AC MOTOR

OPERATING PRINCIPLES
AC motors operate with two rotating (or moving) magnetic fields on the rotor and stator
respectively. Pulling or pushing the poles of the two magnetic fields along, the speed of
the stator rotating magnetic field (Ws) and the speed of the rotor rotating magnetic field
(Wr), which is relative to the speed of the mechanical shaft (Wm), must maintain
synchronism for average torque production by satisfying the synchronous speed relation
(i.e., Ws Wr = Wm). Otherwise, asynchronously rotating magnetic fields would
produce pulsating or non-average torque.
The two main types of AC motors are classified as induction or synchronous.
The induction motor (or asynchronous motor) always relies on a small difference in
speed between the stator rotating magnetic field and the rotor shaft speed called slip
to induce rotor current in the rotor AC winding. As a result, the induction motor cannot
produce torque about synchronous speed where induction (or slip) is irrelevant or
ceases to exist. In contrast, the synchronous motor does not rely on slip-induction for
operation and uses either permanent magnets, salient poles, or an independently
excited rotor winding. The synchronous motor produces its rated torque at exactly
synchronous speed. The brushless wound-rotor doubly-fed synchronous motor
system has an independently excited rotor winding that does not rely on the principles
of slip-induction of current. The brushless wound-rotor doubly-fed motor is
a synchronous motor that can function exactly at the supply frequency or sub to super
multiple of the supply frequency.
Other types of motors include eddy current motors, and also AC/DC mechanically
commutated machines in which speed is dependent on voltage and winding connection

APPLICATION
Three phase induction motors are used wherever the application depends on AC power
from the national grid. Because they don't need commutators they are particularly
suitable for high power applications.
They are available with power handling capacities ranging from a few Watts to more
than 10 MegaWatts.
They are mainly used for heavy industrial applications and for machine tools.

The availability of solid state inverters in recent years means that induction motors can
now be run from a DC source. They are now finding use in automotive applications for
electric and hybrid electric vehicles. Induction motors are seen as more rugged for
these applications than permanent magnet motors which are vulnerable to possible
degradation or demagnetization of the magnets due to over-temperature or accidental
over-current at power levels over about 5 kW. Nevertheless, the induction motor can be
ill-suited for some automotive applications because of the difficulties associated with
extracting heat from the rotor, efficiency problems over wide speed and power ranges,
and a more expensive manufacturing process due to distributed windings. Permanent
magnet and reluctance motors may offer better solutions for these applications.

DC MOTOR
OPERATING PRINCIPLES
A DC motor in simple words is a device that converts direct current(electrical energy)
into mechanical energy. Its of vital importance for the industry today, and is equally
important for engineers to look into the working principle of DC motor in details that
has been discussed in this article. In
order to understand the operating
principle of dc motor we need to first
look into its constructional feature.
The very basic construction of a dc
motor contains
a current carrying
armature which is connected to the
supply
end
through
commutator
segments and brushes and placed within
the north south poles of a permanent or an electro-magnet as shown in the diagram
below.

Now to go into the details of the operating principle

of DC motor its important that we have a clear
understanding of Flemings left hand rule to
determine the direction of force acting on the
armature
conductors
of
dc
motor.
Flemings left hand rule says that if we extend the
index finger, middle finger and thumb of our left hand
in such a way that the current carrying conductor is
placed in a magnetic field (represented by the index
finger)
is
perpendicular
to
the
direction
of current (represented by the middle finger), then the conductor experiences a force in
the direction (represented by the thumb) mutually perpendicular to both the direction of
field and the current in the conductor.

Applications of DC Motors:
1. D.C Shunt Motors:
It is a constant speed motor.Where the
speed is required to remain almost
constant from noload to full load.Where
the load has to be driven at a number of
speeds and any one of which is nearly
constant.
Industrial use:

Lathes

Drills

Boring mills

Shapers

Spinning and Weaving machines.

2.D.C Series motor:

It is a variable speed motor.The speed is
low at high torque.At light or no load ,the

motor speed attains dangerously high

speed.The motor has a high starting
torque.(elevators,electric traction)
Industrial Uses:

Electric traction

Cranes

Elevators

Air compressor

Vacuum cleaner

Hair drier

Sewing machine

3. D.C Compound motor:

Differential compound motors are rarely
used because of its poor torque
characteristics.
Industrial uses:

PressesShears

Reciprocating machine.