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I would like to express my sincere, humble and deep sense of gratitude to Mr. J.P. Sharma
for his invaluable guidance, help, encouragement, & criticism along with his valuable
experiences which he gained by various projects, industrial work. This work could not
have been completed without his constant guidance and advice. His perception and
devotion to quality work has inspired me a lot.
I would like to extend my gratitude to the people who helped me a lot during my project
work.
I am highly thankful to Mr. J.P.Sharma for providing useful suggestions and information.
I would also like to thank Mr. J.P.Sharma.I appreciate the cooperation extended to me by
the teaching and teaching supporting staff members of Department of Electronics &
Communication Engineering, I apologize to those whose help is not acknowledged.
Jitender kumar
Shiv Kumar Saini
Sushil Kumar
INTRODUCTION
A motion detector is a kind of security system that uses sensing ability in the form of
sensors to detect movement and and this usually triggers an alarm, or sometimes
activate another circuit. However, motion detectors are normally used to protect indoor
areas, in this, conditions can then be controlled more closely. Detectors for use in homes
for security purpose usually detect movement in a closed space area of little feet-byfeet. Detectors for large range warehouses can protect areas with dimensions as large as
24mx37m . The motion detector is normally useful in places like museums where
important assets are located. As such, motion detectors can detect break-in at vulnerable
points. Such points include walls, doors windows and other openings. Special motion
detectors can protect the inside of exhibit cases where items such as diamonds arc
placed. Others can be focused on a narrow area of coverage, somewhat like a curtain,
that projected in front of a painting to detect even the slightest touch.
Motion detector systems use a variety of methods to detect movement. Each method has
advantages and disadvantages. Motion detectors can be categorized into two major
types these are namely:
(1) Passive detectors.
(2) Active detectors.
Passive detectors are detectors which do not send out signals but merely receive
signals, such as change in temperature, change in light intensity and so on. Most
infrared detectors are passive detectors. While Active detectors are detectors which send
out waves of energy and receive waves reflected back from objects.
Any disturbance in the reflected waves caused by example a moving object will
trigger an alarm. Microwave and ultrasonic detectors are examples of active detectors.
Man and animal or moving object produces sound. The sound is created as a result of
their physical movement, which might be low or fast movement, and also depends on
the medium that create the sound. However, these movements can be detected by using
an ultrasonic sensor. The ultrasonic sound waves are sound waves that are above the
range of human hearing and, thus, have a frequency above about 20khz. Any frequency
of above 20kz is considered ultrasonic .
In general, an ultrasonic sensor typically comprises of one or more ultrasonic
transducer which transforms electrical energy into sound and vice-versa, a casing which
encloses the ultrasonic transducer, connectors, and if possible some electronic circuit
for signal processing.
Nowadays there are numerous of the commercial ultrasonic motion detectors,
basically the main aim of this work is to design and construct a simple and cheap
ultrasonic motion detector system which is aimed at detecting the physical movement of
human, animal, or anything that moves. The design is to improve the use of sensor in
detecting motion. In general, it is aimed at reduction of the cost to design, develop or
construct an ultrasonic motion detector.
Human, animal or anything can produce sound. This sound is creating by the physical
movement whether the movement is fast or slow depends on the medium that create the
sound. Eventually these movements can be detected by using an ultrasound sensor.
Ultrasonic sound waves are sound waves that are above the range of human hearing
and, thus, have a frequency above about 20,000 hertz. Any frequency above 20,000
hertz may be considered ultrasonic.
An ultrasonic sensor typically comprises at least one ultrasonic transducer which
transforms electrical energy into sound and, in reverse, sound into electrical energy, a
housing enclosing the ultrasonic transducer or transducers, an electrical connection and,
optionally, an electronic circuit for signal processing also enclosed in the housing.
Ultrasonic sensors have typically been used in applications such as detecting and
identifying solid objects, measuring the shape and orientation of a work piece, detecting
possible collisions between objects to avoid the collisions, room surveillance, flow
measurement, and determining a type of material by measuring the absorption of sound.
By combining parts of electronic to the ultrasonic sensor it become an ultrasonic
motion detector. A motion detector is an electronic device that detects the physical
movement in a given area and transforms motion into an electric signal. The motion
detector may be electrically connected to devices such as security, lighting, audio 2
alarms. Motion sensors are used in a wide variety of applications. Motion detectors are
mainly used in for security systems.
Now days in the market there are many kind of ultrasonic motion detector sell, basically
this project is to design an ultrasonic motion detector use to detect physical movement
of human, animal, or anything that move. The design is to improving the use of sensor
in detecting motion. Also to reduce the cost to built an ultrasonic motion detector
Project name:- ULTRA SONIC SENSER CIRCUIT
Ultrasonic sensors use sound waves rather than light, making them ideal for stable
detection of uneven surfaces, liquids, clear objects, and objects in dirty environments.
These sensors work well for applications that require precise measurements between
stationary and moving objects.
Overview:-
of at least 15 feet (5 meters). Specialized systems are more expensive but have much
longer ranges. Tomographic motion detection systems can cover much larger areas
because the radio waves are at frequencies which penetrate most walls and obstructions,
and are detected in multiple locations, not just at the location of the transmitter.
Motion detectors have found wide use in domestic and commercial applications. One
common application is activation of automatic door openers in businesses and public
buildings. Motion sensors are also widely used in lieu of a true occupancy sensor in
activating street lights or indoor lights in walkways (such as lobbies and staircases). In
such "Smart Lighting" systems, energy is conserved by only powering the lights for the
duration of a timer, after which the person has presumably left the area. A motion
detector may be among the sensors of a burglar alarm that is used to alert the home
owner or security service when it detects the motion of a possible intruder. Such a
detector may also trigger a security camera in order to record the possible intrusion.
Sensor technology:-
Infrared detector mounted on circuit board, along with photoresistive detector for visible
light .
There are several motion detection technologies in wide use.
Passive infrared (PIR)
Passive infrared sensors are sensitive to a person's skin temperature through
emitted black body radiation at mid-infraredwavelengths, in contrast to background
objects at room temperature. No energy is emitted from the sensor, thus the name
"passive infrared" (PIR). This distinguishes it from the electric eye for instance (not
usually considered a "motion detector"), in which the crossing of a person or vehicle
interrupts a visible or infrared beam.
Microwave:These detect motion through the principle of Doppler radar, and are similar to a radar
speed gun. A continuous wave of microwave radiation is emitted, and phase shifts in
the reflected microwaves due to motion of an object toward (or away from) the receiver
result in aheterodyne signal at low audio frequencies.
Ultrasonic:-
An ultrasonic wave (sound at a frequency higher than a human can hear) is emitted and
reflections from nearby objects are received. Exactly as in Doppler radar, heterodyne
detection of the received field indicates motion. The detected doppler shift is also at low
audio frequencies (for walking speeds) since the ultrasonic wavelength of around a
centimeter is similar to the wavelengths used in microwave motion detectors. One
potential drawback of ultrasonic sensors is that the sensor can be sensitive to motion in
areas where coverage isn't desired, for instance, due to reflections of sound waves
around corners.
Such extended coverage may be desirable for lighting control, where the point is
detection of any occupancy in an area. But for opening an automatic door, for example,
one would prefer a sensor selective to traffic in the path toward the door.
Tomographic motion detector
Tomographic motion detection systems sense disturbances to radio waves as they pass
from node to node of a mesh network. They have the ability to detect over complete
areas because they can sense through walls and obstructions.
Video camera software
With the proliferation of inexpensive digital cameras capable of shooting video, it is possible
to use the output of such a camera to detect motion in its field of view using software. This
solution is particularly attractive when the intention was to record video triggered by motion
detection, as no hardware beyond the camera and computer is required. Since the observed field
may be normally illuminated, this may be considered another passive technology. However it
can also be used in conjunction with near-infrared illumination to detect motion in the "dark"
(that is, with the illumination at a wavelength not detected by the human eye)
2. ULTRASONIC MOTION DETECTORS:Generally, there exist numerous of motion detector, but of our interest is the ultrasonic
motion detectors due to its numerous advantage over other types of detectors. For
example, having fast response time and very sensitive, no physical contact required by
the object, being environmentally friendly and reliable, and above all utilizing
ultrasonic waves that are not visible and audible to human. Ultrasonic motion detectors
are electrical devices, which use ultra-sound (that is, sound of very high frequency) to
detect motion. In such a detector a transmitter emits a sound of a frequency which is
normally too high for the human ear to hear. When a receiver picks up the sound waves
that is reflected from the area under protection, it sends it to an appropriate circuit for
further action (normally an audio circuit).
In the case of motion of human or target in the space between the receiver and
transmitter, further change, or shift in the frequency of sound is experienced , a circuit
in the device detects any unusual shift in frequency, which is normally noted due to
predefined frequency. A small shift in frequency, such as that produced by an insect or
rodent, is ignored. When a noticeable shift is observed, such as a large shift produced by
a moving person, the device triggers the alarm.
HISTORY:observing Prior to World War II, sonar, the technique of sending sound waves through
water and the returning echoes to characterize submerged objects, inspired early
The ultra sonic circuit is adjusted in such a way as to stay in balance as long the same as
the output frequency of the transmitter. If there is some movement in the area covered
by the ultrasonic emission.the signal that is reflected back to the receiver becomes
distorted and the circuit is thrown out of balance. The circuit works from 9-12 VDC and
can be used with batteries or a power supply.
ULTRASONIC MOTION DETECTOR:The ultrasonic motion detector is a project that uses an ultrasonic sensor as its base to
detect movement or moving object in small places. It is design to be a low cost
ultrasonic motion detector. The transmitter sensor use to generate signal in that area.
When the signal is block by moving or movement the receiver will gets the signal and
amplifies the signal using transistor. The transistor is use as an amplifier to the receiver
circuit.
The Led and buzzer in the circuit use to see if there is movement detect by the
sensor. The relay use to trigger another circuit when there is movement detects. The
signal generate by the sensor is about 40khz. This is a fully hardware design project
plus it is built to be a portable ultrasonic motion detector. The circuit consists of the
following major blocks.
1. Transmitter
2. Receiver
3. Transistor Amplifier Circuit
4. Op amp Amplifier
5. Op amp Comparator
6. Pi Filter
7. Schmitt Trigger
8. Darlington pair Amplifier
Block Diagram:Before starting with actual circuit design, we must first understand the basic principles
behind the technology that is used this project. The project methodology flow chart is
shown below
1.
2.
3.
Sensor circuit (Transmitter and Receiver):Use to transmit and receive signal and send to the circuit. The sensor in this circuit is an
ultrasonic sensor. The frequency generate by the sensor 40kHz. The transmitter and
receiver must be equal in frequency to make the circuit function. When power supply is
given to the circuit, the transmitter will transform the electrical energy to sound wave
and transmit it to the air. Thus when the sound wave or signal is blocking by something
or someone, the signal will be detected by the receiver. Crucial thing is finding the right
sensor for the right circuit. Moreover the sensor cannot be place to far from each other.
Bend them at the correct distance from the components body and insert the
component in its place on the board.
You may find sometimes a component with heavier gauge leads than usual, that are
too thick to enter in the holes of the p.c. board.
In this case use a mini drill to enlarge the holes slightly. Do not make the holes too
large as this is going to make soldering difficult afterwards.
Take the hot iron and place its tip on the component lead while holding the end of the
solder wire at the point where the lead emerges from the board. The iron tip must
touch the lead slightly above the p.c. board.
When the solder starts to melt and flow wait till it covers evenly the area around the
hole and the flux boils and gets out from underneath the solder.
The whole operation should not take more than 5 seconds. Remove the iron and
allow the solder to cool naturally without blowing on it or moving the component. If
everything was done properly the surface of the joint must have a bright metallic
finish and its edges should be smoothly ended on the component lead and the board
track. If the solder looks dull, cracked, or has the shape of a blob then you have made
a dry joint and you should remove the solder (with a pump or a solder wick) and redo
it.
Take care not to overheat the tracks as it is very easy to lift them from the board and
break them.
When you are soldering a sensitive component it is good practice to hold the lead
from the component side of the board with a pair of long-nose pliers to divert any
heat that could possibly damage the component.
Make sure that you do not use more solder than it is necessary as you are running the
risk of short-circuiting adjacent tracks on the board, especially if they are very close
together.
When you finish your work cut off the excess of the component leads and clean the
board thoroughly with a suitable solvent to remove all flux residues that may still
remain on it.
There are quite a few components in the circuit and you should be careful to avoid
mistakes that will be difficult to trace and repair afterwards. Solder first the pins and
the IC sockets and then following if that is possible the parts list the resistors the
trimmers and the capacitors paying particular attention to the correct orientation of
the electrolytic.
Solder then the transistors and the diodes taking care not to overheat them during
soldering. The transducers should be positioned in such a way as they do not affect
each other directly because this will reduce the efficiency of the circuit. When you
finish soldering, check your work to make sure that you have done everything
properly, and then insert the ICs in their sockets paying attention to their correct
orientation and handling IC3 with great care as it is of the CMOS type and can be
damaged quite easily by static discharges. Do not take it out of its aluminium foil
wrapper till it is time to insert it in its socket, ground the board and your body to
discharge static electricity and then insert the IC carefully in its socket.
In the kit you will find a LED and a resistor of 560 which will help you to make
the necessary adjustments to the circuit. Connect the resistor in series with the LED
and then connect them between point 9 of the circuit and the positive supply rail
(point1).
1 (+) and 2 (-) of the p.c. board and put P1 at roughly its middle position. Turn then
P2 slowly till the LED lights when you move your fingers slightly in front of the
transducers. If you have a frequency counter then you can make a much more accurate
adjustment of the circuit.
Connect the frequency counter across the transducer and adjust P2 till the frequency of
the oscillator is exactly the same as the resonant frequency of the transducer. Adjust
then P1 for maximum sensitivity. Connecting together pins 7 & 8 on the p.c. board will
make the circuit to stay triggered till it is manually reset after an alarm. This can be very
useful if you want to know that there was an attempt to enter in the place which are
protected by the radar.
Fi
gure:- Ultrasonic Transmitter.
Receiver:- Ultrasonic Receiver which will detect the signal from the Ultrasonic Transmitter
once it bounces off from an object. The combination of these two sensors will allow the aerial
robot to detect objects in its path and maneuver around the objects. These sensors will be
attached in front of the plane.
OR
The receiver is an ultrasonic transducer. After transmission, the signal gets reflected from the
surroundings. This signal is received at the receiver transducer and is then sent to process for
the presence of motion.
Q1 and Q2 amplify the reflected 40 KHz signal picked up by the ultrasonic receiver by
2500. Q2 is capacitively coupled to the voltage doubler formed by D1 and D2. The rectified
signal is connected to the negative input of voltage comparator U1A. R12 (the Sensitivity
potentiometer) sets the threshold voltage for U1A. When the threshold voltage is exceeded,
the open collector output of U1A goes high-impedance. This enables the 70 Hz oscillator
formed by U1B.
When this oscillator is on, the LED glows and the one-shot formed by U3 is repeatedly
triggered. The output duration of the one-shot is set by R16 and C11 and is equal to
1.1*R16*C11 seconds. U3's output turns on Q3. As a result, K1 closes its normally open
contacts. C13 dampens the inductive kickback when K1 is turned off, preventing the circuit
from triggering due to this noise source. The unit is powered by a 12 VDC 200mA
unregulated wall transformer. U4 provides a regulated 9VDC to power the circuit. Device
pinouts are shown in Figure 2. The 40 KHz transmitter and receiver are mounted 4" apart on
a piece of perfboard.
A dielectric can be glass, ceramic, plastic film, air, vacuum, paper, mica, oxide layer etc.
Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical devices.
Name of the resistor which are used in ultrasonic sensor circuit is below.
1. C1=10uf/16v
2. C2=47uf/16v
3. C3=4,7pf
4. C4,C7=1nf
5. C5=10nf
6. C8,C11=4,7uf/16v
7. C9=22uf/16v
8. C10=100nf
9. C12=2,2uf/16v
10. C13=3,3nf
11. C14=47nf
These are the those capacitor which is used in ultrasonic sensor.
Figure:- Capacitor
IC CIRCUIT:An integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit is a set of electronic circuit on one
small plate ("chip") of semiconductor material, normally silicon. This can be made much
smaller than a discret circuit made from independent electronic components. ICs can be
made very compact, having up to several billion transistors and other electronic
components in an area the size of a fingernail.
output, no latch-up when the common mode range is exceeded, as well as freedom from
oscillations.
This is the second stage of the amplifier section. This part further amplifies the noise
received by the ultrasonic receiver. This also integrate the output of the amplifier.
The amplifier's differential inputs consist of a non-inverting input (+) with voltage V+ and an
inverting input () with voltage V; ideally the op-amp amplifies only the difference in
voltage between the two, which is called the differential input voltage. The output voltage of
the op-amp Vout is given by the equation:
Where A is the open-loop gain of the amplifier (the term "open-loop" refers to the absence of
a feedback loop from the output to the input.
One input consists of the shifted, negative clipped amplified output of the Opamp amplifier
and the positive clipped amplified output. The output of the comparator is by default high and
when the positive clipped portions exceed the negative clipped part due to noise, the Opamp
inverts.
In electronics, a comparator is a device that compares two voltages or currents and outputs a
digital signal indicating which is larger. It has two analog input terminals
binary digital output . The output is ideally
and
and one
Pi-filter
The capacitor-input filter, also called pi filter due to its shape that looks like the Greek
letter pi, is a type of electronic filter. The pi-filter converts the fluctuating ac noise into dc and
feeds into the Op amp comparator.
The capacitor-input filter, also called the pi filter due to its shape that looks like the Greek
letter , is a type of electronic filter. Filter circuits are used to remove unwanted or undesired
frequencies from a signal.
electronic components in an area the size of a fingernail. The width of each conducting line in
a circuit can be made smaller and smaller as the technology advances; in 2008 it dropped
below 100 nanometer and now is tens of nanometers.
Figure of ic circuit
PCB DESIGN
Figu
re of pcb design of ultrasonic circuit
As High Security Safe Alarm: When integrated with a high security safe it can trigger an
alarm even in the event of a minute movement. Hence it can serve the purpose of handling
attempted robberies on high security vaults.
4. Motion Sensing Camera Trigger: As the name suggests the device can be used to trigger
cameras to automatically operate the presence of motion in surroundings. This can be used in
wildlife photography and security cameras.