ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my sincere, humble and deep sense of gratitude to Mr. J.P. Sharma
for his invaluable guidance, help, encouragement, & criticism along with his valuable
experiences which he gained by various projects, industrial work. This work could not
have been completed without his constant guidance and advice. His perception and
devotion to quality work has inspired me a lot.
I would like to extend my gratitude to the people who helped me a lot during my project
work.
I am highly thankful to Mr. J.P.Sharma for providing useful suggestions and information.
I would also like to thank Mr. J.P.Sharma.I appreciate the cooperation extended to me by
the teaching and teaching supporting staff members of Department of Electronics &
Communication Engineering, I apologize to those whose help is not acknowledged.
Jitender kumar
Shiv Kumar Saini
Sushil Kumar

INTRODUCTION
A motion detector is a kind of security system that uses sensing ability in the form of
sensors to detect movement and and this usually triggers an alarm, or sometimes
activate another circuit. However, motion detectors are normally used to protect indoor
areas, in this, conditions can then be controlled more closely. Detectors for use in homes
for security purpose usually detect movement in a closed space area of little feet-byfeet. Detectors for large range warehouses can protect areas with dimensions as large as
24mx37m . The motion detector is normally useful in places like museums where
important assets are located. As such, motion detectors can detect break-in at vulnerable
points. Such points include walls, doors windows and other openings. Special motion
detectors can protect the inside of exhibit cases where items such as diamonds arc
placed. Others can be focused on a narrow area of coverage, somewhat like a curtain,
that projected in front of a painting to detect even the slightest touch.
Motion detector systems use a variety of methods to detect movement. Each method has
advantages and disadvantages. Motion detectors can be categorized into two major
types these are namely:
(1) Passive detectors.
(2) Active detectors.
Passive detectors are detectors which do not send out signals but merely receive
signals, such as change in temperature, change in light intensity and so on. Most
infrared detectors are passive detectors. While Active detectors are detectors which send
out waves of energy and receive waves reflected back from objects.
Any disturbance in the reflected waves caused by example a moving object will
trigger an alarm. Microwave and ultrasonic detectors are examples of active detectors.
Man and animal or moving object produces sound. The sound is created as a result of
their physical movement, which might be low or fast movement, and also depends on
the medium that create the sound. However, these movements can be detected by using
an ultrasonic sensor. The ultrasonic sound waves are sound waves that are above the
range of human hearing and, thus, have a frequency above about 20khz. Any frequency
of above 20kz is considered ultrasonic .
In general, an ultrasonic sensor typically comprises of one or more ultrasonic
transducer which transforms electrical energy into sound and vice-versa, a casing which
encloses the ultrasonic transducer, connectors, and if possible some electronic circuit
for signal processing.
Nowadays there are numerous of the commercial ultrasonic motion detectors,
basically the main aim of this work is to design and construct a simple and cheap
ultrasonic motion detector system which is aimed at detecting the physical movement of
human, animal, or anything that moves. The design is to improve the use of sensor in
detecting motion. In general, it is aimed at reduction of the cost to design, develop or
construct an ultrasonic motion detector.
Human, animal or anything can produce sound. This sound is creating by the physical
movement whether the movement is fast or slow depends on the medium that create the
sound. Eventually these movements can be detected by using an ultrasound sensor.
Ultrasonic sound waves are sound waves that are above the range of human hearing

and, thus, have a frequency above about 20,000 hertz. Any frequency above 20,000
hertz may be considered ultrasonic.
An ultrasonic sensor typically comprises at least one ultrasonic transducer which
transforms electrical energy into sound and, in reverse, sound into electrical energy, a
housing enclosing the ultrasonic transducer or transducers, an electrical connection and,
optionally, an electronic circuit for signal processing also enclosed in the housing.
Ultrasonic sensors have typically been used in applications such as detecting and
identifying solid objects, measuring the shape and orientation of a work piece, detecting
possible collisions between objects to avoid the collisions, room surveillance, flow
measurement, and determining a type of material by measuring the absorption of sound.
By combining parts of electronic to the ultrasonic sensor it become an ultrasonic
motion detector. A motion detector is an electronic device that detects the physical
movement in a given area and transforms motion into an electric signal. The motion
detector may be electrically connected to devices such as security, lighting, audio 2
alarms. Motion sensors are used in a wide variety of applications. Motion detectors are
mainly used in for security systems.
Now days in the market there are many kind of ultrasonic motion detector sell, basically
this project is to design an ultrasonic motion detector use to detect physical movement
of human, animal, or anything that move. The design is to improving the use of sensor
in detecting motion. Also to reduce the cost to built an ultrasonic motion detector
Project name:- ULTRA SONIC SENSER CIRCUIT
Ultrasonic sensors use sound waves rather than light, making them ideal for stable
detection of uneven surfaces, liquids, clear objects, and objects in dirty environments.
These sensors work well for applications that require precise measurements between
stationary and moving objects.
Overview:-

Inexpensive motion detector used to control lighting

An electronic motion detector contains an optical, microwave, or acoustic sensor, and in
many cases a transmitter for illumination. However, a passivesensor only senses a signal
emitted by the moving object itself. Changes in the optical, microwave, or acoustic field
in the device's proximity are interpreted by the electronics based on one of the
technologies listed below. Most inexpensive motion detectors can detect up to distances

of at least 15 feet (5 meters). Specialized systems are more expensive but have much
longer ranges. Tomographic motion detection systems can cover much larger areas
because the radio waves are at frequencies which penetrate most walls and obstructions,
and are detected in multiple locations, not just at the location of the transmitter.
Motion detectors have found wide use in domestic and commercial applications. One
common application is activation of automatic door openers in businesses and public
buildings. Motion sensors are also widely used in lieu of a true occupancy sensor in
activating street lights or indoor lights in walkways (such as lobbies and staircases). In
such "Smart Lighting" systems, energy is conserved by only powering the lights for the
duration of a timer, after which the person has presumably left the area. A motion
detector may be among the sensors of a burglar alarm that is used to alert the home
owner or security service when it detects the motion of a possible intruder. Such a
detector may also trigger a security camera in order to record the possible intrusion.
Sensor technology:-

Infrared detector mounted on circuit board, along with photoresistive detector for visible
light .
There are several motion detection technologies in wide use.
Passive infrared (PIR)
Passive infrared sensors are sensitive to a person's skin temperature through
emitted black body radiation at mid-infraredwavelengths, in contrast to background
objects at room temperature. No energy is emitted from the sensor, thus the name
"passive infrared" (PIR). This distinguishes it from the electric eye for instance (not
usually considered a "motion detector"), in which the crossing of a person or vehicle
interrupts a visible or infrared beam.
Microwave:These detect motion through the principle of Doppler radar, and are similar to a radar
speed gun. A continuous wave of microwave radiation is emitted, and phase shifts in
the reflected microwaves due to motion of an object toward (or away from) the receiver
result in aheterodyne signal at low audio frequencies.
Ultrasonic:-

An ultrasonic wave (sound at a frequency higher than a human can hear) is emitted and
reflections from nearby objects are received. Exactly as in Doppler radar, heterodyne
detection of the received field indicates motion. The detected doppler shift is also at low
audio frequencies (for walking speeds) since the ultrasonic wavelength of around a
centimeter is similar to the wavelengths used in microwave motion detectors. One
potential drawback of ultrasonic sensors is that the sensor can be sensitive to motion in
areas where coverage isn't desired, for instance, due to reflections of sound waves
around corners.
Such extended coverage may be desirable for lighting control, where the point is
detection of any occupancy in an area. But for opening an automatic door, for example,
one would prefer a sensor selective to traffic in the path toward the door.
Tomographic motion detector
Tomographic motion detection systems sense disturbances to radio waves as they pass
from node to node of a mesh network. They have the ability to detect over complete
areas because they can sense through walls and obstructions.
Video camera software
With the proliferation of inexpensive digital cameras capable of shooting video, it is possible
to use the output of such a camera to detect motion in its field of view using software. This
solution is particularly attractive when the intention was to record video triggered by motion
detection, as no hardware beyond the camera and computer is required. Since the observed field
may be normally illuminated, this may be considered another passive technology. However it
can also be used in conjunction with near-infrared illumination to detect motion in the "dark"
(that is, with the illumination at a wavelength not detected by the human eye)
2. ULTRASONIC MOTION DETECTORS:Generally, there exist numerous of motion detector, but of our interest is the ultrasonic
motion detectors due to its numerous advantage over other types of detectors. For
example, having fast response time and very sensitive, no physical contact required by
the object, being environmentally friendly and reliable, and above all utilizing
ultrasonic waves that are not visible and audible to human. Ultrasonic motion detectors
are electrical devices, which use ultra-sound (that is, sound of very high frequency) to
detect motion. In such a detector a transmitter emits a sound of a frequency which is
normally too high for the human ear to hear. When a receiver picks up the sound waves
that is reflected from the area under protection, it sends it to an appropriate circuit for
further action (normally an audio circuit).
In the case of motion of human or target in the space between the receiver and
transmitter, further change, or shift in the frequency of sound is experienced , a circuit
in the device detects any unusual shift in frequency, which is normally noted due to
predefined frequency. A small shift in frequency, such as that produced by an insect or
rodent, is ignored. When a noticeable shift is observed, such as a large shift produced by
a moving person, the device triggers the alarm.
HISTORY:observing Prior to World War II, sonar, the technique of sending sound waves through
water and the returning echoes to characterize submerged objects, inspired early

ultrasound investigators to explore ways to apply the concept to medical diagnosis. In

1929 and 1935, Sokolov studied the use of ultrasonic waves in detecting metal objects.
Mulhauser, in 1931, obtained a patent for using ultrasonic waves, using two transducers
to detect flaws in solids. Firestone (1940) and Simons (1945) developed pulsed
ultrasonic testing using a pulse-echo technique.
Shortly after the close of World War II, researchers in Japan began to explore the medical
diagnostic capabilities of ultrasound. The first ultrasonic instruments used an A-mode
presentation with blips on an oscilloscope screen. That was followed by a B-mode presentation
with a two dimensional, gray scale image.
Japan's work in ultrasound was relatively unknown in the United States and Europe until
the 1950s. Researchers then presented their findings on the use of ultrasound to detect
gallstones, breast masses, and tumors to the international medical community. Japan was also
the first country to apply Doppler ultrasound, an application of ultrasound that detects internal
moving objects such as blood coursing through the heart for cardiovascular investigation.
Ultrasound pioneers working in the United States contributed many innovations and
important discoveries to the field during the following decades. Researchers learned to use
ultrasound to detect potential cancer and to visualize tumors in living subjects and in excised
tissue. Real-time imaging, another significant diagnostic tool for physicians, presented
ultrasound images directly on the system's CRT screen at the time of scanning.
The introduction of spectral Doppler and later color Doppler depicted blood flow in
various colors to indicate the speed and direction of the flow..
The United States also produced the earliest hand held "contact" scanner for clinical use,
the second generation of B-mode equipment, and the prototype for the first articulated-arm hand
held scanner, with 2-D images.

How the ultrasonic sensor works?

The ultra sonic circuit is adjusted in such a way as to stay in balance as long the same as
the output frequency of the transmitter. If there is some movement in the area covered
by the ultrasonic emission.the signal that is reflected back to the receiver becomes
distorted and the circuit is thrown out of balance. The circuit works from 9-12 VDC and
can be used with batteries or a power supply.
ULTRASONIC MOTION DETECTOR:The ultrasonic motion detector is a project that uses an ultrasonic sensor as its base to
detect movement or moving object in small places. It is design to be a low cost
ultrasonic motion detector. The transmitter sensor use to generate signal in that area.
When the signal is block by moving or movement the receiver will gets the signal and
amplifies the signal using transistor. The transistor is use as an amplifier to the receiver
circuit.
The Led and buzzer in the circuit use to see if there is movement detect by the
sensor. The relay use to trigger another circuit when there is movement detects. The
signal generate by the sensor is about 40khz. This is a fully hardware design project
plus it is built to be a portable ultrasonic motion detector. The circuit consists of the
following major blocks.
1. Transmitter
2. Receiver
3. Transistor Amplifier Circuit
4. Op amp Amplifier
5. Op amp Comparator
6. Pi Filter
7. Schmitt Trigger
8. Darlington pair Amplifier
Block Diagram:Before starting with actual circuit design, we must first understand the basic principles
behind the technology that is used this project. The project methodology flow chart is
shown below

Figure 3.1 Flow design of the circuit

The flow design of the circuit consist of
1. Finding the right transmitter and receiver sensor for the circuit.
2. Designing the amplifier/receiver circuit
3. Design the transmitter circuit
4. Using simulation to verify the design.
5. Implementation on board.

1.
2.
3.

Figure:- Block Diagram of ultrasonic Sensor Circuit

Block diagram description:Ultrasonic sensor consist the following circuit in block diagram.
Amplifier circuit.
Hex buffer circuit
Sensor circuit.
Amplifier circuit
For the amplifier in this project, the transistor is use to act as amplifier. The basic transistor amplifier
circuit is use act as an amplifier method to amplifying. H9013 series of transistor is use because the
transistor is the general transistor use in amplifying concept. It is a BJT type of transistor. When the
receiver sensor receive signal it will send the signal to the transistor to be amplified. In this project
five transistors is use to amplified the signal send by the receiver sensor. The type of design for the
transistor is a common emitter amplifier. Base from the design the input signal that come from the
base of transistor will be amplified and produce at the collector transistor a larger output signal and
the output will be more on positive side signal. Mean that the transistor will amplify current from a
small input current to a high output current. It is use also to trigger the relay connected to it. Variable
resistor is use to control the level of signal or the sensitivity signal send by the receiver sensor. Mean
if no setting are made by the variable resistor the sensor is highly sensitive, even the air counts as a
motion parts thus we will get false trigger by the circuit.

Figure:- Basic design of amplifers.

Hex buffer circuit
This circuit consist a buffer, crystal and transmitter sensor in it. The crystal is use to drive the
transmitter sensor into a steady frequency stability. It will ring the transmitter to continuous
transmitting frequency. A voltage applied across the crystal will cause mechanical movement within
the crystal. If an AC voltage is applied across the crystal, the crystal will begin to vibrate. Thus in
this circuit it the buffer act as a driver to make sure that the sensor transmit the frequency. The
crystal or XTAL is a 40 kHz in frequency. The buffer or hex inverter use in the circuit is single
supplies IC mean single supply needed to make it work. It is use to change from high to low level
logic conversion.
The IC is HD4069UBP hex buffer converter. The supply can be 9Vdc or 12Vdc. It is 14 pin IC. In
this project the pin 1 until pin 6 uses for the transmitter sensor to drive the frequency, the other pin
use to drive transistor to supply enough current for the relay to energize.

Figure:- Top view of HD4069UBP buffer IC.

.

Figure:- Transmitter Circuit Design

Sensor circuit (Transmitter and Receiver):Use to transmit and receive signal and send to the circuit. The sensor in this circuit is an
ultrasonic sensor. The frequency generate by the sensor 40kHz. The transmitter and
receiver must be equal in frequency to make the circuit function. When power supply is
given to the circuit, the transmitter will transform the electrical energy to sound wave
and transmit it to the air. Thus when the sound wave or signal is blocking by something
or someone, the signal will be detected by the receiver. Crucial thing is finding the right
sensor for the right circuit. Moreover the sensor cannot be place to far from each other.

Fiqure:- Sensor (Transmitter and Receiver)

Ultra Sonic Detector Construction
The board is made of a thin insulating material clad with a thin layer of conductive
copper that is shaped in such a way as to form the necessary conductors between the
various components of the circuit. The use of a properly designed printed circuit board
is very desirable as it speeds construction up considerably and reduces the possibility of
making errors. In order to solder a component correctly you should do the following.

Clean the component leads with a small piece of emery paper.

Bend them at the correct distance from the components body and insert the
component in its place on the board.

You may find sometimes a component with heavier gauge leads than usual, that are
too thick to enter in the holes of the p.c. board.

In this case use a mini drill to enlarge the holes slightly. Do not make the holes too
large as this is going to make soldering difficult afterwards.

Take the hot iron and place its tip on the component lead while holding the end of the
solder wire at the point where the lead emerges from the board. The iron tip must
touch the lead slightly above the p.c. board.

When the solder starts to melt and flow wait till it covers evenly the area around the
hole and the flux boils and gets out from underneath the solder.

The whole operation should not take more than 5 seconds. Remove the iron and
allow the solder to cool naturally without blowing on it or moving the component. If
everything was done properly the surface of the joint must have a bright metallic
finish and its edges should be smoothly ended on the component lead and the board
track. If the solder looks dull, cracked, or has the shape of a blob then you have made
a dry joint and you should remove the solder (with a pump or a solder wick) and redo
it.

Take care not to overheat the tracks as it is very easy to lift them from the board and
break them.

When you are soldering a sensitive component it is good practice to hold the lead
from the component side of the board with a pair of long-nose pliers to divert any
heat that could possibly damage the component.

Make sure that you do not use more solder than it is necessary as you are running the
risk of short-circuiting adjacent tracks on the board, especially if they are very close
together.

When you finish your work cut off the excess of the component leads and clean the
board thoroughly with a suitable solvent to remove all flux residues that may still
remain on it.

There are quite a few components in the circuit and you should be careful to avoid
mistakes that will be difficult to trace and repair afterwards. Solder first the pins and
the IC sockets and then following if that is possible the parts list the resistors the
trimmers and the capacitors paying particular attention to the correct orientation of
the electrolytic.

Solder then the transistors and the diodes taking care not to overheat them during
soldering. The transducers should be positioned in such a way as they do not affect
each other directly because this will reduce the efficiency of the circuit. When you
finish soldering, check your work to make sure that you have done everything
properly, and then insert the ICs in their sockets paying attention to their correct
orientation and handling IC3 with great care as it is of the CMOS type and can be
damaged quite easily by static discharges. Do not take it out of its aluminium foil
wrapper till it is time to insert it in its socket, ground the board and your body to
discharge static electricity and then insert the IC carefully in its socket.

In the kit you will find a LED and a resistor of 560 which will help you to make
the necessary adjustments to the circuit. Connect the resistor in series with the LED
and then connect them between point 9 of the circuit and the positive supply rail
(point1).

Connect the power supply across points:-

1 (+) and 2 (-) of the p.c. board and put P1 at roughly its middle position. Turn then
P2 slowly till the LED lights when you move your fingers slightly in front of the
transducers. If you have a frequency counter then you can make a much more accurate
adjustment of the circuit.
Connect the frequency counter across the transducer and adjust P2 till the frequency of
the oscillator is exactly the same as the resonant frequency of the transducer. Adjust
then P1 for maximum sensitivity. Connecting together pins 7 & 8 on the p.c. board will
make the circuit to stay triggered till it is manually reset after an alarm. This can be very
useful if you want to know that there was an attempt to enter in the place which are
protected by the radar.

Figure:- Ultra Sonic Motion Detector Circuit

Figure:-Circuit Diagram Of Ultra Sonic Motion Detector

The circuit consists of the following component

1. Transmitter.
2. Receiver.
3. Transistor Amplifier Circuit.
4. Op amp Amplifier.
5. Op amp Comparator.
6. Pi Filter.
7. Schmitt Trigger.
8. Darlington pair Amplifier.
9. Resistor.
10. Capacitor.
11. IC circuit.
12. Transducer.
13. Diode.
14. Sensor (Transmitter and Receiver).

Figure:- Component used in Ultrasonic sensor circuit.

Transmitter:In electronics and telecommunications a transmitter or radio transmitter is an electronic

device which, with the aid of an antenna, produces radio waves. The transmitter itself
generates a radio frequency alternating current which is applied to the antenna. When excited
by this alternating current, the antenna radiates radio waves. In addition to their use
in broadcasting, transmitters are necessary component parts of many electronic devices that
communicate by radio, such as cell phones, wireless computer networks bluetooth enabled
devices, garage door openers, two-way radios in aircraft, ships, and spacecraft, radar sets, and

navigational beacons. The transmitter circuit consists of mainly an astable multivibrator

circuit using IC 4093.
The capacitor and resistor values are adjusted to obtain a frequency of 40 kHz which is fed to
the ultrasonic transmitter. The transmitter produces ultrasonic waves of 40 kHz frequency
which travel around the room, get reflected and fall on the receiver.
U2C forms a 40 KHz oscillator. This oscillator is connected to U2D and U2E while the
inverted oscillator signal (U2B) goes to U2A and U2F. These parallel gates provide more
current and drive the ultrasonic transmitter. Note that it may take a couple of seconds after the
power is applied for the oscillator to stabilize.

Fi
gure:- Ultrasonic Transmitter.
Receiver:- Ultrasonic Receiver which will detect the signal from the Ultrasonic Transmitter
once it bounces off from an object. The combination of these two sensors will allow the aerial
robot to detect objects in its path and maneuver around the objects. These sensors will be
attached in front of the plane.
OR
The receiver is an ultrasonic transducer. After transmission, the signal gets reflected from the
surroundings. This signal is received at the receiver transducer and is then sent to process for
the presence of motion.
Q1 and Q2 amplify the reflected 40 KHz signal picked up by the ultrasonic receiver by
2500. Q2 is capacitively coupled to the voltage doubler formed by D1 and D2. The rectified
signal is connected to the negative input of voltage comparator U1A. R12 (the Sensitivity
potentiometer) sets the threshold voltage for U1A. When the threshold voltage is exceeded,
the open collector output of U1A goes high-impedance. This enables the 70 Hz oscillator
formed by U1B.
When this oscillator is on, the LED glows and the one-shot formed by U3 is repeatedly
triggered. The output duration of the one-shot is set by R16 and C11 and is equal to
1.1*R16*C11 seconds. U3's output turns on Q3. As a result, K1 closes its normally open

contacts. C13 dampens the inductive kickback when K1 is turned off, preventing the circuit
from triggering due to this noise source. The unit is powered by a 12 VDC 200mA
unregulated wall transformer. U4 provides a regulated 9VDC to power the circuit. Device
pinouts are shown in Figure 2. The 40 KHz transmitter and receiver are mounted 4" apart on
a piece of perfboard.

Figure:- Ultrasonic Transmitter and Reciver.

Figure:- Ultrasonic Reciver.

Resistor:A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical
resistance as a circuit element. Resistors act to reduce current flow, and, at the same time, act
to lower voltage levels within circuits. In electronic circuits resistors are used to limit current
flow, to adjust signal levels, bias active elements, terminate transmission lines among other
uses. In the ultrasonic sensor circuit many resistors are used.Name of the resistor which are
used in ultrasonic sensor circuit is below.
1. R1= 180kohm
2. R2=12kohm
3. R3,R8=47kohm
4. R4=9kohm
5. R5,R6,R16=10kohm
6. R7,R10,R12,R14,R17=100kohm
7. R9,R11=1mohm
8. R13,R15=3mohm

Figure:- Circuit Layout of Sensor

These are those resistor which are mainly used in ultrasonic sensior circuit.
A capacitor (originally known as a condenser) is a passive two-terminal electrical
component used to store energy electrostatically in an electric field. The forms of practical
capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two electrical conductors (plates) separated by
adielectric insulaton. The conductors can be thin films, foils or sintered beads of metal or
conductive electrolyte, etc. The nonconducting dielectric acts to increase the capacitor's
charge capacity.

A dielectric can be glass, ceramic, plastic film, air, vacuum, paper, mica, oxide layer etc.
Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical devices.
Name of the resistor which are used in ultrasonic sensor circuit is below.
1. C1=10uf/16v
2. C2=47uf/16v
3. C3=4,7pf
4. C4,C7=1nf
5. C5=10nf
6. C8,C11=4,7uf/16v
7. C9=22uf/16v
8. C10=100nf
9. C12=2,2uf/16v
10. C13=3,3nf
11. C14=47nf
These are the those capacitor which is used in ultrasonic sensor.

Figure:- Capacitor
IC CIRCUIT:An integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit is a set of electronic circuit on one
small plate ("chip") of semiconductor material, normally silicon. This can be made much
smaller than a discret circuit made from independent electronic components. ICs can be
made very compact, having up to several billion transistors and other electronic
components in an area the size of a fingernail.

Figure:-Motion Sensor Circuit

Transistor Amplifier Circuit
The first part of the receiver circuit consists of an amplifier section using a BC547. The
ultrasonic waves from the transmitter get reflected and fall on the receiver. The receiver is
connected to an amplifier circuit having a gain of 20. The amplitude of waves falling on the
receiver is very small, the amplifier amplifies the noise.
Op-amp Amplifier:An operational amplifier ("op-amp") is a DC-coupled high-gain electronic
voltage amplifier with a differential input and, usually, a single-ended output. In this
configuration, an op-amp produces an output potential (relative to circuit ground) that is
typically hundreds of thousands of times larger than the potential difference between its input
terminals.
Operational amplifiers had their origins in analog computers, where they were used to do
mathematical operations in many linear, non-linear and frequency-dependent circuits. The
popularity of the op-amp as a building block in analog circuits is due to its versatility. Due
to negative feedback, the characteristics of an op-amp circuit, its gain, input and output
impedance, bandwidth etc. are determined by external components and have little
dependence on temperature coefficients or manufacturing variations in the op-amp itself.
The LM741 series are general purpose operational amplifiers which feature improved
performance over industry standards like the LM709. They are direct, plug-in replacements
for the 709C, LM201, MC1439 and 748 in most applications. The amplifiers offer many
features which make their application nearly foolproof: overload protection on the input and

output, no latch-up when the common mode range is exceeded, as well as freedom from
oscillations.
This is the second stage of the amplifier section. This part further amplifies the noise
received by the ultrasonic receiver. This also integrate the output of the amplifier.
The amplifier's differential inputs consist of a non-inverting input (+) with voltage V+ and an
inverting input () with voltage V; ideally the op-amp amplifies only the difference in
voltage between the two, which is called the differential input voltage. The output voltage of
the op-amp Vout is given by the equation:

Where A is the open-loop gain of the amplifier (the term "open-loop" refers to the absence of
a feedback loop from the output to the input.

Figure:-Circuit diag. of Op amp

Figure:- op-amp amplifier

Op amp Comparator

One input consists of the shifted, negative clipped amplified output of the Opamp amplifier
and the positive clipped amplified output. The output of the comparator is by default high and
when the positive clipped portions exceed the negative clipped part due to noise, the Opamp
inverts.
In electronics, a comparator is a device that compares two voltages or currents and outputs a
digital signal indicating which is larger. It has two analog input terminals
binary digital output . The output is ideally

and

and one

A comparator consists of a specialized high-gain differential amplifier. They are commonly

used in devices that measure and digitize analog signals, such as analog-to-digital
converters\ (ADCs), as well as relaxation oscillators. An operational amplifier (op-amp) has a
well balanced difference input and a very high gain. This parallels the characteristics of
comparators and can be substituted in applications with low-performance requirements.
In theory, a standard op-amp operating in open-loop configuration (without negative
feedback) may be used as a low-performance comparator. When the non-inverting input (V+)
is at a higher voltage than the inverting input (V-), the high gain of the op-amp causes the
output to saturate at the highest positive voltage it can output. When the non-inverting input
(V+) drops below the inverting input (V-), the output saturates at the most negative voltage it
can output. The op-amp's output voltage is limited by the supply voltage. An op-amp
operating in a linear mode with negative feedback, using a balanced, split-voltage power

supply, (powered by VS) has its transfer function typically written

as:
. However, this equation may not be applicable to a comparator
circuit which is non-linear and operates open-loop (no negative feedback).

Pi-filter
The capacitor-input filter, also called pi filter due to its shape that looks like the Greek
letter pi, is a type of electronic filter. The pi-filter converts the fluctuating ac noise into dc and
feeds into the Op amp comparator.
The capacitor-input filter, also called the pi filter due to its shape that looks like the Greek
letter , is a type of electronic filter. Filter circuits are used to remove unwanted or undesired
frequencies from a signal.

Figure:- Pi Filter Circuit

A simple pi filter, containing a pair of capacitors, an inductor, and a load.

A typical capacitor input filter consists of a filter or reservoir capacitor C1, connected across
the rectifier output, an inductor L, in series and another filter or smoothing capacitor, C2,
connected across the load, RL. A filter of this sort is designed for use at a particular
frequency, generally fixed by the AC line frequency and rectifier configuration. When used in
this service, filter performance is often characterized by its regulation and ripple.
The capacitor-input filter operates in three steps:
1. The capacitor C1 offers low reactance to the AC component of the rectifier output
while it offers infinite resistance to the DC component. As a result the
capacitor shunts an appreciable amount of the AC component while the DC
component continues its journey to the inductor L.
2. The inductor L offers high reactance to the AC component but it offers almost zero
resistance to the DC component. As a result the DC component flows through the
inductor while the AC component is blocked.
3. The capacitor C2 bypasses the AC component which the inductor had failed to block.
As a result only the DC component appears across the load RL.
The component value for the inductor can be estimated as an inductance that resonates the
smoothing capacitor(s) at or below one tenth of the minimum AC frequency in the power
supplied to the filter (100 Hz from a full-wave rectifier in a region where the power supply is
50Hz). Thus if reservoir and smoothing capacitors of 2200 microfarads are used, a suitable
minimum value for the inductor would be that which resonates 2200 microfarads (F) to 10
Hz, i.e. 115 mH. A larger value is preferable provided the inductor can carry the required
supply current.

Figure:- Schmitt Trigger Circuit

Schmitt trigger:The next part of the receiver circuit is the Schmitt trigger. The Schmitt trigger is
a comparator application which switches the output negative when the input passes upward
through a positive reference voltage. It then uses negative feedback to prevent switching back
to the other state until the input passes through a lower threshold voltage, thus stabilizing the
switching against rapid triggering by noise as it passes the trigger point. In this circuit the
motion caused by the object causes distortion at the receiver output. The comparator output is
by default high. When the noise levels detected are substantially high, the comparator inverts
itself and the trigger is triggered. The output is fed to a Darlington pair.
The Schmitt trigger is a comparator application which switches the output negative when the
input passes upward through a positive reference voltage. It then uses positive feedback of a
negative voltage to prevent switching back to the other state until the input passes through a
lower threshold voltage, thus stabilizing the switching against rapid triggering by noise as it
passes the trigger point. That is, it provides feedback which is not reversed in phase, but in
this case the signal that is being fed back is a negative signal and keeps the output driven to
the negative supply voltage until the input drops below the lower design threshold. Schmitt
trigger devices are typically used in signal conditioning applications to remove noise from
signals used in digital circuits, particularly mechanical switch bounce. They are also used
in closed loop negative feedback configurations to implement relaxation oscillators, used
in function generators and switching power supplies.

Fiqure:- schmitt trigger

Fiqure:- component list of ultrasonic sensor.

Darlington pair
This is a very high current gain section which when turned on by the trigger from the Schmitt
trigger, starts conducting and the buzzer and led goes on.
Transistors are an essential component in a sensor circuit. Usually transistors are arranged
as a pair, known as a darlington pair.It is very important that you can identify this
arrangement of transistors and state clearly why they areused.
A darlington pair is used to amplify weak signals so that they can be clearly detected by
another circuit or a computer/microprocessor.
The circuit below is a temperature sensor. When the temperature drops below zero the
LED lights. This type of system is often seen in a car and warns the driver of the
possibility of icy conditions. The two transistors are known as a darlington pair. Without a
darlington pair the circuit would probably fail.
The circuit opposite is a Darlington Pair driver. The first transistors emitter feeds into the
second transistors base and as a result the input signal is amplified by the time it reaches
the output.The important point to remember is that the Darlington Pair is made up of two
transistors and when they are arranged as shown in the circuit they are used to amplify
weak signals

Fiqure of Darlington pair

WORKING OF THE CIRCUIT
As it has already been stated the circuit consists of an ultrasonic transmitter and a receiver
both of which work at the same frequency.
They use ultrasonic piezoelectric transducers as output and input devices respectively and
their frequency of operation is determined by the particular devices in use.
The transmitter is built around two NAND gates of the four found in IC3 which are used here
wired as inverters and in the particular circuit they form a multivibrator the output of which
drives the transducer. The trimmer P2 adjusts the output frequency of the transmitter and for
greater efficiency it should be made the same as the frequency of resonance of the transducers
in use. The receiver similarly uses a transducer to receive the signals that are reflected back to
it the output of which is amplified by the transistor TR3, and IC1 which is a 741 op-amp. The
output of IC1 is taken to the non inverting input of IC2 the amplification factor of which is
adjusted by means of P1. The circuit is adjusted in such a way as to stay in balance as long
the same as the output frequency of the transmitter.
If there is some movement in the area covered by the ultrasonic emission the signal
that is reflected back to the receiver becomes distorted and the circuit is thrown out of
balance. The output of IC2 changes abruptly and the Schmitt trigger circuit which is built
around the remaining two gates in IC3 is triggered. This drives the output transistors TR1, 2
which in turn give a signal to the alarm system or if there is a relay connected to the circuit,
in series with the collector of TR1, it becomes activated. The circuit works from 9-12 VDC
and can be used with batteries or a power supply.
IC CIRCUIT:- An integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit is a set of electronic
circuits on one small plate ("chip") of semiconductor material, normally silicon.
This can be made much smaller than a discrete circuit made from independent electronic
components. ICs can be made very compact, having up to several billion transistors and other

electronic components in an area the size of a fingernail. The width of each conducting line in
a circuit can be made smaller and smaller as the technology advances; in 2008 it dropped
below 100 nanometer and now is tens of nanometers.

Figure of ic circuit
PCB DESIGN

Figu
re of pcb design of ultrasonic circuit

APPLICATIONS :The motion detector circuit has a number of uses.

1. As burglar alarm: The circuit can be used as an alarm system in homes, shops and even
automobiles. The device is small, sensitive and has a low cost. This can be used in homes and
shops to guard safes and other valuables\
2. .As a people counter device: A people counter is a device used to measure the number and
direction of people traversing a certain passage or entrance per unit time. The resolution of
the measurement is entirely dependent on the sophistication of the technology employed. The
device is often used at the entrance of a building so that the total number of visitors can be
recorded. The motion detector can be used in daytime to count the number of people entering
a shop by attaching a counter circuit and can be converted into a burglar alarm at night by
minimum modifications.
3.

As High Security Safe Alarm: When integrated with a high security safe it can trigger an
alarm even in the event of a minute movement. Hence it can serve the purpose of handling
attempted robberies on high security vaults.

4. Motion Sensing Camera Trigger: As the name suggests the device can be used to trigger

cameras to automatically operate the presence of motion in surroundings. This can be used in
wildlife photography and security cameras.