Bab 3

Industrial Power System Protection
OVERCURRENT
PROTECTION
Overcurrent Protection
Protection against excess current.

Non-unit protection.
Relay coordination can be achieved by using either
Time
Current
Combination of both time and current
Discrimination by time
An appropriate time interval is given to ensure that the breaker nearest to
the fault opens first.
L
1.45
1.05
0.65
0.25
Figure 2.1 : Radial System With Time Discrimination
Comprises a definite time delay overcurrent relay

The disadvantage is that the longest fault clearance time occurs for faults
in the section closet to the power source where the fault level (MVA) is
highest.
Discrimination By Currents
The fault current varies with the position of the fault.
0.24 0hms
X
11 kV
250MVA
X
H F2
Figure 2.2 : Radial System With Current Discrimination

For a fault at F1, I =
11 10 3
3 (Z S + Z L )
Where ZS = source impedance

2
11
=
250
= 0.485 ohms
ZL = 0.24 ohms
Hence
I=
11 10 3
3 (0.725)
= 8800 A
Discrimination By Currents
Relay setting of 8800 amp at J would protect the whole of the cable
section between J and H.
However, the disadvantage :
1.
It is not practical to distinguish between a fault at F1 and a fault at

F2, which is a short distance.
2. Variations in the source fault level would not protect the

section concerned.
Not practical proposition for correct grading.
High Set Instantaneous Overcurrent Relay is an example of this relay
which can operate between 15 - 30 ms.
Usually used in combination with other relay such as IDMT relay.
Discrimination By
Both Time And Current
The relay operation time is inversely proportional
to the fault current level.
The actual characteristic is a function of both time
and current settings.
E
Xi
Xi
0.36 PU
0.29 PU
7.5 PU
Xi
1.98 PU
Xi
200 A
150 A
0.53
17.5
132 kV
11 kV
3.3 kV
Figure 2.3: Radial system with discrimination by time and current
Time(second)
Discrimination By Both Time And Current

(cont.)
F1
F2
A
B
1.0
0.6
0.5
Current (amp)
The Inverse Definite Minimum

Time (IDMT) Overcurrent Relay
Generates a trip signal after a delay.
This delay is short for heavy fault currents, long for lighter fault current,
and infinite for load currents.
The IDMT relay was developed from a modified kilowatt-hour meter.
A compromise between a true inverse and a definite time delay.
Fast operation with decreasing fault levels and also gives very rapid
tripping at high fault levels.
Normally used for back-up protection in large system.
Play an important role in Distribution Feeders (coordination with fuse).
The basic types of IDMT relay:
Solid state, and
electromagnetic induction
Basic Principle and Construction

of Induction Disc Relay
They need only one electrical quantity for operation - the alternating
primary current.
Comprises an electromagnetic system : a metal disc.
This disc is free to rotate between the poles of the magnet
system.
The movement depends upon the torque produced on it.
This torque is produced by
electromagnetic fluxes, 1 and 2
the
interaction
of
two
These two fluxes are obtained by dividing the flux into two
components.
Basic Principle and Construction

of Induction Disc Relay
The torque T is given by:
T
12 sin
but
Hence:
T = K I2
The purpose of the disc movement is to close a pair of

contacts.
IDMT relay
Kutub
tertuduh
Sentuh
bukan
terteduh
Sentuh
bergerak
Sentuh
tetap
Cakera
Gelung
T
1
IC
E1
I1
Geganti IDMT
Juga dipanggil geganti masa songsang
Mengesan arus dan menjanakan isyarat belantik
setelah dilengahkan:
Perlengahan pendek untuk arus kerosakan besar
Perlengahan panjang untuk arus kerosakan kecil
Perlengan tidak terhingga semasa beban
Kompromi antara songsang sebenar dan masa

tertentu
Masa kendalian boleh diubah hingga
membolehkan penyelarasan
Geganti IDMT jenis Geganti Cakera Arohan

(Induction Relay)
Prinsip Kerja
Daya kilas terwujud apabila pengalir bergerak

didedahkan kepada medan ulangalik
Motor Arohan
Geganti Arus Lebih Masa Songsang

Kutub
terteduh
2
T
Sentuh
bergerak
Gelung
Sentuh bukan
terteduh
Sentuh tetap
Cakera
Geganti IDMT jenis

Cakera Aruhan
Geganti Arus Lebih Masa Songsang

Kutub
terteduh
2
T
Sentuh
bergerak
Gelung
Sentuh bukan
terteduh
Sentuh tetap
Cakera
1 dan 2 ada beza fasa

1 mengaroh voltan E1
Di mana?
2 mengaroh voltan E2
E1 dan E2 menyebabkan arus pusar I1 dan I2
I1 dan I2 mengalir dalam cakera
Saling tindak (interaksi) [1 dan I2] dan [2 dan I1]

wujudkan Daya Kilas
1 dan 2 ada beza fasa
T
1
1 arohkan voltan E1
2 arohkan voltan E2
E1 dan E2 Mengekor fluks 90
E1
I1
E1 dan E2
I2
E2
Arus-arus pusar I1 & I2

Tindakbalas (interaction) [1 dan I2] dan [2 dan I1]
menghasilkan Daya Kilas
Daya Kilas
T
1 2 Sin
1
2
1 & 2 dihasilkan oleh arus I

Oleh itu
Lebih besar arus, lebih besar daya kilas
Ciri-ciri IDMT Menurut piawaian BS 142 : 1973
Paksi Menegak
Masa kendalian (saat)
PSM = 1 arus geganti = arus pengeset

Untuk stabil, arus pikup > arus pengeset
Paksi Mendatar
Arus dinyatakan sebagai bilangan (gandaan) arus pengset
(multiple of setting current)
Pelarasan Geganti IDMT (Inverse Definite Min. Time Relay)

Masa untuk menutup sesentuh geganti IDMT
bergantung pada laju putaran cakera
Laju putaran bergantung pada arus dalam gegelung
.. . Jika lilit gelung diubah
arus berubah
laju berubah
masa bertindak (menutup sesentuh) berubah
Pada gegelung disediakan tap (sadap)
masa (bertindak) juga boleh dikawal oleh

jarak yang memisahkan sesentuh bergerak dengan
sesentuh tetap.
Ubah-ubahkan jarak sesentuh masa berubah
Terdapat dua parameter

(1.) Pengeset Palam Arus (PS)
(Current Plug Setting)
(2.) Berbilang Pengeset Masa (TSM)

(Time Setting Multiple)
Time-Current Characteristics
It was shown that:
T = K I2
where, T is the driving
torque
I is the current, and

K is a constant
The larger current will produce the larger torque and, therefore, the
faster operating time to trip.
The majority of overcurrent relays have a characteristic which has
been standardized by BS 142.
The plug setting multiplier (PSM), becomes the horizontal axis of this
relay characteristic while the vertical axis, is the operating time in
seconds.
The higher the fault current, the shorter the operating time. The
operating time then tends to be constant for high fault currents (the
definite minimum time).
IDMT Characteristic
Relay Adjustments
The time taken to close the contacts depends on the
speed of rotation of the disc (depends on the
current).
The time can, therefore, be varied by interchanging
either the tap of the coil, or the separation of the
contacts.
Therefore, there are two parameters for setting this
relay : the current plug setting (PS) and the time
setting multiple (TSM).
Current Plug Setting (PS)

Taps on the coil of the relay are used to adjust the
current setting which are called the current plug
setting.
The plug setting (PS) can be given either directly in
amperes or indirectly as a percentage of the rated
current.
They are usually in the range from 50% to 200%, in
25% intervals, of the rated relay current.
Effectively, the relay characteristic is
h i
t ll b lt i th l
tti PS
moved
Time Setting Multiple (TSM)
The distance traveled by the moving contacts can be controlled

by means of the time setting multiple (TSM).
This adjustment alters the position of the back-stop of the disc

with reference to the moving contact.
This effectively varies the operating time of the relay.
On most designs of relay, dial positions are available with

increments of 0.05 to the highest setting of 1.0.
The effect of altering the TSM is to move the characteristic

vertically.
Changing both PS and TSM results in moving the relay

characteristic both horizontally and vertically.
The people that

time forgot
Grading Margin Time

The operating time of an IDMT relay must be long
enough to ensure that the circuit breaker nearest to
the fault trips first but short enough to trip its circuit
breaker.
This time interval, or grading margin, depends upon
several factors:
1. Circuit breaker interrupting time
2. Overshoot time
3. Errors
4. Final margin
Grading Margin Time

Circuit Breaker Interrupting Time
The circuit breaker must interrupt the fault current
completely before the back up relay ceases to be
energized.
Overshoot
When the driving torque is removed, the relay disc
continues to rotate.
The time of rotation after the relay is de-energised is
called the overshoot time.
Grading Margin Time

Errors
All measuring devices, including the relay, are
subject to manufacturer's error.
A tolerance must be allowed.
Final Margin
Some extra allowance is required to ensure that a
satisfactory operation of the relay is obtained. This
is also called safety margin.
Recommended Discrimination
Time
Normally, 0.5 seconds is taken as the discrimination
time.
With faster modern circuit breakers and lower relay
overshoot time, 0.4 seconds is reasonable.
Under the best possible conditions, 0.35 seconds
can be used.
In some instances, a variable time value are used.
These are normally:
(a) A fixed time of 0.25 seconds.
(b) A variable time
Recommended Discrimination
Time
Hence, the total time interval t' is given by
t' = 0.25 t + 0.25
Where
t' = time interval
t = nominal operating time of the relay nearer to
the fault.
Relay Characteristics
Figure 2.5 shows that relay timecurrent characteristics can be
divided into four classes:
1. Definite time relays
2. Very inverse time relays
3. Extremely inverse time relays
4. Inverse definite minimum
time relays (IDMT)
Figure 2.5
Definite Time Relay

This characteristic can be expressed as:
I0t = K
The definite time relay has some advantage over a
standard IDMT relay for low fault currents whereas for
high fault currents the IDMT relay has the advantage.
Very Inverse Time Relay

This relay curve follows the equation
K
t=
(I - 1)
This type of relay offers some advantages over the

standard IDMT relay for system where the source
impedance is low.
Extremely Inverse Time Relay

This relay has a characteristic where time is inversely
proportional to the square of current.
Warrington relates this as :
t=
K
2
(I - 1)
It is suitable to be used for the protection of feeders

subjected to a peak current on switching.
Very desirable for protection of apparatus against
overheating since the characteristic is almost similar to
the heating characteristic of most apparatus.
Directional Overcurrent Relays

Some typical networks require a special relay, the
directional relay, to protect the system.
Parallel lines or loops.
Static Overcurrent Relays

The general expression for the operating time of a timecurrent relay is
0.14
t = 0.02 xTSM
I 1
Inverse time electromagnetic relays produce time-current
curves according to this law only up to a few times the C.T.
rating because of magnetic saturation. The time-current
characteristic does not follow a simple mathematical
equation and it is very difficult to obtain consistency
between the characteristics of individual relays. The timecurrent characteristic of static relays depends on the R-C
circuit which can be precisely controlled. In the static
relays circuit, components are linear, thereby it becomes
easier to produce characteristics according to the above law.
Advantages of Static Relays

The main advantages of static relays over electromagnetic relays
are :
(i) C.T. burden is about one tenth, thereby a smaller C.T. can be
employed.
(ii) The space required for a single-phase relay is half and that for
a three-phase relay is about one third. Consequently, the panel
space and overall cost of installation are reduced. This helps in
miniaturization a control equipment.
(iii)Instantaneous reset can easily be achieved. This allows the
application of automatic reclosing of circuit breaker.
(iv)Accuracy in time-current characteristics.
(V) Fast operation, absence of mechanical inertia and bouncing of
contact
Determination Of
IDMT relay Settings
Two methods:
Graphical (template) method
Mathematical analysis.
Calculation Of Relay Settings

(a) Radial Circuit
RSI
CT x PS/100 A
PSM
FC/RSI
RCOT
f (PSM)
ROT
RCOT x TSM S
RjOT
RnOT + DT
S
S
Example of Setting Radial System

Consider a radial feeder system as shown in Figure 2.15.
A
400/5
400/5
200/5
100/5
Figure 2.15 An Example of Setting Radial System
Relay
Max
Fault
CT
Ratio
Plug
Setting
Max.
Load
Current
7850
400/5
150?
420
4500
400/5
125?
300
2690
200/5
100?
130
1395
100/5
100?
50
Table 2.1: Data For Radial System

At substation D:
CT ratio = 100/5A
Chosen relay plug setting, PS = 100% a primary current
RSI = CT x PS/100
= 100 x 100/100
= 100 A
The maximum fault at substation D = 1395 A (Table 2.1). Therefore
:
PSM = FC/RSI
= 1395/100
= 13.95

Using this value of PSM (13.95), RCOT can be found (from
characteristic) as:
RCOT = 2.6 seconds
The ROT is:
ROT = RCOT x TSM
= 2.6 x 0.05
= 0.13 second
For substation C:
A grading margin of 0.5 is adopted in this example
TSM = 1.0

CT ratio = 200/5
Chosen relay plug setting, PS = 100% = 200A
RSI = 200 x 100/100
= 200A
The maximum fault current for grading relay C with relay D
1395 A. Therefore :
PSM = 1395/200
= 6.975
Using this value of PSM (6.975), the RCOT can be found as:
RCOT = 3.6 seconds

The required relay discriminating time RjOT is then:
RjOT
= RnOT + DT
= 0.13 + 0.5
= 0.63 seconds
Therefore :
TSM =
ROT
RCOT
= 0.63/3.6
= 0.175

The maximum fault current for a fault just outside the substation C
busbar is 2690A. Therefore:
2690
PSM =
200
= 13.45
The relay characteristic operating time can be found as:
RCOT = 2.6 seconds
Then, the real operating time for this fault is:
ROT = RCOT x TSM
= 2.6 x 0.175
= 0.455 seconds

The results of these relay setting calculations are shown in Table
2.2.
PS=100%
PS=100%
PS=125%
PS=150%
Table 2.2: Relay Time Setting Calculation
Calculation Of Relay Settings

(b) Ring Circuits
Applied to a situation where the

continuity of supply is the
priority:
a) hospitals
R (1,6)
R (5,6)
4
3
Figure 2.16: Grading of a Ring Circuit
b) mines
c) petrochemical plant
Directional
relays
commonly applied to
systems.
are
ring
Graphical Method
Y
Figure 2.17: Transparent Template For Graphical Grading Method
Moving the template vertically alters the time multiplier setting (TSM)
and horizontally the current setting (PS).
150/5
150/5
100/5
Exercise 1
An IDMT overcurrent relay has a current setting of 150% and
has a time multiplier setting of 0.5. The relay is connected in the
circuit through a C.T. having ratio 500:5 amps. Calculate the
time of operation of the relay if the circuit carries a fault current
of 6000 A. Use the standard relay characteristic in your
calculation with relay rating of 5 amp.
Solution
RSI = CT x PS/100
= 500 x 150/100
= 750
PSM = 6000/750 = 8
RCOT = 3.15 seconds
ROT = 3.15 x 0.5 = 1.575 seconds
Exercie 2
It is given that fault current level at 33 kV
side is 2,700 A, CT ratio at 33 kV side is
200 : 1 and 132 kV side is 100 : 1. It both
relays R1 and R2 are set for 100% plug
setting, determine the operation time for
both relays when time grading margin of
0.6 second is given and TSM for relay R1 is
0.15. Calculate also TSM for R2.
132kV
33kV
100/1
R2
Solution :
At R1
At R2
132/33kV
200/1
IF = 2700A
R1
Computer Method
BS 142 gives the equation as.
t=
0.14
xTSM
0.02
I
1
The manual method of calculation can be carried out systematically as follows:
Study the single-line diagram of the system and identify the system components
Model each individual systems component
Convert all these impedances to a per unit system on a common MVA base.
Form the appropriate sequence networks.
Simplify of the network using star-delta and delta-star transformations etc.
On the basis of the type of faults to be analysed, connect the sequence networks for
analysis.
Calculate the sequence component currents.
Transform the sequence components currents to phase currents.
Convert the per unit currents to actual currents in amperes.
Repeat (iv) to (ix) for baseload condition.
Earth Fault Protection

A
Ph/F
E/F
51
51
64
(a)
51
64
E/F
(b)
Ph/F
51
51
(c)
64
E/F
Use a relay which responds only to the

residual current of the system
The simple connection is shown
Only on two phases
overcurrent relays
are
provided
High Set Instantaneous

Overcurrent Relay
Operate for close up faults very quickly but should not operate even
for maximum fault currents at the remote end of the feeder.
Protecting long transmission lines or transformer feeders.
Figure 2.14: Application Of Instantaneous High-Set Relay
Fuses
Simple
Can be very fast
Limit fault energy
Require Coordination
FIUS
Fuse Element
If the current flow continuously from 1 to 6 times rated current,

fuse element will flow in a certain time.
Element of Fuse
Normal operation
Fuse is operating below its continuous current

rating
Electrical resistance of the link is low
Simply acts as a conductor
Overload current
Temperature of the link reaches a level that

causes
a restricted segment of the link to melt.
A gap is then formed.
An electric arc is established. (Figure 2.26(b))
As the arc causes the link metal to burn back,
the gap width increases.
Arc cannot be sustained and it is extinguished

(Figure 2.26(c))
Cut off
Figure 2.26
Fuse Classification
Fuses are classified into three categories :
1. High-voltage fuses
For protection of devices 1000V AC and above
2. Low-voltage fuses
For protection of devices up to 1000V AC and 1500V DC
3. Miniature and sub-miniature fuses
For protection of electrical and electronics apparatus up to 250 V
Fuses Operation
I2t value is unique
Peak asymmetrical
current
Prospective
current
Cut-off current
Zero current
Pre-arcing time
b
c
Arcing
time
Cut Off Characteristic
Fuses Operation - I2t Rating

Each size of fuse has certain rating.
The fuse operating time can be considered in two stages:
The stage before the fuse

element melts, known as prearcing stage.
The stage when the arcing is
taking place, known as arcing
stage.
Need to consider:
- Minor Fuse
Total I2t
Pre-arcing I2t - Major Fuse
1000000
Total I2t
Pre-arcing I2t
100000
I2 t
10000
80A
1000
To obtain positive discrimination between fuses,

the total value of the smaller fuse must not
exceed that of the pre-arcing value of the larger.
100A
125A
160A
Time / Characteristic
A family of time/characteristic
curves for a standard fuse is
shown in Figure.
The curves published by the

fuse manufacturers usually
show the relationship of the
pre-arcing time to prospective
current.
Figure
Fuse cut-off characteristics
Penyelarasan Fius
400A
200A
250A
160A
Largest
fuse
100A
(a) Kaedah 2 ke 1
100A fuse
operated
Largest
fuse
100A
(b) Kaedah I2 t
160A fuse
not melted
125A fuse
arcing
100A
125A
160A
Selection Of Fuse For Motors

The fuse does not protect the motor
against overload, as the rating of
the fuse is always two or three
times of the full load current.
The main function of the fuse is to
prevent damage to the motor, cable
and contactor by limiting the energy
during a fault.
Figure 2.29 shows motor starting
conditions,
where
the
fuse
characteristic is separated from the
motor starting current so that the
diffusion process is not initiated.
Figure 2.29
Example Of Fuse Selection

A 415V distribution system is shown in
Fig.2.30.
A
415V
20 kW
LIGHTING
30 kW
HEATING
Figure 2.30
30 kW
MOTOR
Example of Fuse Selection

10000
1000
From Fig. shown, a 80A fuse would

withstand 383A for only 6 seconds.
383A
452A
A 100A fuse, which would withstand

383A for longer than 10 seconds, would
be necessary.
100
10
6s
Time
(s)
1
0.1
0.01
100
80A
100A
125A
160A
1000
Current (A)
Figure
10000
Example of Fuse Selection

To provide discrimination the fuse at A must meet the
following requirements.
It must carry the normal load
32 A
50 A
100 A
27.8 + 41.7 + 54.7 = 124.2A

20 kW
It must carry the load plus the starting current of the

motor:
27.8 + 41.7 +383 = 452.5A for 10s.
From Figure 2.31, a 125A fuse would withstand
452.5A for more than 10s.
The pre-arching must be greater than the total of the
100A fuse.
A 160A fuse would be required. Figure 2.32 shows
this in detail.
Note that a 100M160 fuse would be suitable as the
normal load current is in excess of 100A.
100A
fuse
operate
d
30 kW
160A
fuse
not
melted
125A
fuse
arcing
100
A
125
A
30 kW
160
A
Figure 2.32
Summary
The fuse must be adequately rated to supply normal current
to the circuit.
The rating must take into account any normal healthy
overload conditions, e.g. the starting of motors or the
switching of capacitors.
An allowance must be made if an overload occurs
frequently.
There must be an adequate margin if discrimination between
fuses is required.
The fuse must protect any equipment which is not rated at
the full short-circuit rating of the power system, e.g.
contactors, cables, switches, etc.
Coordination
Between Relay And Fuse
The relay characteristic best suited for this coordination with
fuses is normally that of the extremely inverse relay which
follows a similar characteristic.
Primary current setting of the relay should be approximately
three times the current rating of the fuse and that the grading
margin for proper coordination,
when expressed as a fixed quantity, should be less than
0.4s
when expressed as a variable quantity, should have a
minimum value of:
t = 0.4t +0.15,
where t = nominal operating time of fuse
Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB)

Protection against electric shock
Voltage operated
Current Operated
Thank You
Latihan 3
3.1
Suatu penyuap jejarian 11 kV seperti ditunjukkan dalam
Rajah 3.1 mempunyai tiga titik sadap dan dibekalkan oleh suatu
pengubah mengalirkan arus 5000 amp bila dilitar pintas di antara
fasa ke fasa. Galangan setiap penyuap adalah seperti di dalam rajah
dan pemutus litar dibelantikkan oleh geganti IDMT yang
mempunyai ciri-ciri seperti yang disediakan. Kira arus kerosakan
fasa ke fasa di setiap tempat dan cadangkan pengesetan geganti yang
sesuai serta nyatakan juga asas pilihan awak tersebut. Pengesetan
palam gandaan adalah diperolehi di antara 50% hingga 200%
dengan langkah 25%

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Industrial Power System Protection

Industrial Power System Protection

Protection against excess current.

Industrial Power System Protection

Figure 2.1 : Radial System With Time Discrimination

Comprises a definite time delay overcurrent relay

Industrial Power System Protection

Figure 2.2 : Radial System With Current Discrimination

Where ZS = source impedance

Industrial Power System Protection

It is not practical to distinguish between a fault at F1 and a fault at

2. Variations in the source fault level would not protect the

Industrial Power System Protection

Figure 2.3: Radial system with discrimination by time and current

Discrimination By Both Time And Current

Industrial Power System Protection

The Inverse Definite Minimum

Industrial Power System Protection

Basic Principle and Construction

Industrial Power System Protection

Basic Principle and Construction

The purpose of the disc movement is to close a pair of

Kompromi antara songsang sebenar dan masa

Geganti IDMT jenis Geganti Cakera Arohan

Daya kilas terwujud apabila pengalir bergerak

Geganti Arus Lebih Masa Songsang

Geganti IDMT jenis

Geganti Arus Lebih Masa Songsang

1 dan 2 ada beza fasa

Saling tindak (interaksi) [1 dan I2] dan [2 dan I1]

1 dan 2 ada beza fasa

E1 dan E2 Mengekor fluks 90

Arus-arus pusar I1 & I2

1 & 2 dihasilkan oleh arus I

Ciri-ciri IDMT Menurut piawaian BS 142 : 1973

PSM = 1 arus geganti = arus pengeset

Pelarasan Geganti IDMT (Inverse Definite Min. Time Relay)

masa (bertindak) juga boleh dikawal oleh

Terdapat dua parameter

(2.) Berbilang Pengeset Masa (TSM)

Industrial Power System Protection

where, T is the driving

I is the current, and

Industrial Power System Protection

Industrial Power System Protection

Current Plug Setting (PS)

Industrial Power System Protection

Time Setting Multiple (TSM)

The distance traveled by the moving contacts can be controlled

This adjustment alters the position of the back-stop of the disc

This effectively varies the operating time of the relay.

On most designs of relay, dial positions are available with

The effect of altering the TSM is to move the characteristic

Changing both PS and TSM results in moving the relay

The people that

Industrial Power System Protection

Grading Margin Time

Industrial Power System Protection

Grading Margin Time

Industrial Power System Protection

Grading Margin Time

Industrial Power System Protection

Industrial Power System Protection