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Seismic Data Acquisition

Land

M.Hanuman Sastry
DGM(GP) ONGC

Introduction
Hydrocarbon Exploration involves locating
X, Y, Z of HC bearing reservoirs and
inferring their characteristics
G & G surveys are carried out to converge
from a larger area to a drilling location
Geological surveys : To identify Sedimentary
Basins

Geological study of Basin Evolution,


Depositional Environment, Tectonic
Activity etc., to determine the possibility of
HC reservoirs formation.

Introduction
Geological Surveys to converge from large
area to Sedimentary Basins

Introduction
Geological study of Basin Evolution, Depositional
Environment, Tectonic Activity etc.,

Introduction
Geophysical Gravity & Magnetic Surveys
to converge from Basins to Major Tectonic Blocks

Introduction
Geophysical GM & Regional 2D Seismic
Surveys to delineate Tectonic elements

Introduction
Geophysical Semi Detailed 2D Seismic Surveys
to identify Geological structural features
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ATHARA

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CLIN
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HAP
BOG

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Introduction
Geophysical Detailed 2D Seismic Surveys to delineate
individual structural elements (HC Reservoirs)

Introduction
Geophysical 3D Seismic Surveys to
delineate / develop identified reservoirs

Stages of Exploration
Gravity Magnetic exploration methods:
To delineate the basin with a generalized picture of the
sub- surface
2D seismic reflection method:
To find structures within the basins which are favorable
for hydrocarbon exploration
Close Grid 2D seismic reflection:
To map the structures precisely

Stages of Exploration
3D Seismic Reflection methods
To delineate strati-structural features and to
understand reservoir characterization

4D Seismic
For identification of bypassed oil as well as thermal
front movement

Multi-component Seismic
To detect the gas clouds, to identify the facies
variation within reservoir sequence and to
understand fractures

3D Seismic Imaging

Coarse Grid 2D
(reconnasance)
Semi-detailed 2D
Detailed 3D
High resolution-3D

Xl
in
e

Se
ct
io

Inline Section

Viewing 3D data in many ways

Time
Slice
Chair Display

2D SEISMIC
TWO DIMENSIONAL IMAGE OF THE SUB SURFACE

FIRST DIMENSION : X (DISTANCE ALONG THE LINE)

SECOND DIMENSION : T (TRAVEL TIME)

RECONNAISANCE SEISMIC SURVEY


GRID : 8 KM X 12 KM

SEMI DETAILED SEISMIC SURVEY


GRID: 4 KM X 4 KM

DETAILED SEISMIC SURVEY


GRID : 1KM X 1KM

Final Processed Data(2D)

Provides some geological meaning. Is not it ?

3D SEISMIC
THREE

DIMENSIONAL

IMAGES

OF

SUBSURFACE
FIRST DIMENSION : X (ALONG THE LINE)
SECOND DIMENSION : Y (ACROSS THE LINE)
THIRD DIMENSION : T (TRAVEL TIME)

THE

Final Processed Data(3D)


CYOSN2 3D (MIGRATION)
SEISCHAIR

Paleocene wedge out

Lower cretacious top

Basement

The 3D extention of wedge out within paleocene is clearly brought out

But how do we get here ?

Objective of Seismic Survey


To understand geological structure and stratigraphy
at different Target depths.
In the oil industry - to reduce the risk of drilling dry
wells

Reserve Accretion
Discovery Of New Oil Pools
More Oil From Known Fields
Enhanced Oil Recovery

Principles of Seismic Reflection Survey


Seismic reflection profiling is an echo sounding
technique.
-

- A acoustic impulse is issued into the Earth at a surface


location and the sub-surface response is recorded by a
group of receivers placed on the surface surrounding the
source location for some duration of time.
- The interface is often a geological boundary.
- Travel-time to the reflectors and the velocity of
propagation is required to construct the geometry of the
reflecting interfaces which are interpreted in terms of
geological structures in depth.

ENERGY PARTITIONING AT INTERFACES.


REFLECTION (Rc) AND TRANSMISSION (Tc) COEFFICIENTS

Rc = Ar / Ai

Tc = At / Ai

Tc = 1 - Rc

SEISMIC REFLECTION SURVEY


1.

Introduction of a seismic
pulse into the ground.

2.

Pulse spreading as a
down going seismic wave
front.

3.

Reflection at a boundary
between rock layers.

4.

The pulse travels


upwards as a reflected
wave front.

5.

Recording at a receiver
on the earth's surface.

Reflection Survey
Shot

surface

Receiver

Layer-1
Layer-2
Layer-3

Seismic
Trace

0
Arrival
time

Seismic events
Travel
time curves are fundamental to any understanding and
- Air
wave
discrimination of seismic events.

-
-

Direct wave
Surface
Differentwave
kinds of events may be recognized by their travel time
characteristics,
amplitude variations, and relationship to related
Refracted
wave
events:
Reflection
Head wave
Diffraction
Ghost
Multiples

Different seismic events

High velocity
Direct Arrival

2D Seismic Record
Reflection
from subsurface
Refraction

Low velocity
Air waves
Low velocity
Ground Roll

Geophysical Exploration Methods


Geophysical Surveys :
Natural Source Methods :

Gravity & Magnetic, Magneto Telluric, Passive Seismic etc.

Induced Source Methods :

Seismic , Electrical etc.

Seismic Methods :
Refraction
Reflection

Four Major Components of Seismic Surveys :

Source (Acoustic energy)


Earth Reflectivity System
Receivers (Geophones Land, Hydrophones Marine)
Recording (Digital) System & Ground Electronics

Seismic Data Acquisition - Land


Energy Source :
To induce Acoustic Energy

Ideally to Generate Infinite Energy in Infinitesimally Small time


The time domain graph is a Spike (zero to infinite frequencies)
Dynamite, Vibroseis, Airgun etc.,

Earth Reflectivity System :


Assumed to have layers of Varying Velocity & Density
Reflection takes place at the layer boundaries
(Acoustic Impedance Contrast)
Earth acts as a Low (Frequency) Pass Filter (1-150 Hz)

Receivers (Geophones Land)


Electro Mechanical Transducers

Voltage Output proportional to the velocity of the vertical


motion of particles (Multi-Component Geophones also exists)
Should be responsive to all the useful frequency range

Seismic Data Acquisition - Land


Recording
Equipment
Ground
Electronics
V
Receiver

Energy
Source

EARTH
SUBSURFACE
Black Box

Seismic Data Acquisition - Land


Energy Source : Where to keep ?
Dynamite : (Sub-Surface Source)

In shallow sub-surface (5-50 mt.) by drilling Shot Holes


In a medium having compact formation (Sticky Clay) having
Higher Velocity for proper energy transmission
This medium is identified by conducting Up-Hole or SR
surveys and making a Near Surface Model
Source Wave form can not be controlled

Vibroseis : (Surface Source)

Used when dynamite can not be used Inhabited areas and


Sandy areas
A metallic plate overlaid with heavy weight is vibrated in a preset frequency pattern (Sweep)
Controlled Source

VIBRATOR

T-D Curve From Uphole Surveys

Up-Hole Survey Pulse Amplitude Study

Near Surface Model

DD

OD

Seismic Data Acquisition - Land

Receivers : How many ? Where to place ?


Geophones : (Group of sensors connected in Series)

Planted on the Surface coupled Vertically to the surface


At many places (100s in 2D to 1000s in 3D) in a regular grid
surrounding the Source (Shot Point) Location to catch
reflected signals from Dipping Layers
A pair of source-receiver generates a Seismic Trace
The Distance between Source and Receiver is Called Offset
Offsets ranging from zero to 5000-6000 mt. (or more) at
intervals of 30 / 40 mt. are covered
Thumb rule : Maximum offset equal to the Target depth

Geophone

Seismic Data Acquisition - Land


Recording System :
The signals (Seismic Traces) received by the
Geophones are :

Amplified
Digitized / Sampled Delta Sigma Technology
Formatted in SEG standards
Analyzed for Quality
Recorded on Storage media

The Trace Data along with Meta Data viz., Positional


Information, Observers Report, XYZ of Sources and
Receivers is sent to Processing Centers

FIELD LAYOUT

TYPE OF RECEIVER SPREAD


Split Spread:

Minimizes shadow zones


Ensure up dip shooting for half of ray paths
Cost effective
Easy to correct positioning of shot location in processing
centre
In-between the pickets provides better offsets.

End On:
Limited number of channels and required far offset is large.

ASS:
Interest is shallow as well as deep

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Xr

Common Midpoint (CDP-15.5)

Common shot (S-7)

Common offset (7GI)

Xs

Common receiver (R-12)

Common receiver (R-12)

Common Midpoint (CDP-15.5)

Common shot (S-7)

Xs

Common offset (7GI)


Surface diagram or Surface stacking chart ( shot/receiver and shot/midpoint coordinate system )

Xm

SWATH-1

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SWATH-2

12

#1
PKt

#2 #3 # 4 . #47 #48

4 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56

Different gather type

Red denotes shot point position

Green denotes receiver position

Yellow denotes coincidence of


short and receiver position

CMP/CDP Gather
CMP

CDP/CMP Gather

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