATH-2
12
#1
PKt
#2 #3 # 4 . #47 #48
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CMP/CDP Gather
CMP
CDP/CMP Gather