Foreign Policy during the Turn of the Century

By: Meagan Odette, Felicity Ng, Albert Mokrej, Tim Lu, Jordan Louie

Protest against the Vietnam War

Who
o College students
o Vietnam Veterans Against the War
Why
o Widespread disillusionment
Everyone saw the horrors
o Cost of the war
By 1961, American troops in
Vietnam approached 500,00
$25 billion per year
o Pentagon papers released
Secret Department of Defense study of US political and military involvement in
Vietnam from 1945 to 1967. Released in mid 1971

Post Vietnam War

1973 War Powers Resolution

o President could not send troops into combat for over ninety days without congressional
consent
Vietnam Syndrome
o Fear and reluctance of Americans to intervene militarily in third world countries
Foreign policy makers reached a new consensus
o "the United States should use military force only as a last resort; only where the national
interest is clearly involved; only when there is strong public support; and only in the
likelihood of a relatively quick, inexpensive victory."

Video! :D

China

1971
o April
US ping-pong team invited to China
warming relations
o July
Henry Kissinger takes secret trip to China
US recognizes Peoples Republic of China
1972
o Visited by Nixon
International Issues discussed

China

1979
o One China Policy
full diplomatic recognition
1989
o Tiananmen Square
Students hold protests demanding democratic reform and end to corruption
leads to violent end
US suspends military sales to China
2000
o Normalized trade relations
o US-China Relations Act

Russia

After The Cold War

o Relations start getting better under Gorbachevs rule
o SALT 1969 and START I 1991 treaties are agreed upon, limiting nuclear arsenals
Calming of tensions
o Apollo-Soyuz Mission 1975
Handshake in space between a Russian and an American
Beginning of larger cooperating in the exploration of space
o Russia gains a permanent seat on the UN security council
Part of the Big 5
o Russia Indicates NATOs expansion into the Eastern Bloc would be considered hostile

Russia

The 1990s
o Further cooperation between space programs
1994 Joint shuttle missions: Spaceship Discovery
1998 International Space Station launch
Components from many countries used, but USA and Russia were major
contributors
o START II 1996
Further reductions on nuclear arsenals
o Russia declares that they are on neutral terms with NATO
NATO-Russia Founding Act
Progress since the cold war, but Russia still does not assist NATO functions

Russia

The New Millennium

o Under Putin
Russia voices international disapproval about the invasion of Iraq
Tensions spike over installations in Europe in 2006
America placed missile-defense-systems in Poland to defend Europe and
America
Russia considers this hostile and places missile arrays near borders
Russia warns against NATO expansion into Ukraine in 2008
Russia still trying to isolate itself

Russia

The New Millennium

o Under Medvedev
Reset of USA-Russia relations 2009
New administrations declare a fresh international relationship
New START treaty
Limits nuclear arsenals and pushes on Iran to do so as well
Russia allies with NATO
Not active but does not intervene
o Allowed passage through Russia during actions in Afghanistan

Russia

The 2010s
o Under Putin
Edward Snowden Incident
Snowden granted political asylum in Russia
Negotiations with America fall apart
Ukraine Crisis
Russia seized crimea, citing major Russian population
Ukraine Freedom Support Act
o Lack of support for Russian businesses weakens Russian economy
NATO interventions
o Russia responds by making accusations of historic biases by NATO
against Russia

Iran

Islamic Revolution of 1979

o American supported Shah kicked out
Mohammad Reza Shah
o Ayatollah Khomeini
anti-American
o Islamic Republic of Iran
1980
o US break diplomatic relations with Iran
Iranian Hostage Crisis
60 American hostages
freed 1981

Iran

1985
o Iran-Contra scandal
US ships weapons to Iran
Profits illegally sent to Nicaragua
1988
o USS Vincennes shoots down Iran Air flight
o 290 passengers killed
many were Iranians traveling to Mecca
o President Reagan: understandable accident but deep regret
o Iran accused US of barbaric massacre
vowed to avenge blood of martyrs

Iran

1997
o Mohammad Khatami
reformist
promises to heal relations with US
considered US attempts to westernize democracy as a joke
We will not allow any foreigner to deal with our destiny
reply to GWBs comment on Iranian protests
2002
o US accuses Iran of nuclear warfare program
Sanctions on Iran (oil)
o Axis of Evil
Iran is in axis of evil with North Korea and Iraq

Iran

2005
o Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
Ultra-conservative
May have participated in hostage situation (1980)
Defended nuclear program
Blamed sanction on pressure from US
US a bullying power
unfairness of NPT
nearing collapse
Criticizes Obama
Claims Holocaust was myth

Iran

2013
o Hassan Rouhani
diplomat sheikh
wants deal on nuclear program
fix Iran-US relations
o Obama-Rouhani call
first time Iran and US leaders talk to each other in 30 yrs
o Interim Accord
stop advancement of nuclear program
allow international inspectors
2014
o US-Iran plans for Iraq
o ease international economic sanctions

Iran

2015
o Economic
prohibits trade and investments
allow sale of food and medicine
o US encourages Iran to discuss concerns
terrorism
Aid terrorist organizations
Uses hostage situations to solve problems
nuclear program
Iran doesn't support NPT
human rights
o Embassy in Switzerland concerned with US-Iran relations

Panama Canal

US wanted a passageway through the Atlantic and Pacific coasts

Clayton-Bulwer treaty between the US and Great Britain to make canal through the Central
American republic of Nicaragua
o Anglo-American Canal never makes it past planning stages
The Hay-Pauncefote Treaty of 1901 repeals Clayton-Bulwer Treaty
o Allow US to pursue canal by itself
o Colombia's congress rejected it because they believed the financial terms were
unacceptable.
Pres Roosevelt responded by sending warships to Panama City to help Panama become
independent- independence won from Columbia
o Philippe Bunau-Varilla allowed US to have a 10 mile strip of land to make canal

Detente

definition: "a relaxing of tension, especially between nations, as by negotiations or agreements."

Was the thawing of cold war
o increased discussion of on arms control and security of Europe
o Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (1968)
o Strategic Arms Limitations Talks (SALT) (1972 first one)
o Helsinki Final Act
By end of 1970's tensions between US and Soviet Union arise again
o Lead to breakdown of detente with both sides having very different views on how it should
have gone
o Stalled progress on arms control

9/11 (September 11, 2001)

A coordinated terrorist attack by al-Qaeda, an Islamist extremist group

o Lacked power/resources to attack US military
attacked symbolic places in the hope of creating widespread fear in America
19 people hijacked 4 commercial planes
o 2 crashed into the Twin Towers-->Destruction of World Trade Center
o 1 in Pentagon
o Last one crashed 20 min from DC after passengers on the plane fought back. Was
possibly headed to the Capitol building
2977 people killed

Destruction of Twin Towers

480 360 - youtube.com

Effects of 9/11

Bush Administration declared a War on terror

Open and covert military operations
New security legislation
Efforts to block financing of terrorism
President Bush: Any nation that continues to harbor or support terrorism will be regarded by the
United States as a hostile regime. 9/20/01
War with Afghanistan
Al-Qaeda was based in Afghanistan
US warn the Taliban that they would attack unless they handed over the terrorists.
Taliban refused
Operation Enduring Freedom launched on 10/7/01 by the US

Wordle

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