4. Car & Passenger Ferry 1, Rudder 2, Controllable pitch propeller 3. Sterntude 4. Ballast tank 5. Af room with gearbox 6, Seawater inlet chest 1. 8, 9, Forward engine room with | of the 4 main engines Stern ramp. Mooring gear 10, CO, = battery space 11, Harbour control room for loading officer 12, Maindeck for trailers and double stacked containers 13. Accommodation ladder 14, Outside decks 15, Lifeboat hanging in davits 16. Deck 11 17. 18, Exhaust pipes 19, Panorama lounge 20, Officer and crew mess 21. Passenger cabins 22, Fast-rescue boat 28. Driver accommodation 24, Upper trailer deck. Ramp to lower hold Stabilizer, retractable Shops and restaurants “Ship Knowledge - Chaper I: Shipwive 28, 29, 30, 31 32 33. 34, 35, 36. 37. 38, 39 40. 41 2. 4B. 44, 4s, Helicopter deck Entertainment spaces and bars Fan room Heeling tank Void Ro-t0 cargo Web frame Car deck Marine evacuation system Cinema Satelite dome for intemet Satellite dome for communication (Inmarsat) Radar mast Officer cabins Wheelhouse Car deck fan room Fore deck Anchor Bulhous bow‘Peiocipal Dimensions: Nov, 2001 Lethon 215:10m Length. 208-70 m Beam mid 31:50 m Draught design 6.05 m 940m S905 26,868 sDW design 8.800 SDW seartling 10,350 Passengers “oial capacity — 1300 cabins 346 ar /Tratler Deck: Gans 1380 tane 3355 m, Crew: ui Access: Stern ramp (1x 6) 12sk18m Machinery: Main engines (4): Ourput, Keach 9450 Oupput, BHP it 51394 Rpm 500 ‘Au engines 2) kWeach 4050 Rpm 70 Propellers (2) Dimer 49m Rpm 720 Bowthrusters (2): kWeich 2000 Service speed Fuct coms Fuel qual ‘Tank Capacities: Heavy fuel ol 1000.m! Lub oil 0m? Fresh water 400m? Ballist water 3800. m° ROBBERT DAS “OL sip Knowledge Chapter I: Shipwise 15Ship Knowledge Chapter I: Shpwise Chemical tankerShip Knowledge Chapter 1: Shipwive 5. Chemical tanker and LNG tanker 1 Rudder with conventional propeller ‘Tank heating / tankwash room Cofferdam, empty space between two tanks ‘Vent pipes with pressure vacuum valves Hose crane Manifold ‘Transverse horizontally corrugated bulkhead Wing tank in double hull 9, 10, n. 12, 1. 14. 15, 16. 17. Double bottom tank Tanktop Longitudinal vertically comugated bulkhead Railing Catwalk Deck longitudi Forecastle deck with anchor- ‘and mooring gear Bow thruster Bulbous bow LNG tanker (MOSS-Rosenberg Principle) Rudder Propellor Tailshaft Propulsion turbines Condenser Boiler Uptake / funnet Stores crane ‘Spherical cargo tanks 10. 0 2. 13. 4 Is, 16, Centre column with ladder and ‘cargo pumps Safety devices of cargo tank Walkway Forward lookout cabin Manifold Hose erane Insutstion ”| 6 Anchor Handling Tug Supplier (AHTS) se Chapter I: Shipwise 18Working deck Anchor roller + Suurbourd ducted propeller Stem tube Transverse thruster Azimuth thruster “Tanks for dry bulk cargo eg. Propeller shaft Reduction) Gear box 2. Main engine Heavy lift crane Life 5. MOB-boat with crane 6 Life boat Storage reel for steel wires for anchor handling S Bridge with controls for deck and ships steering Fire fighting monitor Radar antennas Antenna for communication em / satellite antenna Switchboard Anciior windlass 4 Helicopter deck Sp Knaedge « Ohaptr 2 Shipwive ulrpurpose supp A larger type AHTS 1»7 Fishing yessel (Eurocutter) Rudder Kort nozzle Propeller Engine room Engine room bulkhead Main engine Fuel tanks, two wing tanks and center tank 8. Starboard bracket pole, used when fishing is done with nets and ower boards. The derrick will not be used in that case 9. Portal mast 10. Revolving drum for nets IL. Funnel 12. Messroom, dayroom Pewee ROBBERT DAS ‘02 Ship Knowiedge Chapter 1: Shipwise 13, is 15. 16. 2 Bridge with navigational equipment and contro! panels for main engine, drum for nets and fish winch, Cabin for four Railing Bulwark . Scupper hole 18, 19, 20, Wooden workdeck Hatch on fish tank Drop chute Fish tank, with an insulation layer of about 20 em all around . Bilge keel Sheer strake 24. 25. 26. 29. 30, 31 32, 33. 34 35. Double bottom Bow thruster installation Name of the ship and fishery (registration) number Fishing winch Conveyor belt and fish cleaning table Guide pulleys for fish tine Foreeastle deck Fishing wire blocks Fishing wire Fishing derrick Mast Radar antenna on mast 20Principal Dimension: Length: 23.99 meter Breadth: 620 meter epi: 270 meter Gross Tonnage: 102 GT Dolivereds 2000, Main Engine: 300 horse power8 Clipper ship “Stad Amsterdam” 1. Mizzen topgaliant 2. Mizzen topsail 3. Crossjack 4. Spanker 5. Longroom 6. Steering wheel 8. Main lower topsail yard 9. Longroom sky light 10. Chart room, 11. Main upper topsail 12. Main lower topsail 13. Main course 14. Mainstay 15. Main top 16. Fore upper topsail 17. Fore lower topsail ‘Ship Knowledge - Chapter 1: Shipnise 18, 19, 20. eT 22. B. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31 2. RB. 4. Brace winches Harbour entrance Davits Deck pantry Lower deck ‘Tween deck Chicken leckare Capstan Boat gear Fore course Foretop Foresiay Lifeboat Crew cabins Side lights Fore topmast stayssil Tnner jib 35. Outer jib 36. Flying jib 37. Bowsprit 38, Cathead 39. Figurehead 40. Bobstays 42. Bow thruster 42, Accommodation 43, Lounge 44, Owner's cabin 45, Propeller frame 46, Martingale or dolphin striker 47. Jib boom. 2Principle dimensions: overall 76 meter hover deck: 60,5 meter overall: 10,5 meter 46,5 meter x): 4,8 meter Acoount of sails: 29 ails: 2200 m? 749 kW rT: 23 ail: 16,5 knots 11 knots Damen Oranjewert, Amsterdam Seidding time: 1997 - 2000 si Knowledge - Chapter I: Shipwise ROBBERT DAS.0 Lo gpigySHIP KNO Aare eae) 1B S3BIG) 3) ee eat 1. Principal Dimensi 1.1 Definitions Length over all Length of the ship over its h between perpendiculars ‘fom aft perpendicular (centre of tock) to forward perpendicular Load line Length Length as u calculation, in freeboard Beam ‘Width of the hull, usually inside shell plat Depth Height from baseline to uppermost continuous deck at side, inside of plating Draught The maximal depth underwater, incl shell plating Perpendiculars Imaginary lines, perpendicular to the base line or plane (and the water Tine)(On a abip theie are Forward Perpendicular (FPP, or FP) This line crosses the intersection of he water line and the front of the stem. Aft Perpendicular (APP, or AP) This line usually aligns with the center line of the rudder stock (the imaginary line around which the rudder rorates), The perpendiculars are used when the lines plan is made, They are the ends, Of the ‘block’ where the underwater part of the hull fits in Load Line The water line of a ship lyi water. There are different load lines for different situations, such as: Light water The water line of a ship carrying only her regular inventory Deep water tine The water line of maximum load draught in seawater, Construction (Scantling) water line (cwL) The water line used as the limit to which the various structural compo Deck line Extended line from the upper side of the freeboard deck (or deck-covering) atthe ship's side M Distance between two points, led dimensions measured at inside of shell pla outside framing Base Line Top of the flat keel platePimme Mark ‘surh oF Freeboard mark >) sndisating the maximal © of the ship in the water, minimal freeboard for rk consists of a cizcle of one foot (one through which a = ose is drawn with its upper the centre of the indicates the me board in salt water rns. Beside the circle mark consisting of a somzontal lines indicating ‘ecboard as above. — xe connected by a ship may load cargo evel « marked according to sedoard calculation, ner freeboard in salt ae — water is established, The main parameters in that calculation are length, width(beam), sheer, length of superstructures, lengtlv/depth ratio, atc Allowances are made for fresh water, tropical (warmer) water and increased for winter and in case of small ships also for Winter North Atlantic. The Plimsoll Mark is basically to be checked by the erew. The origin lies in the safety of the people on board. ‘The abbreviations of the marked load lines have to be in the language of the flag state of the vessel. ‘The minimal freeboard depends on: ‘The location on earth (latitude) of the year (summer, For easy checking of the position of, the Mark (during the yearly lead line survey), above the mark a reference line “is drawn: the Deck Line. Normally at the level of the weather deck, but in case the weather deck is riot the freeboard deck (e.g. RoRo, passenger ships) at the level of that eck. When the distance beiween the deck line and the mark is Impractically large, or the connection deck shell plate is rounded off D: Freeboard draught T S$ Summer WwW Whter 1 ‘Topical WNA Winter - the Noith Atlantic J Seauiater er Chapter 2: The shape of a ship (tankers, bulkcarriers), the reference line is positioned at a lower level. The Mark and the Deck line are to be ‘marked permanently on the port and starboanl-side, mid-length. (See also load-line Certificate, Chapter 6) When a ship carties a deck cargo of timber, and certain demands are met, this ship is allowed to have more draught (Jess freeboard). This in connection with the additional reserve buoyancy provided by the deck cargo. To indicate this, the ship has a special Freeboard Mark for carrying a deck cargo of timber, the so-called Timber Mark, ‘Tankers carrying liquid cargoes and being completely watertight, also have allowance for less freeboard ‘compared with other cargo ships with the same length, Explanation of abbre- viations used on the mark: TF: Tropical Fresh (for water with a den- sity of 1.000 ums) F: Fresh (ditto) T. Tropical (for water with adensity of 1.025 vm’) S: Summer freeboard Gitto) W: Winter (ditto) WNA: Winter North Atlantic (ditto), aly for ships, less than 100 meter. DL: Danske Lloyd 71.2 Dimensions Length between perpendiculars (Lp) Distance between the Fore and Perpendicular. the Aft sngth overall (Loa) ‘The horizontal distance over the extremities, from stem to stem, Length on the water Hine (Lw1) Horizontal distance between the points where bow fand stern are going through the water plane, at summer mark, less the sbell plating, fc, moulded, Draught Forward (Ped) Vertical distance between the water line and the underside of the Keel, as measured at the forward perpendicular Draught at the stern (Ta) ‘The vertical distance between the water line and the underside of the keel as measured at the aft Perpendicular im ‘The difference between the draught at the siem and Freeboard the draught at the ster. Down and trimmed by the head, Vessel, and the draught forward is larger than at the stem, Dowa and tvimmed by the stera, Vessel loaded with cargo, to the mark, and the draught aft is larger, than forward, (On an even keel, in proper trim. ‘The draught of the stern equals the draught of the stem. Breadth or beam (Bmd) The greatest moulded breadth, measured from side to side at the outside of the frames, but inside the shell plating. Breadth over all ‘The maximum breadth of the ship as measured from the outer hull on starboard 10 the outer hull on port side, including rubbing bars, permanent fenders etc Ship Knowledge - Chapter 2: The shape of a ship Draught o Depth ‘The vertical distance between the base line and the upper continuous deck. The depth is measured at half Lpp at the side of the ship. “The distance between the water line and the top of the deck at the side (at the deck line). The term Summer Freeboard means the distance fiom the top of the Summer Load Line or the Plimsoll Mark and the upper edge of the deck line Air draught ‘The vertical distance between the water line and the highest point of the ship, The air draught is measured from the summer mark If the ship has less draught one can ballast until it reaches the summer draught and so obtain its minimum air draught. 28len; The 1 types shing b edges of wards the water insid a all shi ledge «Chapter ard rise of a ships. serve buoyancy th towards the sheer gives the the vature of the he curvature helps to int drainage of any of vessels like oats. This isthe rion from the baseline the floors from bilges, in order le the hull near pumping. This ips but out of jarze ships to-day. They fe turn of bilge of the ship, The shape of «ship PF \ =a 1.3 Proportions The ratios of some of the dimensions discussed above can be used 10 obtain information on resistance, Stability and manoeuvrability of the ship. Some widely used ratios are LB ‘The ratio of length and breadth; L/D. ‘can differ quite significantly depen. ding on the type of vessel. Common values: Passenger ships 6-1 Freighters, 5. Tug boas 3 8 5 AA larger LIB value is favourable for sp but unfavourable for ‘manocuvrability and stabi Lo ‘The length/depth-ratio. The custo ‘mary values for L/D vary between 10 ‘and 15. This relation plays a role in the determination of the freeboard and the longitudinal strength, BIT (T= Draught) The breadth/draught-ratio, varies berween 2.3 and 4.5. A larger breadth in relation to the draught (a larger B/T-value) gives a greater initial stability Bp The breadth/depth-ratio, varies be tween 13 and 2. If this value becomes larger, it will have an unfavourable effect on the stability (because the deck edge will be ‘emerged when the vessel heels) and on the strength, 1.4 Volumes and weights Genera The size of a ship can be expressed by using terms which deseribe the characteristics of the ship, Each term hhas a specific abbreviation. The type of ship determines the term to be used. For instance, the size of a container vessel is expressed in the ‘number of 20° containers it ean load; aRo-Ro carrie lane metres and a passenger ship in the number of passengers it fen by the Measurement Treaty All aspects concerning the measurements of seagoing vessels are arranged in the Certificate of Registry Act of 1982. Part of the Centificaie of Registry Act is the International treaty onthe ‘measurement of ships, as set up by the IMO-conference in 1969, ‘The treaty applies to seagoing vessels on Intemational voyages with minimum length of 24 metres and to force in July 1994, At the IMO-conference in 1969 the new measurements for the "Gross Tonnage” and "Nett Tonnage’ were introduced. to establish a world-wide standard in calculating the size of a ship. In many countries the Gross Tonnage is used to calculate harbour dues and pilotage, or to determine the number of people in the crew Register ton, To determine the size of a ship the Register Ton is used. It is based on Volume where one register ton equals, 100 eft, or 2.83 m*‘n the drawing NT is given a diferent colour Within GT fuich is manele the whole hip indcate the difference berween NT and GI. Grose Register Tonnage ‘The Gross Register Tonnage (GRT or GT), usually called Gross Tonnage. is calculated using a formula that takes into account the ship's volume in cubic metres below the main deck and the enclosed spaces above the main deck, ‘This volume is then multiplied by a coefficient, which results in a non- dimensional number (this means. no. values of T or m? should be placed after the number). All measurements used in the calculation are moulded dimen-sions. In order to minimize the daily expenses of a ship, the ship owner will keep the GT as low as possible, One way of doing this is by keeping the Depth small, so more cargo can be placed on deck. This strategy is in particular used in container-feeder ships. As 4 consequence, dangerous situations can occur as the loss of reserve buoyancy can result in a loss of stability and more “water on deck", Nett Register Toonage The Nett Regisier Tonnage is also a ‘non-dimensional number that deseri- bes the volume of the cargo space. The NI is derived from the GT by subtracting the volume of space ‘occupied by ~crew - navigation equipment Ship Knowledge ~ Chapter 22 + Be] Gross Tonnage (GT) | Nett Tonnage (NT) + the propulsion equipment(partly) ‘workshops + ballast ‘The NT may not be less than 30% of the GT. Underwater volume or carene ?) ‘The moulded underwater volume ofa ship is the displscement in m? minus the contribution ofthe shel, propeller and rudder. Or: the calculated volume ofthe Part of the hull which is immersed in the water, on the outside of the frames without extensions. ‘The influence ofthe shell in weight, is compensated by the extra displacement, Displacement (an) ‘The displacement is the volume of the part of the ship below the water line: including the shell plating, propeller and rudder. Displacement D cr (ton) ‘The displacement is the weight of the volume of water displaced by the ship One could also say: the displacement equals the total mass ofthe ship. iahtship weight (ton) This is the weight of the ship including the regul ‘cargo, fuel or crew. The regular inventory appliances, lubricating oil, paint, ete. inventory, but without any eludes: anchors, life-saving Deadweight (ton) This isthe weight a summer load line). This is a ‘xed value, which is unique for each ship. ‘Through the years, there is usually a build-up of mud in the ballast tanks, additional spares are taken on board, and less is going off. There is also water, ‘which cannot be pumped out. The total weight of allthis, is called the ship- constant, and has to be subtracted from the deadweight The shape of «ship 30= \weight of cargo a ship is designed to carry, at a certain time. 7 cargo loaded (in ton) is nota fixed number, it depends on the ship's able immersion at the relevant season, which will include the c. 1) of fuel, spares. provisions and drinking water. For a long arze quantity of fuels has to be taken, which reduces the hie other hand, the ship refuels (bunkers) underw: xzer upon departure, The choices for the amount of fuel on board n for refuelling depend on many factors, but in the end the responsibility for the choices made. | Geese capacity (Com) = deadweight (ten) - ballast, fuel, provisions (on). 2 Form coefficients r nis define the characteristics of the vessel's shape below the cine. This makes it possible to get an impression of the shape of, ~ ster body of a ship without exiensive use of any data. However, the in any information on the dimensions of the ship, nis donot e largets determine mensional figures the an Water-plane coefficient. Cw (ct) The water-plane coefficient gives the ratio of the area of the water-plane (Aw) andthe rectangular plane bouded by Liyy and breackh moulded (Byy). A large waterplane coeffi- cient in combination with a small block coefficient (or coefficient of fineness) is favourable for the stability in both iransverse and longitudinal direction (aetna ey= Midship Section coefficient, Cm. (B) ‘The midship coefficient gives the tio of the area of the midship section (Am) and the area bounded by Bmld and T. E Midship-costiient Cm) = = eve-dee « Chapter 2 The shape ofa ship2.3 Block coefficient, coefficient of fineness, Cb. (5) ‘The block eaetficient gives the ratio of the volume of the underwater body (V) and the reciangular block bounded by Lpp, Bmikt and draught (T). A vessel ‘with a small block coefficient is referred to as ‘fine’ In general, fast ships have small block coefficients. Customary values for the block coe! lent of several types of vessels: Ship wpe Biock coaiicent Cb | Appr ship spesd Tighter 090 3 = 1OKnos Bulk carrier 030-085 12-17 knots Tanker 030-085 12-16 knos General cargo 055-075 13-22 knots Container ship 050-070 14 ~ 26 knots 4 Ferry boat 050-070 15 —26 knots Biock coefficient (Cb) = Skee — = Te a A ship with a large block-coxfficemt« 44 large midship section and prismatic 2.4 Prismatic coefficient, Cp. (phi > The Prismatic Coefficient gives the ratio ofthe volume of the underwater body and the block formed by the area of the Midship Section (Am) and Ly. The Cp is important for the resistance and hence for the necessary power of propulsion, (it the Cp decreases, the necessary propulsion power also becomes smaller), ‘The maximum value of all these coefficients is reached in case ofa rectangular block, and equals 1. The minimal value is theoretically 0. LppxBxTxCbh _ > TppxBxTaCm ~ Cm my Graphical npresentation of the prismatic eoefice Ship Knowledge Chapter 2: The shape of «ship 32Shul-form (Lines plan) we pal dimensions, éhull-form coeffi- one has an impres information, mage of the exact of the ship, The by the lines plan. ship can vary in 205 and breadth. In order to complex shape on ¢ sections of the hull > i wo longitudinal calle! planes, each one pependiceiarto the others, rection are called tim the ship is divided ‘rom the centre of ck ‘ordinate 0) to the - water line and the fem (ordinate 20) . es of these distances are = 10 20, called the ordinate ection of all ordinates ‘called a frame plan, tions of the hull are er lines. One of these is the This is the water = ship at the level of cargo. Between the + other water Hines drawn, the baseline, which is ser 0. The construction oe or the seantling water When the water 4 and drawn into one the resultis called a es Tine are cuions in longitudinal called verticals or & lines. These longitudinal == parallel to the plane of the ship. When the jected and drawn into © view, the result is sheer plan, sledge + Ohapter 2: The shape of ship The ordi Bunock line Apart from the rectangular sections, Sometimes planes are used, in longitudinal direction, but at an angle with the midship plane. They are called diagonals, or sent-lines Dingonals The diagonals are longitudinal sections that intersect with the hull surface at a certain angle. On the longitudinal plan they show up as curves, The curvature of the frames (ondinates), water lines and buttocks are compared to each other and modified until they are consistent, and develop smoothly in all directions. Whea this. procedure is executed, the results ean be checked using the diagonals. The most common diagonal is called the bilge diagonal. Today the lines plans are made with the aid of computer programs that have the capability to tansform the shape of the vessel automatically When modifications in the ship's design require this. When the lines plan is ready, the program is used to calculate, among other things, the volume, displacement and stability of the ship, set against draught. 33As shown in the lines plan below. both the water lines and the cals/buttocks are drawn in one half of the ship. In the body plan, the fran (on the left side and the fore frames are drawn on the right. The lines plan is a moulded plan i.e, at the outside of the frames, thus inside of the shell plating, es aft of the midships are drawn The lines plans shown on page 35 and 36 are of vessels that have underwa bodies that differ quite drastic ‘The reader can tell from these plans that a ship will be finer with smaller coefficients, when the water li ordinates and buttocks are more widely spaced. For instance, a rectangular forecastle has only one water line, one erdinate and one buttock, the coefficients are 1 Leng bet perp 12060 fn) LLongn ovr ext 12450 fn Mealéedbreaah | 19.00 a) Ont 7800) Displacement > 13217) ce orate} o 07341) om 0983 ¢) ico 2.957 pe) % 2.8 (m Faaranonrse 8554 fm] f ig Ship Knowledge - Chapter 2: The shape ofa ship 34Ly = 35 meter Brug = 10.08 meter Tog = 4.5 meter Volume = $96 m> cm = 0565 cm =0.908 cp =0.622 LOB =290% KM — =5.13 meter Caper 2: The shape ofa ehip Coast guard ship with a somewhat exceptional underwater-shape =732 meter Buy = 18 meter Ty =S meter Volume = 4196 m? ch =0.637 cm -=0933 Cp =0.683, LCR =-0.75% KM =8.67 meter 35Heavy cargo ship, multi-purpose Abbreviations used in the drawings: Ly = length between Cb block coetficient or perpendiculars coefficient of fineness Bray breadth mouided Cm = mistip section Tou = draught moulded coefficient Carne = volume of the cp = prismatic coefficient = VCB underwater body, as —LCB Jongitucinal position measured on the lines, of the resultant of all to the outside of the ‘upward buoyancy KM frames (m’), forces: ‘Ship Knowledge - Chapter 2: The shape of ship oe SS SS SS eee Longitudinal centre of buoyancy (forward or aft of ordinate 10) in % of Lyp ‘Vertical position of the resultant ofall upward buoyancy forces: Height of meta-cenire above the keel (meter). 36A Desvings BE Desming list bundreds of drawings A selected number ‘© be submitted for Flagstate and the ion Society. The wings have 10 be by the Classification Bese he drawings concerning I by the Flagstac, have to be submitted Betsentinz on the type of ship. (0 be submitted to ind Flagstate Seeeicacion requirement ment Plan, Plan(s) Profile and me Sections, nel, Midship som Construction ship. inv - Chapter 2: The shape of «ship Engine foundation, Crane foundations, if applicable, = Deckhouse ~Capacity Plan, jing Manual for longitudinal strength ~ Pumping and Piping, - Shafting, Ete ‘The Flagstate req General Arrangement Plan, ~ Capacity Plan, safety Equipment Plan, Stability calculations, ~ All Class approved drawings, Above is very much depending on the or the other has completely different requirements, and can delegste it toCl 4.2 General Arrangement Plan (GA) The General Arrangement plan roughly shows the division and plan ofthis ship is shown at the nex The following views are displayed: = a (SB) side-view of the ship ~ the plan views of the most important decks ~ sometimes cross-sections, oF « front and back view are included The views and cross-sections men- tioned above, display among other things: - the division into the different compartments (for example: tanks, ‘engine room, holds) + location of bulkheads, + location and asran; superstructures, major equipment (for example: winches, loading gear, bow thruster, lifeboat). of the In addition to these, some basic data are included in the drawing such as: incipal dimensions volumes of the holds = tonnage adweight engine power = speed ~eclass, 37Ship Knoveedge - Chapter 2: The shape ofa ship 38oe Chapter 2: The shape of a ship4.3 Midship Section ‘This cross-section shows one ormore transverse sections of the ship. In case of a freighter it is always a ‘cross-section of the hold near to the length Vee Frane It shows the principal dimensions, quality and thickness, of shell plating, deck plating, all longitudinal stiffening, transverse frames and web frames, if applicable, and important data of equipment: Frame Spacing 700 nn Welo every 2nd Frane Principel dinencions + + principal dimensions engine power and speed + data on classification = equipment numbers ie. anchors and, chain cables, - maximum longitudinal bending ‘moment, Midship section ofthe HCC 5000 muttipurpo ‘Ship Knowtedge- Chapter 2: The shape of ship se shicemtainer feeder £4 Scantling Plan / Construction Plan shows the longitudinal section (CL) and the plan © the most important decks, he drawing also inclides ht and other important Iv indicates their locations Somensions of the structural including the plate ‘ometimes the bulkheads cn the midship-section ‘bell Expansion have information about con of the different plates 1 and other details (for | openiigs) over the 1), a shell expansion is See Klee Chapter 2: The shape of drawn, At each frame number and cach level can be seen what qu and thickness of shell plate is fitted. This is very important in case repairs hhave to be carried out. This drawing is usually made with the centreline of the bottom shell at its actual length ay basis for the drawing. Each frame is drawn as a Tine rectangular to this baseline, the frame spacing at scale apart, with a length of the toial developed length (girth) from keel to rail, as if a rope had been drawn along the particular frame. ‘The seams and landings of shell plates are drawn, shell openings like sea chests, longitudinal internals as dotted lines, tank borders, decks, ete 4.6 Various other drawings: Double Bottom ‘The height and the length of the double bottom ean be found on the Consiruction Plan, and the Midship Section. Where the tank top meets the shell can be seen on the Shell Expansion. The forward part, vulne- rable to the impact forces due to the heaving movement of the ship, has increased scantlings. Decks ‘The decks are important for Class, as faras they are part ofthe longitudinal strength calculation. The Midship Seetion gives most information, and also the Construction Plan. Decks in way of the neutral plane are less important 4Construction Aft / Engine room and Foundations implified version of the General Arrangement. All tanks and ‘The Engine room construction is ted with their volumes and corresponding centre of gravity. important, including the foundations Together with the stability and ‘light ship weight paciculars, this forms the of the various machinery, in connec- basis on which stability calculations can be performed. Normally this drawing tion with propulsion forces and goes together with the Deadweight Scale, which shows the relation between vibration. Special drawings with the draught, freeboard, displacement, immersion per centimesre and deadweight in web frames and vertical structure are fresh and salt water. made of this part of the ship, normally called: Consiruction Aft Navigation Light Arrangement ‘The Navigation lights have to be installed in accordance with the International Safety Plan Regulations for Prevention of Collisions at Sea (lights and shapes), which The safety plan is a general describe the position and visibility range of the various lights. The arrangentent arrangement plan on witich all the has to be approved by Flagstave safety devices such as lifeboats, life ralls, febuoys, hydrants, fire-hose 4.7 Bulkheads boxes. escape routes, fire extin- uishers are shown. Sce also under Every ship has to be provided with watertight butkheeds. Minimum required ‘Chapter 15, Safety. the forepeak-bulkhead (collision bulkhead), the aft-peak bulkhead, and engine room bulkhead) Docking Plan ‘The docking plan is a mixed version ‘The required minimum number of bulkheads of a ship is given in the fellowing of the General Arrangement and the table, printed in the rules ofthe classification societies. Capacity Plan, Alternative arrangements can be considered, depending on operational It has to show where the ship should restrictions and adequate constructional compensation. bbe supported by the dock blocks when it has to go in drydock. [Length jm Engine room midships | Engine room aft * Important is the location of longi [-<65 4 3 tudinal and transverse bulkheads, rise | 65-85 4 4 of floor, and shellopenings. including | 85 -90 5 5 érain-plugs, echo-sounder, log, ote. | 90-105 s 5 10S - 115 6 5 11S - 125 6 6 125-145 7 6 145 - 165 8 1 165 - 190 9 8 > 190 Tobe decided ypon | To be decided upon * Att-peak bulkhead = Aft bulkhead Engine room Ship: fovcen ht length, with three watertight bulkheads in the holds and three container guide-bulieads Ship Knowledge» Chapter 2: The shape of «ship, 2. Important data on various ships Shipowners have an interest in promoting their ships as much as possible, especially the types of cargo their ships can sport. Or to put it in another way: how they can eam money. ‘The tables on the following pages contain data of a her of ships which significantly differ in the type of eargo they can carry. The abbreviations and other informatio =: e ans v0 TED tes cre height up to 96% wid up 102,500 ram imited quantity alternative dimensions such ws length 45 up w 800/900 KW. IS side shifters, each 16 SWL, S001 capacity per hour extCHES weather deck no 0: 6.50 x 7.50 mno 1: 25.60 x 17.80/15.207m Jno 2 38.40% 1780m _903:25.60 x 20.40 m sve end falding type ween deck no 1: 25.60 x 17.80015-20/1010 ma under cronsbeam: 420 x 17.80 m np 3:25.60 2040 m [consisting of 18 steel pontoons Tea compartments [removable pontoons up o 14 compariments w TEU interval TTM LOAD, a atch coven 1.75. weatheiond, DOO Ua payload TE farch covers hold 75 Ur hold 2: 5.5 vm? hold 3:30 ae : 20.0um ECR CRANES combinable fi ai seach [Sof 120 mit SWI dim and 50 at SWI = [> FS (ait and mid) and 1 x SR (Forward) N ENGINE [Wiirsil 16.400 HP/12.060 kW Bowihruster 1,155 HP/AS0 KW. 3) [assign dra at 19.6 kncts un ner dav abt 45 mt TEO 380 cSt MIDO a cea, except for mancvering SE NKER CAPACITY = sesite Fuel Oi Too = Diese Oil 180m? 5 LAST CAPACITY [7.200 Knowledge «Chapter 2: The shape of «ship a5.1 General Cargo Ship Explanation on the previous diagram Lloyds ‘The Classification Society a +100A1 Bui according to and under supervision of the rules of this Class. +LMC Lloyd's Machinery Class. All machinery has been built in accordance with the specifications Of this classification. us. = Unmanned Machinery Space. The engine room does not have to be manned permanently. La Lifting Appliances. The cargo gear has been approved as classed. NAVI = _ Permission for a single bridge watch control, alihough SOLAS-rules only permit this in favourable circumstances, ‘The vessel has been reinforced to carry heavy cargoes. @) IA = _ Finnish/Swedish Ice-clas, Length over all @ Widkh / Beam Moulded Height in hold as SID Height in hold as single decker (no tween deck) Height in lower deck as TWD Hoight in teen deck as TWD Height in lower hold as a tweendecker Height in the tweendeck as a tweendecker, Gross Register Tonnage () Not Register Tonnage Deadweight all wid = Deadweight at design draught. 6 Approximately 18900/18275 metric tons (excluding/including tween decks) Capacity = Grain or Bale space, Because the hold is box shaped, the total m of bulk cargo equals (6) the total nv of general cargo. cont = Cubic feet. Ifall the tween decks are installed in the hold, the capacity of the hold decreases by 63000 ft8 oF 1780 m! Floor Space’ => Deck area ofthe tank top, tween deck and weather deck overall and per hold: Ventilation: = _ Number of air-changes per hour. with empty hold. (8) Container intake ‘The number of containers with a length of 20' that can be loaded. 0 Maximum height and breadth, = _ The inside measurements of the cargohold are, if practicable, based on @ ‘number of times the size of container in length and width, with litle oversize. Maximum load — = Minimam strength of the hatches (also according to elass) as determined by the Load-linc (10) Convention. The criteria are based on the maximum height of a water column on the hatch, Which is 1.8 metres. This figure is under discussion, the hatch covers of bulkearriers are required 10 be made stronger. Deck eranes (combinable) = ‘The deck cranes can be combined (in twins) All three eranes can lift up t6 120) (11) tons if the jibs are topped to a reach of 14 meires. If they are lowered to a range of 30 metres, they can lft up to 50 tons, Position of the cranes: 2 on port side, ne on starboard (fore). Main engine = 45mt IFO 380 est (centistoke) = 45 tons intermediate fuel oil 380 centistoke (12) (Contistoke is measurement for the viscosity), MDO = Marine Diesel Oil Ship Knowledge - Chapter 2: The shape of a ship 4“2 Refrigerated vessel Gur: L1.3876.408 Lox: 5m Beam: (3) 24m Summer dravghy 0.1m Holds/Hatches/ CCompartncnts: (4) yas YVertilation/Air changes: (3) Vertical / 90 Different temps: (6) 8/2 per hold Cranes: 2x40 Pallet cranes 2x8t ‘Comin capacity: (7) 294 TEU plus 60 FE or 207 FEU Reefer plugs: (8) 185 Speed hansna laden: (9) sbt 21.5 knois Panama Consumption (refer plant) (10) abt. 49 MT IFO 380 RMG 35, BEY Aux: (1D) abi. 6 MT IFO 380 RMG 33 2187801 Tank eapacity: (12) 1.800 MT IFO 380 MG 35 2000 150 MT MDO DMA, 3902 mt Additional Features Bowthruster Septeecine on the specifications 2 number is also the IMO-registration number of the ship. jon number says with the vessel for the full lifetime. csseight Even alter a change of ownership, this, umber of holds, hatches and compartments, Most holds have three tween decks resulting in a hold which, ed into 4 compartments entiation is vertical. The entire hold capacity of air can be changed 90 times per hour. ber of isolated compartments where the temperature can be adjusted separately of the other compartments: rer bold essel can transport 294 Twenty Foot Equivalent Units + 60 Forty Foot Units or 207 FEUs. (294/2 + 60). 1 con provide 185 containers with electric power. cl is fully laden with bananas, the maximum speed is 21.5 knots. y fvel consumption (including the refrigerating plant) is approximately Intermediate Fuel Oil 380 cst, (at 50 degr.C) or specified as ual Machine G-35, with a viscosity of 35 est (at 100°C) » fuel consumption of the auxiliaries is 6 tons. uct of the fuel tanks is 180) tons RMG and 180 tons DMA (Distillate Marin Chapter 2: The shape of askin 455.3 Coastal trade liner Venilation: Dimensions of holds (tn) Tengthibreadth/depth Hold I: Dimensions (m) of haiches Hatch I: “Tank capacity Fuck Ballast Flag Duteh Fresh water Built: 1998 / 1909 ‘Type: boxed shape / sid Engine equipment D.W.T (1) 2964 mt Main engine D.W.C.C Summer: (2) 2800 mt Output GT/NT. 2056/1168, ‘Consumption: LOA: 88.95 m ROA. 12.50 m Draught laden: (3) 0438 m Air draugtu: (4) 09,30 m Classification: (5) BY. 13/3 E cargo. ship deepsea - BRG “Trading area! unrestricted waters Incl. river Rhine ‘Container intake (total 108 teu Cubic capacity GR / BA: 151,000 eb Movable balkheac 2 “Tanktop strength 1S mun Hach stent Explanation on the specications (1) Deadweight (2) Deadweight Cargo Capacity at Summer draugh. @) Maximum draught (4) Airdraught at summer draught, (5) Bureau Veritas, the ship is built according to the Rules and Regul OF ship. 54 Ferry Length oa: Length bp. Breadth moulded: Depth maindeck: (1) Depth upperdck: (2) Design draught: (3) ‘Total power at MCR: Trial Speed at desig Passenger capacity No of passenger cabins: Dead weight ‘Trailer lane lengthy (Car ane length: Explanation on the specifications (2) Power of the main engine. MCR = Maximum Continuous Rating (2) Maximum total trailer length available (3) Maximum total car length available, ‘Ship Knowledge - Chepter 2: The shape of ship n draught: clectrical, 6 airchanges oh 62.40% 1 X675 62.40 10.24 217 ebm 1307 chm, 24 cbm 20 bhp Abs. 10.5 kets on fbb $500 lites MGO fF the (loaded) vessel is not at summer draught, additional ballast may be used. ns of the classification bureau for this type 17290m 160.58 m 25.00 940m 15.10 m 635m 44,480 kW 28 kes 1.600 160 45007 1780 m 450m 46SEG tanker Present f Duteh Post of wegisty Rotterdam Ship type: LPG (1) Carer $2. (2) 9.3 bar -48C 2G (3) IMO number: 9031985 Dead weight (summer draft: 3565 tons argo tank volume: 3200 ma? Main engine: Deutz SBV 9M 628 1590 KW at 900 rpm, Aux. engines: Deutz/MWM TBD (4) 234V8 3331 KW, Type of fet: MDO Toial cabs 10 Required minimum crew: 10 Somti 0n the specifications 4 Pevoleum Gas Pressure fication Notation Tuxto Gas-oil enous space was provided to instal Imo Type Il, Marpol - Annex 1&1 (1) Built 2000 wt m, tons 6430 mt or 4670 NI 1679 Speed: 15.5 knows Lo. 11800m Breit: 17.00 m Drati 6.45 m Cargo cap. 98.5 % 6871 ebm Type steet: (2) duplex stainless stet Tee clas: 1, Enterior heating of cargo tanks up to $0 °C (3) 2 sloptanks cap. 206 Somes on the specitieat 2 -equirements, Annex I: oil products, Annex II: liquid chemicals, © c constructed of duplex stainless steel, which means that the steel plate of the tank surroundings is ‘ed in two layers: ordinary steel at the outside, and the stainless steel at the tankside. } ——_-Septanks are tanks that collect the tank washing water, Chapter 2: Te se of ashy aSs SS SSSHIP KNOWLED: Covering Ship Desi roe Tr 1 Classification of ships in types. In this table types of vessels are categorized. It is by no means a complete overview. Some vessels ean be pl sd in more than one ca SHIPS’ TYPES ‘The shape of a ship The building of a ship ere) Pee une our SEE UC cur Cote Closing appliances Dry Cargo (2.1) Liquid Cargo (2.2) | Passengers (2.3) Unit cargo Bulk cargo “Container vessel | -Bulk carrier | -Crude carrier Passenger ship -Roll-on/ Roll-off | -Ore carrier | Product tanker ‘ar and pas. leavy-cargo vessel ‘Chemical tanker} senger ferties Refrigerated ships LPG / LNG Cruise ship Cattle ship carriers Multi-purpose Navy 24) Fishing (23) [Dredgers ete. 2.6)] Work ships 2.7) Aircraft carriers Trawlers Trailing hopper } -Crane vessels Cruisers Other types of suction dredger | -Cable-layers “Destroyers fishing vessels] Catier suction | -Buoy-layers “Frigates dredger Oil-tecovery -Submaring Rock-dumper |} vessels -Mine sweepers Shearleg cranes cr OME aay an) ee erm!) rey Auxiliary erat 2.8) Various (2.10) | Ofishore eraft (2.9) ‘material (2.11) -Seagoing tug Motor yachts | -Hydvofoils Drilling rigs/ Harbour tugs Sailing yachts] -Floating dock | Jack-up -leebreakers Submersible Drill ships Pilot vessels platform Pipe layers ud vessels Pontoons, Floating barges (Production) Storage and Offloading vessel F(P)SO eee ccs ry) eure ey om) eee eo 15 16 Pry SerNg UESTIONS MMOs2 Brief discussion of several types of ships. , Ro-Ro Car and Passenger ferries Almost all ferries transport both passengers and vehicles, whether they are navigating inland waterways or foveans and seas. The vessels usually shuttle between two ports on a very tight schedule, The passengers drive their own cars on board via a ramp, which is either part of the ship, or a movable ramp placed on the quay, oF a combination of these two, Ferries hhave the same type of decks as the Ro-Ro carriers, and therefore they face the same problems when water floods the decks. Possible cargo trucks and lorries = passengers trains trailers (with containers) Characteristics ‘number of ears or trucks = lane length ~height between decks = number of passengers ~ carrying capacity 5BSemi-submersible ship ou 2.1.4 Heavy Lift ships Heavy lit ships ded into: semi-submersible heavy-lift ships conventional heavy. ift ships dock-ships (semi-submersible) The construction and stability allows above ships to carry extremely large and heavy objects. The semi submersible ships can by letting in water, sink ll the main deck is sufficiently below the waterline to take large floating objects like silling rigs on deck (float on / fos off. When the water is pumped out, the cargo is lifted and the ship sails with the cargo as one unit, Lashing and securing the cargo needs to be carefully calculated and eartied out ‘The conventional heavy-cargo vessels are often fitted with own loading gear. However, this does not necessarily mean that these vessels are able to lift all heavy objects themselves. When there is no heavy rgo, the vessels can function as ‘multipurpose vessels. Possible Cargo heavy or bulky obje complete parts of factories = drilling rigs ~ multi-purpose / General cargo Ship Knowledge - Chapier 3: Ships pes Characteristics ‘carrying capacity maximum deck load per sq.m and in total dimensions of holds and decks lifting capacity per crane and ‘maximum height above deck. 2.1.5 Refrigerated ships (reefers) Refridgerated ships have refridgs rated holds to transport cold fruit or vegetables, or frozen cargo, Modern fefrigerated ships are carryi more and more in containers instead of on pallets. Refrigerated containers have a buil igeraling system, which can be plugged in to the ship's electricity system. Air is used to remove the excess heat from the refrigerating units and therefore the ventilation of the holds is very important. Refrigerated conta can also be transported by a regular container vessel When fruit is carried, not just the temperature is being controlled, but also the composition of the air in the containers in order to control the ripening process of the fruit, An increasing number of reefers are taking on general cargo as return ‘cargo, for instance cars and tracks, Compared to multipurpose vessels, reefers have: ~ smaller hateh openings (iength, width and height) - more tweendecks + loading gear with a limited lifting capacity up to about 40 tons, Possible cargo fruit, vege meat, fish (frozen) = general cargo - containers on deck and sometimes in the holds, bles (cooled, chilled) Characteristics + carrying capacity tonnag temperature range cooling and freezing capacity at different temperatures range of atmospheric control in the holds /air-changes per hour relatively high ship's speed, Refrigerated ship w s4