PART A ( SMALL QUESTION)

1. State the materials used for boiler tubes in an auxiliary boiler.

Ans. The boiler tube materials common used are SA -178 as it is economical cost wise. This
standard of tubes are used for aux boiler and they are known as low carbon steel where carbon is
0.18 max or medium carbon steel of carbon 0.35 max.
2. Why end plate are spherical preferred over flat ends?
Ans. Dished or spherical end-plates give a higher strength than flat end-plates of similar
thickness.
3.What are the dangers of low water level ?
Ans:-Low water level: Boiler surfaces gets overheated / collapse and if we pump in more
feedwater it will lead to explosion due to large amount of steam being produced. To avoid this
we must switch off the boiler and allow it to cool.
4. What are the dangers of high water level?
Ans:-High water level: due to high water the amount of steam being produced will become less
and water will be carried to the system. To avoid this feed water pump to be stopped.
5. What is the role of FD fan in boiler firing?
Ans:-The Forced draft fan purges all explosives gas present inside the furnace before starting
and after completion of firing, as these gas are dangerous for boiler front explosion. The FD fan
supplies oxygen continuously during firing and is responsible for complete combustion of fuel.
6.Name the different types in Foster boiler?
Ans:-1. Foster tube D type boiler
2.Foster wheeler ESD I boiler
3.Foster wheeler ESD II boiler
4.Foster wheeler ESD III boiler
5.Foster wheeler ESD IV boiler
6.Foster wheeler ESRD boiler
7.Foster wheeler D type reheat boiler
8. Foster wheeler controlled superheat boiler
9.Foster wheeler DSD boiler
10. Foster wheeler ESD & D type boiler.
7. State the various types of Babcock boilers installed on board ship.
Ans:-1.Babcock & Wilcox header boiler.
2. Babcock selectable super heater boiler
3. Babcock MR type boiler
4. Babcock & wilcox integral furnace boiler

8. What are the uses of steam on board ship?

Ans:-Use of steam on board ship
1. To drive main propulsion steam turbine
2. To run cargo pump turbines in tanker.
3. Heating duties. Me fuel oil heater, purifier heaters, oil tank heating, cargo heating, air
conditioning and heating plant, calorifier, galley supply, sea chests, tracer lines for for
pipe line heating etc
4. To run turbine generators.
5. To run cargo pump turbines.
6. To drive deck machineries like winches.
7. to drive steam driven bilge. stripping and other Steam driven pumps.
8. To drive boiler feed pump turbine.
9. Tank washing in tanker ships.
10. For boiler soot blowers and steam atomized burners.
9. Why is gauge glass fitted on the boiler and how will you check its working condition?
Ans:-The gauge glass is fitted on the boiler to check the water level in the boiler. Two gauge
glasses are fitted in most boilers. The gauge glass may mal-function if the steam or water
passages, blocked by scales or deposits formed in the boiler. The working condition can be
checked by blowing down the gauge glass periodically to confirm the steam and water side are
clear.
10. How many safety valves are there in an auxiliary boiler?
Ans:- There are two safety valves fitted for safety purpose as one does not open, the other valves
will open avoid explosion of boiler. The lifting pressure are set 3% above the working pressure.
11.Name the different types of boiler burners fitted in oil fired boilers
Ans:- There are six main types of burner in common use
Pressure jet
Spill type pressure jet
Variable orifice pressure jet
Spinning cup
Steam assisted
Ultrasonic
12. What is gland-sealing steam with reference to a turbine?
Answer: Low-pressure steam is led to a sealing gland. The steam seals the gland, which may be a
carbon ring or of the labyrinth type, against air at the vacuum end of the shaft.
13. Which pump is used to circulate water to the economizer and when do you start/stop this
pump?
Ans:- Boiler water circulating pump is used to circulate water to the economizer. This pump
circulates from Auxiliary boiler to economizer and to be started two hours before sailing and
must stop two hours after arrival at the port.

14. What action is taken when oil is found in the water level gauge glass?
Answer: Stop the burner immediately. Oil present, even small quantities, in boiler water will
cause foaming and moisture carry-over. It also forms a heat insulating film, sometimes a
carbonized layer, over tubes or shell surfaces. Even a very thin layer may result in tube or plate
material failure due to overheating. The oil manifests itself by forming an oily ring inside the
water gauge glasses, at the water level. The boiler requires to cool down, blow down full water
and chemically clean the internal for a day or two till all the oil is removed and such procedures
are not possible to carry out at sea and carried out by shored based workshop.
15. What is a stay tube?
Ans. Stay tubes : A stay tube is a thick walled tube, the end of which is usually thickened by
upsetting to compensate for threading. Such tubes are used for staying tube sheets into which
they are screwed and expanded. The max stress in a screwed stay tube is not to exceed 527
KG/cm2.the stay tubes are screwed with the tube plate they are to be screwed with a continuous
thread not finer than 11 threads per 25.4 mm at both ends and are to be expanded in to the tube
plate by roller expander.
16. What is the size of a Plain tubes?
Ans: Plain tubes : Size 63.5mm to 88.9mm OD, with thickness 3 to 4.5mm.
17. What are the dangers of low water level?
Ans.Low water level: the boiler surfaces gets overheated / collapse and if we pump in more
feedwater it will lead to explosion due to large amount of steam being produced. To avoid this
we must switch off the boiler and allow it to cool.
18. What are the dangers of high water level?
Ans:-High water level: due to high water the amount of steam being produced will become less
and water will be carried to the system. To avoid this the feed water pump to be stopped.
19.Name any three mountings and explain their use for an auxiliary boiler.
MAIN STOP VALVE:
This is mounted on the super heater outlet header, and enables the boiler to be isolated from the
steam line.
If two or more boilers are fitted supplying steam to a common line, the stop valve on each boiler
must be a screw down, non-return type.
This is to prevent steam from the other boilers flowing into a damaged boiler in the event of a
loss of pressure due to a burst tube.
In some cases the main stop valve incorporates an automatic closing device, designed to operate
in emergency.
AUXILIAR STOP VALVE:This is smaller version of the main stop valve isolates the boiler from
auxiliary steam lines, and these are screw down non return valves to prevent steam blowing back
in to the boiler.
FEED CHECK VALVES These are fitted to give final control over the entry of feed water into
the boiler and they must be screw down, non-return valves so that, in the event of a loss of feed
the boiler water cannot blow back into the feed line.
Main and auxiliary feed checks valves are fitted.

Extended spindles are usually fitted so that than valves can be operated at convenient position.

PART B

(BIG QUESTIONS)

1.Write short notes on boiler safety valve pressure setting?

Ans. The range of setting of all the safety valves on the boiler should not exceed 10% of the
working pressure. The lifting pressure is set at 3% of working pressure.
TESTING SAFETY VALVE. a) By the accumulation test, which consists of shutting off all
other steam-discharge outlets from the boiler and forcing the fires to the maximum. The
safety valve capacity should be sufficient to prevent a pressure in excess of 10% above the
maximum allowable working pressure by continuous firing of boiler.
b) Hot setting :-One valve is gagged and the other tested for the correct pressure as required and
sealed. Later the valve gagged is inter-changed and tested/sealed.
c) Cold setting:- valves normally opened for inspection and overhaul should be assembled. It is
later tested hydro tested carried out with the required pressure in the workshop. The cold setting
definitely is different than the hot setting, this is due to the thermal expansion of the metal in
place.
2. State the advantages of corrugated furnaces in a boiler.
Ans. The corrugated construction gives additional strength, flexibility and increased heating
surface area. It minimizes thermal stresses and makes the furnace inherently flexible. By offering
uniform stress distribution, corrugated furnaces ensure long life of the boiler. It also helps in
increasing the moment of inertia for a given thickness and a consequent increase in maximum
possible operating pressure. There is a slight heat absorbing over a plain furnace of same
diameter and length. It is made to withstand expansion during change in load.
3. Write briefly about Cochran Boilers.
This boiler is ideal for producing low pressure steam and used as auxiliary boilers. The hot gas is
contained inside tubes and the water surrounding. Cleaning the tubes is easier as no slag
formation. In the case of water tube, the deposits can be formed on both the tubes and the casing,
while in the fire tube it is only inside the tubes.
There are two types of Cochrane boilers 1. the oil fired boiler used only in port and 2.composite
boiler, where exhaust gases of main engine can be used to produce steam at sea and oil fired in
ports. Various safety alarms are fitted for the safety of the crew and the boiler. These alarms are
tested periodically for confirming its operation.
4.What is a spanner boiler and brief its outline?
The boiler consists of an outer shell enclosing a cylindrical furnace which is connected by
vertical smoke tubes to a cylindrical smoke box at the top of the boiler. The vertical smoke tubes
known as swirly flow tubes have a special twist along the greater part of their length, only a short
portion at each, end being left plain to allow for expansion. These tubes are more efficient than
normal plain smoke tubes in that they cause the gases passing through to swirl, so coming into
more intimate contact with the tube wall and therefore increasing the rate of heat transfer.
No stays are required for the outer shell and for the internals. Only the flat tube plates need to be
supported; this is done by stay tubes, of plain section, expanded and then welded into the tube

plates. Internal access is obtained by means of a manhole in the outer shell, and by hand holes
and sight holes cut at strategic positions in the shell to allow for cleaning and inspection.
5. What do you know about an aux boiler and economizer?
Ans. The economizer acts as a super heater to the aux-boiler steam. The economizer mostly uses
waste exhaust gas from main engine. The aux.boiler water is circulated through the economiser
with the help of a Boiler water circulating pump. The economizer should be periodically soot
blown off the tubes and also manually water wash, to avoid uptake fire due to the accumulation
of carbon from the flue gas. The aux boiler is an oil fired boiler. It is normally used in ports to
produce saturated steam. The aux boiler water is fed through a feed water pump from a boiler
cascade tank. The water is preheated to approximately 70 to 80 deg.C in the cascade tank before
feeding to aux boiler. The aux boiler works either on automatic and can be operated during
trouble shooting on manual mode. There are numerous burner controls installed for safety of the
boiler and to the ship crew. These controls are periodically tested to ensure they are in order.
6. State the difference between fire tube boiler and water tube boiler.
Water Tube Boilers :-Suitable for high steam pressure and temperature with large capacities
exceeding millions of kgs/hr of steam. Various types of fuels can be fired with ease including.If
the gas side is dirty provision is made for cleaning using soot blowers. Due to low water volume,
the startup time is lesser and response to load changes is faster compared to fire tube boilers. Due
to higher heat transfer coefficients surface area required is lesser and hence gas pressure drop is
also lower.
Fire Tube Boilers:-Ideal for low pressure steam. The pressure can be nearly twice in water tube
designs for the same tube thickness. Suitable for high pressures as gas is contained inside tubes.
Cleaning the tubes is easier if there is no slag. In the case of water tube, the deposits can be
formed on both the tubes and the casing, while in the fire tube it is only inside the tubes.
7. What is the difference between stay tube and plain tube?
Ans. Stay tubes : A stay tube is a thick walled tube, the end of which is usually thickened by
upsetting to compensate for threading. Such tubes are used for staying tube sheets into which
they are screwed and expanded. The max stress in a screwed stay tube is not to exceed 527
KG/cm2.the stay tubes are screwed with the tube plate they are to be screwed with a continuous
thread not finer than 11 threads per 25.4 mm at both ends and are to be expanded in to the tube
plate by roller expander.
Plain tubes: Plain tubes :Size 63.5mm to 88.9mm OD, with thickness 3 to 4.5mm.
8. What are the uses of the following in the steam system 1) reducing valve 2) steam traps and
3) steam drains.
A.Steam reducing valves are used to reduce steam pressure for using in engine room services
where low pressure is required. This can be reduced from main line pressure of 6kg/cm2 to 4
kg/cm2.

B.A steam trap is a device used to discharge condensate. Nearly all steam traps are nothing more
than automatic valves. They open, close or modulate automatically. Three important functions of
steam traps are 1. To discharge condensate as soon as it is formed. 2. Not to allow steam to
escape.
C.Steam drains are placed in the outlet and inlet line to drain the condensate to avoid steam
hammering , thus causing accidents. Water in steam systems result in impingement, erosion and
corrosion which can cause major damage to equipment and piping. Steam propulsion plants
have various drain collecting systems which collect and gather this water for reuse. These drain
collecting systems are vital in keeping the steam propulsion plant as efficient as possible. The
basic steam cycle assumes nearly all steam is ultimately converted back to water and reused.
When water is lost from the cycle, additional water is added to compensate for the loss.
Contamination of any steam drain collecting system can prevent the reuse of those steam drains,
causing a decrease in overall plant efficiency.
9. What is blow back / boiler front explosion with respect to aux. boiler?
Ans. When the flame failure alarm sound, trying out firing the boiler numerous time on manual
mode without any success may cause oil injection (without ignition) inside the furnace. The oil
thus collected inside the furnace, may ignite at any time during re- firing in auto or manual
mode. The sudden burning of this high quantity of oil causes abnormal high pressure causing the
furnace door rupture and leading burns to the ship crew. This is the reason that standing in front
of the boiler furnace is prohibited for safety. This term is called blow back or boiler front
explosion.
10. How are soot blowers operated and where are they located?
When burning heavy fuel the heating surfaces are subjected to due to deposits .Soot blowers are
fitted in suitable position for blowing out the deposits by jets of high pressure steam or air .The
jet being caused to move through an arc while in operation. These are situated in the combustion
chambers and the nozzles of special heat resisting steel are so arranged that while not actually in
operation they are drawn back within a protective housing. The efficiency of the blower depends
upon the conversion of pressure energy of the blowing medium to kinetic energy this results in
high velocity of the jet impinging upon the fouled surface. The water should be drained prior to
soot blowing to avoid acid attack if it comes in contact with carbon.
11. How will you prepare Aux. boiler for survey ?
Ans.
Boiler to be shut down, cooled and ventilated.
All Boiler mountings to be dismantled, cleaned, overhauled and exhibit.
Water side manhole doors to be opened up and if any water present to be removed and
kept dry.
All hand hole doors to be opened, cleaned and kept ready with gaskets.

Furnace side to be cleaned dry.

Both safety valves to dismantle overhauled and kept ready.
Boiler burners to be kept overhauled and ready.
Boiler is ready for survey.

12. How will you overhaul a fuel oil burner of an aux.boiler?

Shut off the boiler completely and switch off the circuit breaker.
Place a placard MEN AT WORK.
Shut off all fuel valves right from the tank to the main burner.
Disconnect burner and transport to workshop for overhauling.
Overhaul burner by lapping orifice plate/ seat.
All parts to wash thoroughly with clean diesel oil and blow through with air.
Clean and assemble all parts in order.
Main burner after overhaul to fix it in position by tightening the holding bolt.
Connect all connections and purge system.
Start the forced draft fan and purge all explosive gases from the furnace.
Start the boiler firing by keeping off from the front to avoid blow back.
Finally adjust the air/fuel ratio for low and high combustion.

13. Explain primary flame of a main burner of an oil fired boiler.

Primary Flame-To burn oil the temperature must be raised to vaporization temperature,
this cannot be done in heaters due to gassing but is done by radiant heat in the flame.
The lighter hydrocarbons in the atomized spray are rapidly heated and burnt in the
primary flame.
The heavier fractions pass through this achieving their vaporization temperature.
The primary flame is essential to good combustion. By design the primary flame exists
where it receives maximum reflected heat from the shape of the quarl.
The size of the primary flame just fills the quarl space.
Too large and impingement leads to carbon deposits building up. Too small unheated
secondary air reduces combustion efficiency.
The tip plate creates vortices reducing the mixing time for the air/fuel and reduces the
forward speed of the flame
14. Discuss briefly about Clarkson timble tube boiler.
Ans:- This type of boiler will generate steam by means of exhaust gas and oil firing, many
different arrangements are possible, the one shown is the Clarkson composite boiler which
makes use of thimble tubes for heat steam generation. The only restriction is that it must not be
possible to have oil firing and exhaust gas firing on the same heating surface at the same time. If
this were the case there would be the possibility of exhaust gas entering the engine room through

the burner section or of blowback due to the action of exhaust gas and oil firing. There would
also be a risk of poor engine performance due to exhaust back pressure, in order to avoid
problems and ensure that full use is made of exhaust gases even at slow speeds it is usual to have
completely separate oil and exhaust fired heating sections.

15. What is an Aalborg boiler and how does it produce steam?

Ans:- The fuel is burnt in a furnace surrounded by water wall, which by receiving radiant heat
from the furnace flame increases the evaporation rate of the boiler. It greatly reduces the amount
of refractory material for the furnace. The hot gases from furnace flows over the vertical water
filled generating tubes, giving up heat finally entering the boiler uptake. .
Positive circulation of water is assisted by a number of external down comers taking water from
the stearn drum to a header. This header then distributes the water to the water wall tubes,around
the flue pipe. The water passes through numerous generating tubes to enter finally to a
cylindrical steam drum at the top of the boiler.
16.Write short notes on Babcock MR type boiler.
Boiler consists of a fully water cooled furnace and a fully water cooled
chamber containing the integral convection heating surfaces.
These two are separated by a membrane screen wall which is gas
tight.
The oil burners are mounted in the roof of the furnace.
The combustion gas pass down the whole height of the furnace giving
long flame travel and extended furnace time.
The gases leaving the furnace pass through over super heater and
economiser.
The super heating surface consists of primary and secondary system.
Final steam temperature is controlled by attemperator.

17.Draw a simple diagram showing a steam turbine and gravity lubricating

tank.

18. Describe all the methods of staying a Scotch Marine Boiler. State the
various stays are fitted.
Ans:- All flat surfaces in the Scotch Boiler are supported by stays.
1. The front and back top plates are stayed together by long bars screwed at
each end and fitted with washers and nuts inside and outside the plate.
These are called steam space stays.
2. Flat back of the combustion chamber are stayed to the back plate of the
boiler by bars which are continuously screwed into both plates and thin nuts
fitted at both ends. These are called Combustion chamber stays.

3. The combustion chamber sides are also supported in the same manner by
stays, as No: 2.
4. The front plate of the combustion chamber is stayed to the tube plate by
stay tubes. One third of total numbers of tubes are stay tubes. Stay tubes are
thicker than normal tubes. Screwed through the plates and fitted with thin
nuts. The other end expanded.
5. Flat top of combustion chamber is strengthened by number of girders
which are stayed by studs screwed through the top of the wrapper plate and
fitted with nuts.
19. What is attemperator and explain with a simple sketch?

One of the methods used to control the final steam temperature is by using attemperation. Feed
water of having nearly the same TDS as the final steam is injected in between two stages of a
superheater system as shown above. The uncontrolled final steam temperature decreases as the
load decreases, while with a radiant superheater system, the uncontrolled steam temperature
decreases as the load increases. Injecting the feed water achieves the desired final steam
temperature at a given load. The load range over which the steam temperature can be maintained
depends on the boiler from 50 to 100 %.
20. Explain the term de superheater and its advantages in the steam system.
Desuperheaters remove the superheat in the steam that is to be used for auxiliary purposes, the
reason is that if high temperature steam was used for auxiliaries then the materials used would
have to be capable of withstanding high temperatures, this leads to increased initial cost.
Desuperheaters are generally coils situated in the water spaces that are supplied with steam from
the superheated section outlet; this type of desuperheater is generally called as internal
desuperheaters. Such an internal desuperheater is shown down below.
If this type of desuperheater develops a leakage then water loss from the boiler occurs since
boiler pressure is greater than steam pressure in the desuperheater coil. This water loss could
result in water hammer and subsequent damage in the auxiliary system.

21.Write short notes on economizer construction of an exhaust gas

economizer.
Cast iron gills are shrunk onto mild steel tubes. These tubes are supplied as U-bend elements
which are welded to stub tubes on the inlet & outlet headers and are interconnected by welded on
ends to form the required number of feed water paths. The stub tubes are integral part of each
header. Hand holes are located opposite to each tube end to allow internal inspection and
emergency plugging of a water path should an element fail in service.
22. Describe the various procedure for maintaining the boiler feed water before and after to
avoid corrosion and failure.
Ans:- A total water treatment program should follow these four-points:
1. Maintenance of free caustic corrosion potential, accomplished by eliminating free hydroxide
(caustic) though the addition of various phosphate salts.
2. Minimize caustic deposit formation due to scale and suspended solids and sludge conditioners
so that blowdown will remove this potential problem.
3. Eliminate oxygen content through deaeration or other mechanical means and chemical
scavenging.
4. Prevention of carryover and foaming.
The above generally requires treatment before and after introduction of water into the boiler.
The selection of pre-treatment processes depends upon water source, chemical characteristics,
amount of make-up water needed, plant operating practices. These treating methods include
filtering, softening, de-mineralizing, deaerating, and preheating.
After-treatment involves the addition of chemicals into the boiler water. This after-treatment is
required to compensate for any variations in the pre-treatment of the boiler feedwater system and
for protection of the boiler.
23. What happens if sea water enters the boiler and action taken?
Answer: The salinity will rise rapidly since the salt remains in the boiler, while the water boils
off. Salt will soon precipitate and accumulate on the bottom and also on the heating surface. Just
as boiler-scales disrupts heat transmission to the water and causes the metal to overheat and can
burst. It may also get foam in the boiler that will cause difficulties to maintain the water level and
water droplets might follow with the steam, causing problems with turbines and engines.
It is very dangerous to operate a boiler with salt in it, and you have to control by frequently

blowing off from the bottom of the boiler and maintain salinity below 9.5%. It is wise to stop
operation and to open up the boiler for inspection.
24. Name the safety devices and various alarms fitted to the auxiliary boiler.
Ans:Function
Audible and visual
Low water level
Alarm
Low Low water level * Alarm
High water level
Alarm
High High water level Alarm
Alarm (overridden on
Low steam pressure
slave boiler?)
High steam pressure Alarm
Low feedwater
Alarm
pressure
Low fuel oil pressure Alarm
Low fuel oil
Alarm
temperature
High fuel oil
Alarm
temperature
Low combustion air
Alarm
pressure
Low atomizing steam
Alarm
pressure
Alarm (overridden
Flame failure **
during light-up)
Burner not in firing
Alarm
position

Action
Burner stop
Feedwater pump stop
Burner stop
Stand-by pump start
Stand-by pump start

Burner stop
Burner stop
Burner stop
Burner stop

* This function requires two independent level switches connected electrically in series.
One of the switches may be a limit switch on the level control transmitter's measuring
signal.
** This function requires two independent flame detectors and their switches connected
electrically in series.
Possibility to distinguish between flame failures occurring during the burner's start-up
sequence and flame failures that occur during normal firing would be a great advantage.

25. Draw a neat sketch of a boiler fuel oil system and name its parts.

26. Describe the Requirements for testing of boiler/ feed water.

Ans:-For prolonged boiler life, a water treatment program recommended by a water consultant is
a must. Steam boilers are sensitive to even minor deposits on tube walls. Therefore, most
feedwater treatment programs are oriented toward scale control. However, internal corrosion
control cannot be ignored. Scald with locally high caustic concentrations can develop on metal
components, strip away the protective magnetite film, and attack the base metal. This attack is
characterized by gouging of the metal and its severity is directly proportional to increasing
operating pressures.
Oxygen is highly corrosive when dissolved in water, and can result in corrosion pitting of heat
transfer surfaces. Mechanical deaeration of the feed water using a deaerator is the typical first
step in eliminating dissolved oxygen and other gases such as ammonia and carbon dioxide.
Mechanical deaeration will reduce oxygen to as low as 0.005 cc/liter. In boilers below 1,000
psig, the oxygen-scavenging chemical is fed continuously, preferably at the storage compartment
of deaerator or at suction of boiler feed pump, to provide turbulence and time for mixing.
Specification of chemicals and dosages should be in accordance with the recommendations of
the Owner's water consultant.

27. Draw a neat flow chart showing the automatic combustion control of an oil fired boiler.

0 o start
6.0kg/cm 2 1 to 1.5

differential pressure

FD FAN
Minutes

transmitter signal

ABNORMAL
FD FAN STARTS
(Pre purging)
After 30sec

PILOT BURNER+SPARK

IGNITION
(DIESEL OIL PLUG ON AT
10000V)

FAILURE

Flame eye sensitivity

FLAME FAILURE
After 30 sec

set normally (80-85%)

HFO TEMP LOW

main burner on
HFO PRESSURE LOW
(H.F.O)

After 30 sec

5.15 kg/cm 2 (pilot burner off)

5.5

Air fuel ratio controller

change to high combustion / low
combustion
6.5 Kg/cm 2

Main burner off

1 to 1.5 minutes
360 ostop

FD FAN STOPS

(Post purging starts)

28. How is velocity compounding accomplished?

Answers: 1.This is accomplished by an arrangement with alternate rows of fixed blades and
moving blades. These are mounted on the casing, while the moving blades are keyed in series on
a common shaft. The function of the fixed blades is to correct the direction of entry of steam to
the next row of moving blades.
2.The high velocity steam leaving the nozzles passes on to the 1st row of moving blades where it
suffers a partial velocity drop.
3.Its direction is then corrected by the next row of fixed blades and then it enters the 2nd row of
moving blades. Here the steam velocity is again partially reduced. Since only part of the velocity
of the steam is used up in each row of the moving blades, a slower turbine results. This is how
velocity compounding works.
29. How is pressure-velocity compounding accomplished?
Answers: It is a combination of pressure compounding and velocity compounding.
1.Steam is expanded partially in a row of nozzles whereupon its velocity gets increased. This
high velocity steam then enters a few rows of velocity compounding whereupon its velocity gets
successively reduced.
2.The velocity of the steam is again increased in the subsequent row of nozzles and then again it
is allowed to pass onto another set of velocity compounding that brings about a stage-wise
reduction of velocity of the steam. Thus the system is continued.
30. What is the operating principle of an impulse turbine and reaction turbine?
Answer:The basic idea of an impulse turbine is that a jet of steam from a fixed nozzle pushes
against the rotor blades and impels them forward. The velocity of the steam is about twice as fast
as the velocity of the blades. Only turbines utilizing fixed nozzles are classified as impulse
turbines.
A reaction turbine utilizes a jet of steam that flows from a nozzle on the rotor. Actually, the steam
is directed into the moving blades by fixed blades designed to expand the steam. The result is a
small increase in velocity over that of the moving blades. These blades form a wall of moving
nozzles that further expand the steam. The steam flow is partially reversed by the moving blades,
producing a reaction on the blades. Since the pressure drop is small across each row of nozzles
(blades), the speed is comparatively low. Therefore, more rows of moving blades are needed than
in an impulse turbine.